污灌区与非污灌区的地下水主要水质指标变化趋势及对比研究

通过对水文地质条件和天然条件下水质相似的一处非污水灌溉区地下水与一处污水灌溉区地下水水质的对比研究 ,得出污水灌溉区地下水水质变差主要是由化肥和污水灌溉共同引起的 ,且非污灌区地下水水质要好于污灌区的水质。污水灌溉对地下水的影响程度与化肥对地下水的影响基本相同。同时本文也独立地给出了污水灌溉和化肥对地下水水质的影响规律。     

污灌区与非污灌区的地下水主要水质指标变化趋势及对比研究

通过对水文地质条件和天然条件下水质相似的一处非污水灌溉地区水与一处污水灌溉区地下水水质的对比研究，得出污水灌溉区地下水水质为差主要是由化肥和污水灌溉共同引起的，且非污灌区地下水质要好于污灌区的水质。污水灌溉对地下水的影响程度与化肥对地下水的基本相同。同时本文也独立地给出了污水灌溉和化肥对地下水质的影响规律。     

再生水用于都市绿地灌溉的研究进展

污水再利用具有节水和治污双重功能,用于绿地灌溉意义重大。综述了再生水灌溉对绿地土壤、植物、地下水的影响。着重介绍了国外的研究情况,分析了其试验结果及影响因素,表明虽然再生水中的一些有害成分会发生积累,但由于处理工艺、降雨等因素影响,对绿地生态系统影响不大,使用再生水灌溉绿地是切实可行的。     

北京东郊污水灌溉对土壤盐分积累影响的研究

从一九六一年以来,北京东郊污灌农田的面积不断扩大,目前朝阳、通县等地污灌农田总面积约16.4万亩。污灌区粮食亩产为8000～10000斤,蔬菜超过万斤,普遍地高于相同条件的非污灌区。这一情况表明,污水灌溉对农业增产起了积极的作用。但用于灌溉的污水除城市生活污水外尚有相当数量的化工区污水。污水中含多种有机化合物、重金属离子和相当数量     

再生水灌溉区土壤对头孢噻肟的吸附特征

采用批吸附实验法比较了再生水灌溉区汪洋沟流域两种土壤和底泥对头孢噻肟的吸附及其动力学特性,并探讨了土壤与底泥不同pH、阳离子强度及可溶性腐殖酸对头孢噻肟吸附能力的影响。结果表明:汪洋沟段清水灌溉土壤、污水灌溉土壤及底泥均对头孢噻肟有较强的吸附能力,对头孢噻肟的吸附能力从强到弱依次为清水灌溉土壤污水灌溉土壤底泥。土壤与底泥对头孢噻肟的吸附行为通过等温吸附模型模拟,其中Freundlich方程拟合效果最好。在pH4.0~9.0的范围内,土壤与底泥对头孢噻肟的吸附系数随着pH的增大而减少;随着土壤溶液中阳离子浓度的增加,头孢噻肟的吸附量呈非线性减少趋势;添加可溶性腐殖酸后的土壤对头孢噻肟的吸附能力减弱。     

含丙烯醛污水灌溉农田的探讨

污水灌溉农田既可扩大水源,又可利用污水中的肥分,有利于培肥土壤,促进农作物增产。但是,丙烯醛是醛类化合物中毒性大、对植物、动物和人类十分敏感的污染物。在低浓度时,能引起人的轻度眩晕、昏迷不醒、头部充血、呼吸困难,随后则造成结膜炎、喉头炎、支气管炎;在高浓度情况下能引起致死的肺炎。环境中的丙烯醛影响植物光合作用,危害植物生长。丙烯醛是石油化工污水中的主要污染物之一,目前我国普遍利用石油化工污水灌溉农田,由于丙烯醛在农田生态系中积累和迁移的规律以及可能造成的危害,在许多     

不同水质灌溉对毛红椿生长及基质性质的影响

在全球水资源日益缺乏的情景下,伴随城市化过程出现的生活污水量显著增加,如何有效利用这一资源成为社会、经济可持续发展的关键。以珍贵树种毛红椿为材料,在遮雨棚下系统研究了生活污水、生活污水与自来水的混合水(以下简称"混合水")以及自来水为灌溉水质,对毛红椿播种苗生长、育苗基质的性质及其中主要重金属含量的影响,以探讨生活污水应用于育苗生产的可能性。结果表明:(1)生活污水与混合水灌溉后均促进了毛红椿苗高、地径的生长,苗高分别为自来水的213.1%、210.4%,地径分别为163.9%、155.5%,生物量的增加也非常明显,特别是地上部分生物量,不同水质间苗高、地径、生物量均达到显著性差异。(2)生活污水灌溉改善了栽培基质的pH、容重等性质,但重金属含量也出现增加的趋势,不过均低于《土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618—1995)中二级标准限值,同时毛红椿各器官中重金属含量也升高。不同重金属在不同器官中的富集程度不同,Cu、Zn、As、Mn在叶中富集较明显,Cr、Pb没有出现富集现象。因此,生活污水及混合水可应用于毛红椿苗木培育。     

