基于短时实际行驶工况的机动车微观排放模型

使用车载排放测试系统（PEMS）采集轻型电喷汽油车道路实际污染物排放率数据,并利用GPS系统获得测试车辆测试过程的实际行驶工况。定义一段较短时间内的车速变化历程为短时实际行驶工况,以短时实际行驶工况表示车辆运行状态并将其各时刻的速度作为排放模型的参数,用BP神经网络的方法建立了机动车微观排放模型。模型运行结果表明,二氧化碳（CO2）、氮氧化合物（NOx）、一氧化碳（CO）、碳氢化合物（HC）等污染物的排放率预测总体误差分别在4%、2%、5%、5%以下,检验了通过短时实际行驶工况各时刻速度计算机动车污染物排放率的方法的可行性。     

大型城市客车加速模拟工况排放特性的实验研究

通过对258辆大型城市客车进行加速模拟工况排放测试,研究了城市客车的排放特性,比较了压缩天然气(CNG)车辆与汽油车辆的排放特性,分析了车辆车龄与排放的关系、发动机燃油供给方式与排放的关系,以及车辆总质量与排放的关系。研究结果表明：燃用CNG的车辆其CO、NOx排放较汽油低许多,尤其是CO,但HC排放较汽油高;电喷车辆的CO、NOx排放比化油器车低,但HC排放值高于化油器车;车龄增长,车辆的CO、NOx排放值增大,但HC变化不明显;车辆总质量增加,排放呈下降趋势。     

在用汽油车简易测试工况排放特性研究

通过实验方法对在用汽油车在稳态ASM测试工况、IG195瞬态测试工况下的排放特性进行了研究,并与双怠速、怠速测试工况下的排放测试结果进行了比较。分析了车龄与排放的关系、发动机燃油供给方式与排放及与排放测试方法的关系,研究了排放因子与车龄的关系。     

广州市机动车排放污染三维仿真模拟研究

基于三维的对流一扩散方程,采用50 m× 50 m× 20 m的高分辨率网格对广州市机动车排放污染扩散的宏观分布状况进行了数值模拟研究,应用有限体积法数值求解上述方程.模拟过程综合考虑了广州市的路网结构、交通流和路网线源排放强度等因素,进行了均匀风速的简单气象条件试算.结果表明,机动车排放污染物浓度随交通流量而变化,随高度增加而下降,上风向污染物浓度大于下风向,模拟结果与实际污染情况具有较好的一致性.     

污泥干化焚烧联用系统最佳运行工况研究

污泥干化焚烧联用系统将污泥焚烧产生的能量用于污泥干化,可实现污泥处理的节能降耗。对于污泥干化焚烧联用系统的运行,进厂污泥负荷、初始含水率、热值、污泥干化目标含水率是最大的影响因素。为实现污泥干化焚烧联用系统的低能耗和安全稳定运行,结合国内某污泥干化焚烧处理工程,建立了污泥干化焚烧联用系统能量和物料平衡模型,在此基础上研究了变工况条件下污泥干化焚烧联用系统的运行模式,分析了运行负荷、污泥热值、进厂污泥含水率、入炉污泥含水率发生波动时,对污泥干化单元和污泥焚烧单元所产生的影响,并提出了对应的运行策略。     

西安市城市主干道路面径流污染及沉淀特性研究

在西安市城市主干道南二环路建立路面径流采样站,利用自制流量等比例采样装置,采集2009年3-11月的34场降雨径流,测试研究径流SS、COD事件平均浓度(EMC)、有机污染物赋存状态,并就降雨特征对径流污染的影响进行相关分析,还采用累积曲线法对16场径流水样进行沉淀实验,研究沉淀对径流中污染物的去除效果.结果表明,城市...     

双燃料发动机瞬态工况HC排放特征

采用双燃料增压中冷发动机,模拟了不同转速、转矩、进气流量以及进气温度对HC排放的影响。结果表明,在一定范围内HC排放会随着进气流量和转速增加而升高,随转矩和进气温度的增加而减小。1 600 r/min时HC排放水平高于其他各转速,此转速对应的最高HC排放水平进气流量、转矩和进气温度分别为80 kg/h、30 N·m和28℃。对1 600 r/min下各参数进行拟合得出了最大HC排放水平对应的进气流量、转矩和进气温度,拟合效果较好。通过相关性分析,进气温度、转速和进气流量对HC排放影响显著,转矩对HC的排放影响不明显。     

北京市不同功能区机动车排放特征研究

以东城区、顺义区、朝阳区、平谷区为例分析北京四大功能区的机动车排放特征并构建排放清单,通过调查统计各区路网分布、机动车类型、行驶里程等,运用COPERT模型计算不同车型各污染物的排放因子并分析污染物空间分布。结果表明,小客车数量均占据各区主导地位。CO、碳氢化合物主要由小客车贡献,而大客车及各类货车是PM2.5、PM10及NOx的主要贡献来源。顺义区和朝阳区的污染物年排放量明显高于其他两区。基于功能区划分来讨论机动车排放特征并建立排放清单能为城市规划及污染防治提供有效途径。     

特殊工况下船舶生活污水处理的试验研究

采用厌氧复合床反应器与接触氧化、接触沉淀相结合的工艺,针对实船条件下可能出现的重启动、倾斜、海水及淡水海水交替冲洗厕所和水力负荷增加等情况,进行了特殊工况下船舶生活污水处理的试验研究.结果表明,该组合工艺在设计条件下(HRT为5 h)重启动速度较快,可用于海水冲厕所产生的高盐度污水处理,耐受淡水海水交替变化的盐度冲击负荷变化能力较强,具有一定的水力负荷增加潜力,并且不受倾斜影响.     

