基于可变模糊集理论的海岛可持续发展评价模型——以辽宁省长海县为例

海岛生态环境脆弱,保护海岛及其周边海域生态系统,合理开发利用海岛自然资源,促进海岛经济社会可持续发展是我国海岛保护法的根本宗旨。论文试图借鉴陆域可持续发展指标体系的思路,结合海岛的自然环境与社会经济特殊性,从生存支持、生态环境、经济发展、社会与智力支持四个层面选取指标,并将熵权法和非结构性决策模糊集理论模型相结合确定海岛可持续发展评价指标的权重,构建海岛可持续发展的指标体系;进一步引入可变模糊评价方法,建立基于可变模糊集理论的海岛可持续发展综合评价模型,对辽宁省长海县2001-2011年可持续发展的状况进行评价验证,识别影响长海县可持续发展能力的关键因素、存在的问题与限制性因子,为提高海岛经济社会可持续发展水平提供科学的分析数据。     

基于GIS的流域生态敏感性评价及其区划方法研究

在分析国内外流域生态研究状况的基础上,提出流域生态敏感性概念,针对流域内可能出现的各种生态问题及其敏感性,结合流域特点,建立流域生态敏感性评价指标体系,探讨运用GIS技术对流域生态敏感性进行综合评价的方法,提出流域生态敏感性区划。     

山区可更新资源与经济发展的空间耦合分析——以浙江省安吉小流域为例

围绕自然资源与经济发展相互关系这一主题,选取浙江省安吉县小流域为研究区域,探讨了山区小流域可更新资源与经济发展之间的空间耦合关系。参照高程变化,以每100m高程间隔为单元,以安吉县相关统计资料和实地调查资料为基础数据,计算各高程段各类可更新资源的GDP产出,进而计算实现经济转化的资源价值量TRV,再计算TRV占资源价值的比例、TRV占GDP的比例。研究表明,随地势升高,各高程段总体TRV与资源价值的比值降低,说明可更新资源的开发程度越来越低;总体TRV与GDP的比值呈增加趋势,经济发展对本土资源的依赖性增加。整个小流域经济产出利用了本土可更新资源总价值的15%,本土可更新资源实现经济转化的那部分资源价值贡献了GDP总量的12%。     

流域水生态系统健康与生态文明建设

健康的流域水生态系统是保障流域经济社会可持续发展的基础,解决我国严峻的流域水生态系统健康问题迫切需要开展以流域为基本单元的生态文明建设. 针对我国流域水生态系统健康现状,确立了流域生态文明的概念和内涵,提出了流域生态文明建设的基本框架和主要任务. 以保障流域自然生态系统的完整性、流域经济社会系统发展的可持续性、人居环境的生态性为内涵,构建流域水生态-经济社会复合生态系统的动态平衡是流域生态文明建设的基本框架. 流域生态文明建设的主要任务:①构建以水生态系统健康为目标的流域分区管理模式,优化国土空间开发;②健全流域的水环境质量基准和标准体系,科学确定生态系统保护阈值;③建立以流域生态承载力为约束的污染物总量控制技术,优化产业结构与布局;④以保障流域环境流量为前提,实现水资源生态利用;⑤加强人居环境生态建设,实现流域城市生态化发展;⑥加强生态制度建设,构建流域生态文明建设长效机制.该研究成果可以为实现流域人与自然和谐发展提供理论指导.      

可持续发展与草原生态环境保护——以内蒙古草原区为例

草原具有自然和社会两方面的功能，在实现这些功能的过程中，应该遵循可持续性发展原则来维持健康的草原。草原的自然功能是社会功能的基础和保障，草原的社会功能是自然功能的延伸和发展，社会功能的发挥是建立在自然功能实现基础之上的。内蒙古地区在发展过程中要以科学发展观为指导，把建设社会主义新牧区的任务与草原发展的丰富内涵结合起来，加强草原生态环境保护，建设环境友好型和资源节约型社会。     

Participatory modelling for sustainable development: Key issues derived from five cases of natural resource and disaster risk management