苏北灌溉总渠灌区土壤砷污染及调查研究

在对苏北灌溉总渠沿线灌区土壤采样分析的基础上,评价该灌区砷的污染状况,探讨了土壤中As的含量、分布、成因及其与人类活动的关系。结果表明,长期利用污水灌溉,导致砷在灌区耕层产生累积,土壤受到一定程度的污染,应当引起关注。     

气浮与生化强化工艺在油田污水工程改造中应用

针对河南油田聚合物驱采油污水,定性分析了污水中的聚合物,研究了聚合物对污水COD的影响.结果表明,污水中聚合物的分子结构发生了一定的变化-CONH2水解为-COOH,同时测定了污水中1 mg/L部分水解聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM)贡献1.3 mg/L COD.随着3次采油技术的发展,油田污水中聚合物含量逐年增大,聚合物含量大幅上升是导致污水COD上升的根本原因.在原有处理工艺基础上,增加絮凝气浮处理工艺单元,改造工程采用“预曝气除油+絮凝气浮+A/O生物膜”处理工艺后,运行结果表明,出水COD为65 ～ 90 mg/L,达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB/T 8978-1996)一级排放标准.     

污灌的展望

利用污水灌溉农田,已有几百年的历史了。随着污灌中存在的问题和工业的进一步发展,在欧美逐渐兴起了污水处理工程。近来,又由于能源危机和水资源的短缺,不少国家又转到以土地作为污水处理系统的研究和实际应用上来。1978年在澳大利亚的墨尔本召开过一个“土地处理和污水利用”的国际会议。     

Risk assessment of heavy metal(loid)s via Spinacia oleracea ingestion after sewage water irrigation practices in Vehari District

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The use of sewage water as an irrigation source can be beneficial in agricultural practices, however, it may result in human health risks due to the...     

几种模拟处理方式污泥淋出液重金属与养分特征

为了减少城市污泥重金属对农田的污染,更好地实现污泥农业资源化利用,通过盆栽实验研究不同处理(对照、黑网、附Fe黑网、附Fe黑网+K2SO4及附Fe黑网+玉米)对城市污泥淋出液重金属和养分含量等的影响。结果表明,黑网可降低污泥淋出液的Zn﹑Cd总量,且没有减少污泥淋出液中氮、磷和钾的总量。Fe(OH)3可使淋出液中Zn总量降低,但同时也显著减少了淋出液中的磷总量。K2SO4可降低淋出液中的Cu总量,且促进Fe结合磷的释放。玉米的种植可使污泥的总重降低,同时玉米籽粒和茎叶重金属含量达到饲料标准。综合来看,任何处理每次淋出液的Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd浓度均符合农田灌溉水标准,淋出液氮、磷、钾量占原污泥中氮、磷、钾总量的比例(0.98%～9.88%)远远大于重金属元素(Cu,Zn,Pb,Cd)占原污泥对应重金属总量的比例(0.04%～0.41%),污泥淋出液作为农田灌溉水进行肥水利用将是污泥农业资源化利用的适合途径,同时黑网+玉米处理可能是较理想的污泥综合处理利用方式。     

Factors impacting on pharmaceutical leaching following sewage application to land

Sewage effluent application to land is a treatment technology that requires appropriate consideration of various design factors. Soil type, level of sewage pre-treatment and irrigation rate were assessed for their influence on the success of soil treatment in removing pharmaceuticals remaining after conventional sewage treatment. A large scale experimental site was built to assess treatment performance in a realistic environment. Of the factors investigated, soil type had the biggest impact on treatment performance. In particular, carbamazepine was very efficiently removed (>99%) when irrigated onto a volcanic sandy loam soil. This was in contrast to irrigation onto a sandy soil where no carbamazepine removal occurred after irrigation. Differences were likely caused by the presence of allophane in the volcanic soil which is able to accumulate a high level of organic matter. Carbamazepine apparent adsorption distribution coefficients (K(d)) for both soils when irrigated with treated sewage effluent were determined as 25 L kg(-1) for the volcanic soil and 0.08 L kg(-1) for the sandy soil. Overall, a volcanic soil was reasonably efficient in removing carbamazepine while soil type was not a major factor for caffeine removal. Removal of caffeine, however, was more efficient when a partially treated rather than fully treated effluent was applied. Based on the investigated pharmaceuticals and given an appropriate design, effluent irrigation onto land, in conjunction with conventional sewage treatment may be considered a beneficial treatment for pharmaceutical removal.     

Effects of irrigation with raw and differentially diluted sewage and application of primary settled sewage-sludge on wheat plant growth, crop yield, enxymatic changes and trace element uptake

An increase in the concentration of Cu, Zn, Cr and Mn, and a decrease in the activities of aspartate amino transferase, alanine amino transferase and peroxidase were observed in the different fractions of wheat plants, following raw and differentially diluted (66% and 50%) sewage irrigation and dry primary settled sewage-sludge amendments of soils. The grain enrichment efficiencies for Cu, Zn and Mn were significantly low under all experimental conditions. On the other hand, the grain enrichment efficiency for Cr was low under all sewage irrigation conditions only. Except in the earheads of wheat plants from sludge-amended soil, catalase activities were significantly low in roots, stems and earheads of wheat plants, under all other treatment conditions investigated. The decrease in the proteinase activity was statistically significant in roots and earheads of sewage-irrigated plants; the activity in the stem was low following irrigation with raw and 66% sewage only. Proteinase activity was also significantly low in all fractions of wheat plants harvested from soil amended with 20 tonnes of sludge per hectare. The observed results appear to be due to an overall decrease in the metabolic status of the plants following sewage irrigation and sludge amendment of soils. Grain yields, however, were not reduced despite this metabolic effect.     