苏州市工业用地地表径流污染特性研究

对苏州新区枫桥工业园湘江路段的10场有效降雨事件的地表径流污染特性进行了研究.研究表明.地表径流水质参数COD、SS、NH3-N、TN、TP均服从对数正态分布,在95%置信水平下,SS与COD、TP、TN之问存在线性相关性(R=0.45～0.72).统计了污染物事件平均浓度(EMC),COD、SS、NH3-N、TN、TP的EMC中值分别为213、491、2.65、5.19、1.07 mg/L,相对应的单位面积污染物负荷分别为1 898、4 375、24、46、10 kg/(hm2·a).与韩国Chongju工业区和上海市相比,SS负荷高是苏州新区枫桥工业园地表径流水质的主要特点,削减SS负荷对控制其非点源污染具有重要意义.     

Modeling vehicle emissions in different types of Chinese cities: importance of vehicle fleet and local features

We propose a method to simulate vehicle emissions in Chinese cities of different sizes and development stages. Twenty two cities are examined in this study. The target year is 2007. Among the cities, the vehicle emission factors were remarkably different (the highest is 50-90% higher than the lowest) owing to their distinct local features and vehicle technology levels, and the major contributors to total vehicle emissions were also different. A substantial increase in vehicle emissions is foreseeable unless stronger measures are implemented because the benefit of current policies can be quickly offset by the vehicle growth. Major efforts should be focused on all cities, especially developing cities where the requirements are lenient. This work aims a better understanding of vehicle emissions in all types of Chinese cities. The proposed method could benefit national emission inventory studies in improving accuracy and help in designing national and local policies for vehicle emission control.     

重庆市机动车尾气对大气环境的影响分析及减缓措施

在对重庆市机动车保有量、主城区交通状况进行深入调查的基础上，对机动车尾气排放对大气环境的影响进行了细致的分析与评估。阐述了机动车尾气是造成重庆市大气污染的重要因素。同时结合国内外一些先进的预防、控制和处理汽车尾气污染的方法，及近年来的观察、研究和试验，提出了合理减缓、控制机动车尾气污染的措施，以防止机动车尾气污染进一步蔓延。     

On-road motor vehicle emissions and fuel consumption in urban driving conditions

This paper reports on the analysis of on-road vehicle speed, emission, and fuel consumption data collected by four instrumented vehicles. Time-, distance-, and fuel-based average fuel consumption, as well as CO, HC, NOx, and soot emission factors, were derived. The influences of instantaneous vehicle speed on emissions and fuel consumption were studied. It was found that the fuel-based emission factors varied much less than the time- and distance-based emission factors as instantaneous speed changed. The trends are similar to the results obtained from laboratory tests. The low driving speed contributed to a significant portion of the total emissions over a trip. Furthermore, the on-road data were analyzed using the modal approach. The four standard driving modes are acceleration, cruising, deceleration, and idling. It was found that the transient driving modes (i.e., acceleration and deceleration) were more polluting than the steady-speed driving modes (i.e., cruising and idling) in terms of g/km and g/sec. These results indicated that the on-road emission measurement is feasible in deriving vehicle emissions and fuel consumption factors in urban driving conditions.     

Construction of electric vehicle driving cycle for studying electric vehicle energy consumption and equivalent emissions

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - This paper proposes an effective and scientific method for the construction of a representative driving cycle for electric vehicles (EV) and takes it...     

杭州市机动车尾气污染和控制对策

随关经济的快速发展,城市道路交通和机动车尾气污染成为人们关注的热点,通过对杭州市机动车行驶现状及路检情况调查,分析了机动车排污分担率及尾气排放的潜在影响,提出控制机动车尾气大大气污染的对策。     

典型城市机动车非常规污染物排放清单

以2007年为目标年,利用IVE模型计算并建立北京市、上海市和深圳市3个典型城市的机动车1,3-丁二烯、甲醛、乙醛、NH3、苯、CO2、N2O和CH4等非常规污染物的排放清单.结果表明,在北京市,对8种非常规污染物的排放贡献率最大的均为轻型客车,排放贡献率均在50%以上;其次主要为中重型客车,排放贡献率为5%～26%....     

Assessment of different methods in analyzing motor vehicle emission factors

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - To explore the emission characteristics of vehicle’s pollutants is of great significance to prevent and control the diffusion of pollutants....     

Intake fraction of nonreactive motor vehicle exhaust in Hong Kong

The intake fraction (iF) of nonreactive constituents of exhaust from mobile vehicles in the urban area of Hong Kong is investigated using available monitoring data for carbon monoxide (CO) as a tracer of opportunity. Correcting for regional transport of carbon monoxide into Hong Kong, the annual-average iF for nonreactive motor vehicle emissions within the city is estimated to be around 270 per million. This estimated iF is much higher than values previously reported for vehicle emissions in US urban areas, Helsinki and Beijing, and somewhat lower than those reported for a densely populated street canyon in downtown Manhattan, New York City, or for emissions into indoor environments. The reported differences in intake fractions in various cities mainly result from the differences in local population densities. Our analysis highlights the importance of accounting for the influence of upwind transport of pollutants when using ambient data to estimate iF for an urban area. For vehicle exhaust in Hong Kong, it is found that the in/near vehicle microenvironment contributes similarly to the indoor home environment when accounting for the overall iF for children and adults.