Stakeholder participation is considered a key principle for sustainable development in the context of natural resource and disaster risk management. Participatory modelling (PM) is an interactive and iterative process in which stakeholder involvement is supported by modelling and communication tools. Planning and decision-making for sustainable development (SD)integrate three substantive dimensions − social, ecological and economic. The procedural dimension of SD, however, is equally important, and here we see great potential for PM. In this study, we evaluate five PM research projects against criteria for the procedural dimension of SD. This provides a basis for identifying key issues and needs for further research into PM for SD. While the cases show great potential, especially for supporting knowledge integration, learning and transparent handling of values and perspectives, they indicate a particular need to develop PM in respect of organizational integration. This issue is closely connected to the possibility of effectively implementing PM in practice.     

地理学与资源科学研究的交叉与融合

交叉性以及通过学科交叉实现学科创新,是学科创新发展的重要特征。本文探讨了地理学和资源科学融合的学科基础,指出自然资源的稀缺性、自然资源的空间性、自然资源系统的复杂性和自然资源问题的应对性是地理学和资源学学科对象的共性;阐述了地理学、资源科学两者相互作用及其历史过程,梳理了地理学、资源科学与人地关系思想、可持续思想的发展关系,揭示了地理学和资源科学的差异性特征;地理学、资源科学的共性与差异性,促进了资源地理学的产生与发展。据此,提出了资源地理学的学科内容与方向,论述其全球及国家战略支撑,展望中国资源地理学的发展趋势,以期更好地认识中国地理学和资源学交叉融合的现状,从整体范畴上把握学科发展的脉络,促进学科之间的相互渗透,理论和方法的移植创新,不断开拓新的研究领域和提高学科研究水平。     

Industrial ecology framework for achieving cleaner production in the mining and minerals industry

Industrial ecology (IE) is an emerging framework adopted in the manufacturing, construction, and process industries to provide innovative solutions in strategic planning, leading to cleaner operation and production. An IE framework integrates a large number of processes, economic constraints, and environmental, health and safety considerations for optimized resource utilization. This paper provides a review of environmental management practices in the mining and minerals industry, emphasizing two concepts: IE and cleaner production. The mining and minerals industry provides primary materials for industrial activities; as such, it is an important component in the “industrial ecosystem.” This industry is subject to very stringent social and environmental scrutiny, while providing society with required natural resources to meet essential sustainable development requirements. The implementation of an IE framework in the sector will contribute to sustainable development.     

编制自然资源资产负债表的意义及探索

为完善环境治理和生态修复,加强对领导干部考核,十八届三中全会提出了探索编制自然资源资产负债表,对领导干部实行自然资源资产离任审计。本文围绕编制自然资源资产负债表的意义进行阐述,对如何编制自然资产资源负债表进行了设想,倡议高度重视资源环境保护,维护经济可持续发展,实现资源节约型、环境友好型社会。同时,本文指出,如何编制好自然资源资产负债表,对领导干部实行自然资源资产离任审计,还需要一个研究和探索的过程,还有很长的路要走,因为世界上还没有哪个国家有经验可以借鉴。但可以借鉴绿色GDP探索的经验。     