Fractionation and bioavailability of metals and their impacts on microbial properties in sewage irrigated soil

A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of long-term irrigation of sewage contaminated with heavy metals like Cd, Cr, Cu and Pb on microbial and biochemical parameters of soils of West Bengal, India. The microbial parameters included microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial metabolic quotient; the biochemical parameters included fluorescein diacetate hydrolyzing activity, beta-glucosidase, urease, phosphatase, and aryl sulphatase activities. A sequential extraction technique was used to quantify water soluble, exchangeable, carbonate bound, Fe/Mn-oxide bound, organically bound, and residual metal fractions. Metal concentrations in the two most labile fractions (i.e., water soluble and exchangeable fractions) were generally low. Total metal concentrations at each site seemed to be associated with soil amorphous Fe and Al minerals. The MBC and the enzymes studied were significantly and negatively correlated with water soluble and exchangeable metals but not significantly correlated with other forms, indicating that water soluble and exchangeable forms exerted a strong inhibitory effect on the soil microbial and biochemical parameters. It was concluded that irrigating soils with metal contaminated sewage seemed to damage soil quality in the long term.     

论合理施肥与土壤环境的可持续性发展

文中论述了合理施肥对提高作物产量、改善品质以及净化与保护生态环境、实现农业可持续性发展的重要性与不可替代性,而施肥不当或滥用肥料不仅对土壤、植物养分平衡失调,作物产量与品质构成威胁,而且更重要的是作物吸收后所残留的肥料随着灌水或降水而产生径流、淋溶或侧渗,其累积效应对土壤和地表水、地下水易于造成污染,从而影响土壤环境与农业生态系统的稳定性、可持续性发展。为此,本文在肯定施肥对农业生产重要作用的基础上,重点探讨了施肥不当或滥用化肥,以城市生活垃圾、污水等为肥源所可能导致的土壤环境污染、对生态系统的危害性及其有效防治措施。     

The impact of sewage irrigation on the uptake of mercury in corn plants (Zea mays) from suburban Beijing

The impact of sewage irrigation on the uptake and translocation of mercury (Hg) in corn plants (Zea mays) was investigated. Corn plants were harvested the same day from two nearby fields in suburban Beijing, one irrigated historically with sewage effluent, and one irrigated solely with groundwater. Hg content was analyzed in the soil, roots and stems, while percent moisture and soil organic content were analyzed in the soil samples. The concentration of Hg in the soil and roots, and the soil organic content were not significantly different between the two fields, despite the historic practice of sewage irrigation. Hg content in roots was positively correlated with soil Hg concentration (r=0.95, n=6). The transfer coefficients between roots and stems were significantly higher in the control site (control: 2.06, sewage-irrigated: 0.44, p<0.05), indicating that the barrier effect of the roots was not consistent between the two fields.     

Characteristics of heavy metals in soils and grains of wheat and maize from farmland irrigated with sewage

The farmland irrigation with the sewage is a common and better pathway to save the resource of groundwater in Northern China. The investigation was conducted in the farmland along the Fuhe River to explore characteristics of heavy metals in soils and grains of wheat and maize from a long-term sewage-irrigated area of Baoding region. The results showed that the topsoil with long-term sewage irrigation accumulated more Cd, Pb, and Hg compared with that of soil irrigated with groundwater and their corresponding natural background values. Cd concentrations in 48% of sewage-irrigated soil samples exceeded the Chinese safety limitation at 0.6 mg/kg, but less Cd accumulated in crop grains and did not pose the potential health risk. On the contrary, Pb levels in soils irrigated with sewage were lower than the safety limitation but Pb concentrations in 24% of wheat grain samples exceeded the Chinese national safety limit. Long-term sewage irrigation did not increase As, Cr, and Ni concentrations in soils or crop grains. The target hazard quotient (THQ) of heavy metals in edible grains of crops was selected to assess their risk to human health. Total THQ values were higher than 1.0 for the wheat samples from sewage-irrigated area and both sewage-irrigated and smelter-impacted areas, and As is the main contributor to the total THQ and posed the potential risk to human health. Therefore, the accumulation of Cd, Pb, Hg, and As in soils and crops in sewage-irrigated area should be monitored continuously to ensure food safety and security.

     

Concentration estimation of heavy metal in soils from typical sewage irrigation area of Shandong Province,China using reflectance spectroscopy

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Since sewage irrigation can markedly disturb the status of heavy metals in soils, a convenient and accurate technique for heavy metal concentration...