Technical measures to achieve a cleaner production mode for recycled paper mills

China’s paper production reached 79.8 × 10⁶ t in 2008 and ranked number one in the world. Because of its high consumption of water, energy and materials and its serious pollution, the present processes are not likely to be sustainable. An alternative, the closed Water Loop-Papermaking Integration (WLPI) method, is put forward in this paper. The WLPI method can be realized in a recycled paper mill by adding technologies and using recycled water. Many industrial case studies have shown that a large quantity of water, energy and materials can be saved, and the quantity of waste sludge and wastewater discharge was minimized by using the WLPI method. The design of the water reuse system, control of calcium hardness, water recycling and minimal waste sludge are discussed. Anaerobic technology plays an important role in the WLPI method to lower cost, energy use and waste. In the brown paper and coated white board production, zero-effluent discharge can be realized. Fresh water consumption is only 1–2m³·t⁻¹. For the paper mills with deinking and bleaching processes, about 10 m³·t⁻¹ of fresh water and a similar amount of effluent discharge are needed. Power saving using anaerobic technology is 70% when recycled water is used in comparison with the conventional activated sludge process.Waste sludge can be decreased to about 5% of the initial process due to reuse of the waste sludge and the lower bio-sludge production of the anaerobic process.     

Promoting cleaner production in the Indian small-scale mining industry

India is among the top ten mineral producing nations in the world and its economy depends on the value of minerals produced. Although mineral production has increased significantly since the country’s independence, what continues to be overlooked in is the contribution of resident small-scale mines to national mineral output. Approximately 90% of India’s mines are operating on a small-scale, employing some 0.5 million people. However, because of their rudimentary and highly migratory nature, these operations feature poor environmental management practices and safety conditions. This paper examines the unique techno-economic and socio-cultural characteristics of selected small-scale mining regions in India. It furthermore underscores the need for cleaner production in these regions, and outlines a series of legislative measures pertinent to the industry. The paper concludes by identifying educational- and training-related initiatives, which, if undertaken, could facilitate additional environmental improvement at sites.     

天然气输气行业开展清洁生产审核的意义

清洁生产是我国持续发展和科学发展的一项重要内容,也是实现我国污染控制重点由末端治理向生产过程控制转变的重要措施,而“清洁生产审核”是推行清洁生产的一种管理思路和方法。以中国石油天然气股份有限公司西南油气田分公司输气管理处为例进行清洁生产审核分析,阐述天然气输气行业开展清洁生产审核的意义。     

Toward cleaner production of hot dip galvanizing industry in China

China has now the largest annual outputs of galvanized steel and the most amount of galvanizing plants in the world. However, with obsolete technology, the hot dip galvanizing industry has been proved as one of the industries, which consume large amounts of raw materials and energy, produce numerous pollutants and causes serious contamination in China. Cleaner Production in the hot dip galvanizing industry is now the only way to achieve the sustainable development of hot dip galvanizing industry. The implementation of the Common Fund for Commodities (CFC) project: The Transfer of Technology and Promotion of demand: Batch hot dip galvanizing in China launched by International Zinc Association (IZA) is introduced in this paper, The Best Available Technologies of operation, energy and environmental management in the world are also introduced. With the implementation of the project, an assessment system of Cleaner Production and a training system have been developed and implementation of technical updating to the demonstration plant shows that the reduction of zinc loss, and water and fuel cost savings can be achieved. It is believed that the methodology of the project can be applied throughout China as the galvanizers see the cost benefits.     

电解锰行业清洁生产审核绩效评价分析

介绍了我国电解锰行业发展及清洁生产审核的推进情况,通过在电解锰行业开展数轮清洁生产审核,诊断出该行业存在的主要环境污染问题,在行业内建立了规范化的管理制度,推动了清洁生产技术的发展,分析了典型中高费方案实现的环境效益和经济效益。结合电解锰行业清洁生产指标体系,重点分析了2009—2017年行业的有毒有害物质的替代、综合能耗、电流效率等关键性清洁生产指标的变化情况。结果显示,综合能耗由2009年的8 600 kW·h/t(以Mn计,下同)降至目前的6 900 kW·h/t,电流效率总体呈上升趋势。对于经过多轮审核的某企业,其电解槽、剥离方式、直流电耗、锰渣无害化处理和综合利用率、锰渣中水溶性锰浓度(以干基计)等5项评估指标均达到国内领先水平,在行业处于顶尖水平,另一项指标单位产品新鲜水耗也有明显下降,为行业节能减排起到引领作用。     