复式记账下的自然资源核算与资产负债表编制框架研究

我国自然资源形势严峻,自然资源过度损耗、环境污染、生态破坏问题严重。“十八届三中全会”提出探索自然资源资产负债表,根本目的是加强自然资源核算与管理、提高资源利用效率、保护生态环境,以实现资源环境与经济社会可持续发展。论文认为“自然资源资产负债表的编制”是建立一种自然资源核算制度,基于会计学复式记账的“确认、计量、记录、报告”,核算涉及自然资源资产的变动事项;通过编制报表,呈现自然资源资产变化,明晰地方经济社会发展的资源环境代价;用自然资源核算制度约束各级地方政府的发展观、完善政绩考核体系;确立地方政府的资源环境责任,划定自然资源开发利用红线。以自然资源资产负债表的编制为主的自然资源核算制度是自然资源部完善自然资源管理的重要抓手。论文首先回顾了自然资源核算与自然资源资产负债表编制的探索历程和国内外相关研究成果;基于当前自然资源管理的重要任务和国家自然资源部的工作职责,分析了自然资源核算与资产负债表编制相关的生产理论、资源科学理论和会计学理论基础;基于编制目的和要求,确立自然资源资产负债表编制工作的主要内容,解析自然资源资产、负债、权益关键概念,提出基于资源环境承载力和相关规划为基础的自然资源权益划分;基于会计学的复式记账原理,借鉴相关自然资源资产负债表的研究成果,提出了基于复式记账的自然资源资产负债表编制框架及其核算过程;以土地资源为例,分析了基于复式记账的自然资源资产负债表的编制及其核算过程。论文创新性地提出基于会计学复式记账理论的自然资源核算和自然资源资产负债表编制方法,可以实现“明晰家底,明确责任,确认红线,考核绩效”,结合现有的研究成果,将来可进一步开展专项自然资源资产负债表的研究,建立标准的自然资源核算账户体系,构建自然资源核算管理信息系统,完善自然资源审计等工作。     

Towards a climate change adaptation strategy for coffee communities and ecosystems in the Sierra Madre de Chiapas, Mexico

The mountain chain of the Sierra Madre de Chiapas in southern Mexico is globally significant for its biodiversity and is one of the most important coffee production areas of Mexico. It provides water for several municipalities and its biosphere reserves are important tourist attractions. Much of the forest cover outside the core protected areas is in fact coffee grown under traditional forest shade. Unless this (agro)forest cover can be sustained, the biodiversity of the Sierra Madre and the environmental services it provides are at risk. We analyzed the threats to livelihoods and environment from climate change through crop suitability modeling based on downscaled climate scenarios for the period 2040 to 2069 (referred to as 2050s) and developed adaptation options through an expert workshop. Significant areas of forest and occasionally coffee are destroyed every year by wildfires, and this problem is bound to increase in a hotter and drier future climate. Widespread landslides and inundations, including on coffee farms, have recently been caused by hurricanes whose intensity is predicted to increase. A hotter climate with more irregular rainfall will be less favorable to the production of quality coffee and lower profitability may compel farmers to abandon shade coffee and expand other land uses of less biodiversity value, probably at the expense of forest. A comprehensive strategy to sustain the biodiversity, ecosystem services and livelihoods of the Sierra Madre in the face of climate change should include the promotion of biodiversity friendly coffee growing and processing practices including complex shade which can offer some hurricane protection and product diversification; payments for forest conservation and restoration from existing government programs complemented by private initiatives; diversification of income sources to mitigate risks associated with unstable environmental conditions and coffee markets; integrated fire management; development of markets that reward sustainable land use practices and forest conservation; crop insurance programs that are accessible to smallholders; and the strengthening of local capacity for adaptive resource management.     

新旅游资源观视角下旅游资源研究框架

旅游资源是旅游活动的基本要素,决定着旅游资源开发利用的综合效益。旅游资源与国家重大战略的关系日益密切,树立新旅游资源观是对区域发展实践的再认识和再实践,能够为旅游资源研究提出新的课题。梳理与总结传统旅游资源观视角下旅游资源研究成果的发展脉络,研究发现：（1）旅游资源研究内容不断丰富,研究方向日益多元,在开展基础研究的同时,积极为服务国家重大战略和区域经济社会发展做出重要贡献,一定程度上实现了“理论指导实践”与“实践完善理论”的良性互动局面。（2）新旅游资源观是指在科学技术进步、价值观念变革、旅游需求提升、人均收入提高等背景下,人们对不同来源、不同结构、不同层次的旅游资源进行整合、配置、重组和优化的动态过程,表现为人们的思维认知对旅游资源性状改变的一种能动响应。新旅游资源观是对传统旅游资源观的根本突破,呈现出新旅游资源价值观、新旅游资源利用观、新旅游资源发展观、新旅游资源效益观和新旅游资源空间观等特征。（3）从旅游资源价值转化、旅游资源可持续利用、旅游资源融合发展、旅游资源区域效益、旅游资源空间重构等方面构建新旅游资源观视角下的“五维一体”的旅游资源研究内容体系,强化旅游资源的跨区域聚合、竞合与融合,揭示跨区域旅游资源开发利用的相互作用机理。（4）面对新旅游资源观视角下旅游资源开发利用过程中出现的新问题和新课题,多学科交叉融合与新方法引进是开展旅游资源开发利用综合性、动态性、区域性和系统性研究的必然趋势。     

推行清洁生产建设节水型社会

水是人类赖以生存的资源,随着我国人口增长和经济的快速发展,水资源已成为目前制约我国经济发展和社会进步的主要因素,因此必须从可持续发展的战略高度,进一步提高对加强水资源节约和保护重要性、紧迫性的认识,增强水忧患意识、节水意识和水资源保护意识,推行清洁生产,建设节水型社会,加强水资源保护,以水资源的可持续利用来保障经济社会可持续发展.     

全球化变革下的中国对外自然资源流动及其关键研究问题

应对全球化变革及其不确定性,认识中国对外自然资源流动的特征与问题,是保障国家资源安全的基础,对实现高质量、可持续发展有重要意义。对应国际劳动分工从产业间贸易、产业内贸易到全球价值链的不同阶段,理解中国对外自然资源流动有不同的理论视角。现有研究主要关注自然资源以原始形态和制成品中的隐含形态在国家之间的流动,讨论了中国对外自然资源流动在供给与需求、利用强度与效率、资源禀赋与流向,以及全局与局部影响之间的矛盾。未来研究仍面临理论和现实的挑战。在理论方面,适应全球价值链分工发展,引入全球生产网络理论探讨企业间互动关系如何塑造自然资源流动路径,能更好地适应中国从“引进来”向“走出去”的转变,以及当下自然资源综合治理的研究需求。在现实方面,应对日益增强的不确定性,亟需深化对自然资源流动网络韧性,以及“双循环”互促关系的认识。     

跨国世界自然遗产保护现状评述

国家疆界的划分原则常常与自然资源及生态功能区划分的原则相悖;动植物种群分布、生态学过程以及地质构造分布,并不因政治边界的存在而消失。这种情况为一些自然遗产地的统一与完整性保护制造了障碍。在过去的几十年中,人们对自然资源管理以及对生物多样性管理的关注点,由原来对特定区域的保护转向强调景观尺度下生态系统连续性的保护。连续性保护理念在跨国项目中体现为跨界保护理念,使连接分散的生态区域之间的动态过程成为可能。跨国世界自然遗产的建立与保护已成为推进跨界资源保护的重要一环。结合相关案例分析,论文从发展历程、分类以及管理三个方面对跨国世界自然遗产保护现状进行评述。资源的不可持续利用目前被认为是对世界遗产保护的最大威胁。跨国自然遗产将通过促进多边合作,在遗产保护与可持续发展之间建立平衡。     

绍兴生态市建设水资源开发利用与保护方案研究

绍兴市在经济社会快速发展的同时,越来越关注城市经济、社会和生态环境的高效和谐与持续发展。笔者立足绍兴市生态兴市的指导思想,从绍兴市水资源持续利用的角度出发,分析了绍兴市水资源开发利用现状,预测了绍兴市水资源供需的趋势,并根据绍兴市水资源开发利用的有关规划,提出了绍兴市水资源调控的主要对策。      

Implementation-oriented and transformative research—Lessons from a project on conservation and sustainable use of forest resources in Ethiopia