基于清洁生产的PFOSF/PFOS生产行业履约路径研究

全氟辛基磺酸及其盐类(PFOS)和全氟辛基磺酰氟(PFOSF)是《斯德哥尔摩公约》新管控的持久性有机污染物(POPs),作为该公约成员国之一,我国是当前生产PFOS的主要国家,正在积极应对PFOS减排。PFOS产品类型众多,使用行业广泛,替代品缺乏,对其使用行业管控相对困难,因此对PFOS生产行业进行管控是实现PFOS履约目标源头减排的关键。通过对PFOSF/PFOS生产行业现状进行调研,识别PFOS产生和排放的关键节点,在此基础上分析了PFOS生产行业履约的清洁生产管理体系,从PFOS生产行业中相关产品替代品的开发和现有行业企业清洁生产水平提升两方面,提出了用清洁生产政策手段实现PFOSF/PFOS生产行业履约目标的方法。     

Industrial ecology framework for achieving cleaner production in the mining and minerals industry

Industrial ecology (IE) is an emerging framework adopted in the manufacturing, construction, and process industries to provide innovative solutions in strategic planning, leading to cleaner operation and production. An IE framework integrates a large number of processes, economic constraints, and environmental, health and safety considerations for optimized resource utilization. This paper provides a review of environmental management practices in the mining and minerals industry, emphasizing two concepts: IE and cleaner production. The mining and minerals industry provides primary materials for industrial activities; as such, it is an important component in the “industrial ecosystem.” This industry is subject to very stringent social and environmental scrutiny, while providing society with required natural resources to meet essential sustainable development requirements. The implementation of an IE framework in the sector will contribute to sustainable development.     

基于AHP-FCE模型的制药行业清洁生产技术评价

在制药行业推行清洁生产技术,从源头减少污染物的产生,有利于促进制药行业的健康、可持续发展。为正确选择适合的制药行业清洁生产技术,建立了包含技术、经济和环境指标的制药行业清洁生产技术评价指标体系,构建了层次分析法-模糊综合评价法（AHP-FCE）评价模型,确定了制药行业清洁生产技术的评价标准,并对4项制药行业清洁生产技术进行了综合评价。结果表明：在技术性能方面表现较优的是头孢氨苄酶法合成技术,在经济性能方面表现较优的是抗生素合成固定化酶规模化制备技术,在环境性能方面表现较优的是基于培养基替代的青霉素发酵减排技术;技术综合得分表明,头孢氨苄酶法合成技术是4项制药行业清洁生产技术中的最优技术。

     

化工业清洁生产技术措施分析

化工业是导致环境污染的主要产业.当前,我国的化工产业所采用的生产方式仍然是传统的粗放式生产,给我国的生态环境带来了很大的压力.在这种情况下,除了转变生产方式之外,最有效的方法就是采用清洁生产技术.文章通过在化工业生产中使用清洁原料、使用清洁化学反应、使用清洁反应介质、使用清洁水处理技术等多个方面,对化工业清洁生产技术进行了系统性的分析,为广大化工业研究、生产人员提供了参考.     

略谈清洁生产战略在医院废物处理中的指导意义

清洁生产战略作为环境管理的一项手段 ,是实现可持续发展战略的一项重要举措。医院废物作为一种危险废物 ,在其处理处置过程中 ,也应引入清洁生产思想 ,这对于有效利用资源和能源 ,减轻环境压力 ,都具有重要意义。     

强化审核效果促进清洁生产

为推动石油石化行业清洁生产工作的开展,中国石油化工集团公司印发了《油田企业清洁生产实施计划》,就油田企业清洁生产推行工作的计划、步骤、措施、目标等做出了具体部署和明确要求。自2003年以来,胜利油田分公司滨南采油厂结合生产实际,每年制定清洁生产实施计划,本着"突出重点、先点后面、分步实施、逐步推广、持续改进     

Application of cleaner production technology in chemical industry: a near zero emission

The main objective of this study is to investigate and evaluate opportunities for implementation of pollution prevention and waste minimization in a chemical industrial company producing poly sulfonated naphthalene formaldehyde which is used as a super plasticizer for concrete. Environmental problems encountered were mainly the highly polluted wastewater and a semi-solid cake containing considerable amount of the final product. Possible modules for remedial measures and their cost estimation were investigated. The proposed remedial modules included recycling of retained water discharge in filter press, recycling of washing water of reaction vessels (reactors), closed circuit cooling system for high-pressure pump, good housekeeping through control of leakage of raw material, products and water and finally utilization of retained residual product from the solid waste. The implemented pollution control measures proved to be cost effective and have short payback periods. Also, minimization of the hydraulic and organic loads in the final effluent was achieved.     

Barriers to the implementation of cleaner production in Chinese SMEs: government,industry and expert stakeholders' perspectives

This paper applies an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to examine and prioritize underlying barriers to adoption of cleaner production (CP) by small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in China from the perspectives of government, industry and expert stakeholder groups. First, on the basis of the findings of previous research and literature review, 20 barriers are identified and grouped into four categories: (1) policy and market barriers; (2) financial and economic barriers; (3) technical and information barriers; and (4) managerial and organizational barriers. Second, an AHP model is developed and a survey questionnaire was designed, tested, and refined. Third, the questionnaire was distributed to the representatives of three stakeholders of CP, i.e. enterprise managers, government officials, and experts. The returned questionnaires were validated in terms of consistency and in some cases followed up for verification. Fourth, the 20 barriers were rated by analyzing the valid questionnaires through the AHP model. The top three barriers to CP adoption by Chinese SMEs were found to be: (a) lack of economic incentive policies; (b) lax environmental enforcement, and (c) high initial capital cost. The researches conclude that current governmental policy should give higher priority to lessening those external policy and financial barriers rather than internal technical and managerial barriers. The findings shed some new light on readjusting public policy in order to help to facilitate widespread CP implementation in SMEs in China.     