This article draws lessons from a seven-year project on conservation and use of remaining coffee forests in the highlands of South-west Ethiopia. The project investigated the genetic diversity of Coffea arabica in its place of origin as well as economic perspectives of quality coffee marketing. With initially broad multidisciplinary natural and social sciences research a basis was laid for a second phase of praxis and implementation-oriented research in the same region.As a key innovative approach an NGO was established to take over all project management and implementation-oriented work in Ethiopia at the beginning of the second phase. This initiative helped decisively to solve the kind of problems identified in RESCUE (2012): ownership of results developed within R&D, the often missing mandate for science to actively contribute to solutions ‘on the ground’, and problems of cultural and social unsuitability and misunderstanding, which often are at the core of the problem when solutions from scientists are expected.The NGO operated as an intermediary between the involved scientists and other stakeholders from the coffee industry as well as from public administration and the Ethiopian polity. Its overall target was to contribute toward establishment of a biosphere reserve following the UNESCO MAB scheme and to use this scheme for the conservation and use of the remaining Ethiopian coffee forests. This target was achieved: the biosphere reserve has been accepted and accredited by UNESCO and is in operation. In addition, quality coffee from the development zones of the biosphere reserve is being sold on local markets in Yayu, SW Ethiopia.There are important lessons for the future of transdisciplinary and transformative sustainability science that can be drawn from this experience. These lessons concern concrete challenges and chances of research and development geared toward sustainable development:

• •Working with implementation-targets as project organizing elements,
• •communication and transfer of responsibility to involved stakeholders,
• •challenges for praxis-oriented syntheses from research results,
• •practical challenges of management and coordination for transdisciplinary projects, as well as.
• •chances for long-term sustainability and use of research and implementation work.

These lessons are described in this article with the overall intention to draw conclusions and to make them more widely available for scientists and project coordinators working in transdisciplinary projects that aim to contribute toward (more) sustainable development.     

山东半岛区地下水库建设及其资源环境的良性效应

水是经济社会可持续发展的自然资源和战略资源。永续开发利用的水资源和良性循环的水环境,是影响一个地区经济发展水平和社会文明程度的重要因素之一。地下水是支撑山东半岛区经济社会的基础资源,在经济快速发展的同时,水资源短缺和水环境恶化日益突出,建设地下水库成为解决供需矛盾、优化水资源配置、实施可持续发展的重要途径。论文在分析该区已建地下水库的类型、技术和效益的基础上,宏观与微观相结合,论述了已建地下水库对该区资源环境所产生的良性效应,从而提出了支撑山东半岛区可持续发展的水资源利用模式,并预测了该区宜建地下水库的数量、规模及产生的综合效益,为该区的经济、社会、资源与环境的协调发展提供了科学依据。     

Envisioning the future and learning from the past: Adapting to a changing environment in northern Mali

In West Africa, rural livelihoods depending on natural resources develop coping and adapting strategies to face climate variability or change and economic or political changes. The former Lake Faguibine in northern Mali has experienced drastic ecological, social, and economic changes. Forests have emerged on the former lake and have become important for local livelihoods. This paper analyses the coping and adapting strategies of forest- and livestock-based livelihoods facing ecological changes. Results from field research at different levels indicate that most local strategies are based on diversification including migration within the livestock production system or in complement to it, with differences according to gender, age, and ethnicity. Political discourses, cultural identities, and past experiences influence and shape adaptation strategies at the local level. The sustainability of the observed strategies depends on the access to natural resources and the sustainable management of these resources, which in turn depends on institutions at local and national levels. Many local strategies are reactive to external events but would need strategic support from higher levels to move from coping to adapting. Examples are the development of institutions and technical actions for natural resource management, as well as development actions supporting local strategies and sustainable investments. Researchers, practitioners and development planners will need simple methods and tools for understanding and analysing local adaptation perceptions and actions to achieve an effective support of sustainable and gender-equitable local adaptation and to avoid mismatches between strategies proposed by local and by sub national and national actors.     

中国流域生态补偿标准核算方法进展研究

流域生态补偿关系到区域协调和可持续发展,补偿标准核算方法的确定是建立流域生态补偿机制的重点。对中国流域生态补偿标准核算方法的研究进展进行系统整理,总结了目前较为常用的五种核算方法,即生态系统服务功能价值法、生态保护总成本法、水质水量保护目标核算法、水资源价值法和支付意愿法,对比分析各自的优点与不足,并对近来出现的水足迹等新方法进行阐述。未来研究中,应实现核算方法结合、补偿标准的动态评估及提高核算体系的可操作性等。