火电行业清洁生产与末端治理技术对二氧化硫减排效果评估

为探明清洁生产技术在我国大气污染物削减中所起的作用,本文以火电行业为例,以SO_2作为特征污染物,对“清洁生产”和“末端治理”技术进行了筛选,建立了削污和减排效果分析模型,并收集火电行业的权威统计数据,计算了火电行业“清洁生产”技术削污量与“末端治理”技术减排量及两类技术各自削减量占比情况,研究了建国以来(1949—2013年)我国火电行业清洁生产技术削污效果和末端治理技术减排效果及其演变规律,并在此基础上提出政策建议.研究结果显示,以火电行业发电效率最低的低温低压发电技术为基准线,1949—2013年65年期间电力行业通过清洁生产技术累计实现SO_2削污量为4.94亿t,节约4940亿元的环保资金投入,削污率达到58.5%;2002—2013年12年期间电力行业末端治理技术累计实现SO_2减排量为1.10亿t,减排率为13.0%.     

Pollution prevention and cleaner production in the mining industry: an analysis of current issues

This paper examines the major pollution prevention and Cleaner production (CP) issues in the mining industry. Past problems with pollution has made waste minimization an issue of enormous importance for many mining companies. Since the advent of the first major environmental legislation circa-1970, there has been substantial improvement in environmental performance at the mine sites of these firms, including a reduction in noxious air emissions, a decrease in levels of toxic contaminants in effluent discharges, and a major upgrading in land management. All of these improvements are directly attributed to a corporate abandonment of conventional, end-of-pipe apparatuses, and subsequent integration of cleaner technologies and strategies, including highly efficient environmental equipment, heavily retrofitted control systems, and comprehensive environmental management plans. Although hundreds of mining districts have already benefited from installing systems that foster pollution prevention and CP, in select instances, these have not proven to be realistic waste management remedies. Major barriers, particularly economic, technologic, and legislative ones, have both individually and collectively impeded the implementation of pollution prevention and CP strategies in such cases. Many of these barriers appear insurmountable but improved planning, employee education, and increased government intervention would spell continued success in an industry that has already made enormous strides in the arena of environmental management.     

The importance of assessment tools in promoting cleaner production in the metal finishing industry

Various cleaner production (CP) audits have been conducted in the South African metal finishing industry. These studies have been successful in effecting changes to the general status of the local metal finishing industry. In this paper, the initiatives undertaken by a Danish government sponsored project are detailed. The project included the conducting of in-plant assessments, using a tailor-made tool for CP benchmarking. Details on this tool's operations and typical results are presented. Typical assessments indicated potential water savings of 78%, with chemical savings of approximately 30%. The plant modifications undertaken in order to achieve the CP objectives, are described. The affects of these initiatives on local municipal wastewater treatment works are detailed with specific reference to significant reductions in incoming wastewater-borne heavy metals. The main challenge for companies has been data retrieval for the tool and overcoming social barriers for implementing the improvement options. Recommendations include redesigning the assessment tool.     

清洁生产:企业施行循环经济的方式

作为国民经济的基础,企业在循环经济的施行程度与水平的高低,直接关系到一个国家实施循环经济的质量问题.在一个特定的国家里,如果循环经济在企业的施行较为普遍,甚至建立在商业基础上的话,那么这一国家循环经济的市场构建已相当健康了--因为,这已说明该国循环经济发展已有了坚实的基础.     

Design of policy mechanism to promote cleaner production in China

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＣｌｅａｎｅｒｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ (ＣＰ)ｈｏｌｄｓｇｒｅａｔｐｒｏｍｉｓｅａｓａｎｅｆｆｅｃｔｉｖｅｓｔｒａｔｅｇｙｉｎｔｈｅｆａｃｅｏｆｄｏｕｂｌｅｃｈａｌｌｅｎｇｅｓｏｆｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｐｒｏｔｅｃｔｉｏｎａｎｄｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ.Ｉｎ 1993,ａｄｅｍｏｎｓｔｒａｔｉｏｎｐｒｏｊｅｃｔ (Ｂ 4ｐｒｏｊｅｃｔ) ,ｄｅｓｉｇｎｅｄａｎｄｅｘｅｃｕｔｅｄｂｙｔｈｅＳｔａｔｅＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌＰｒｏｔｅｃｔｉｏｎＡｄｍｉｎｉｓｔｒａｔｉｏｎ (…