Policy and operational constraints for the implementation of cleaner production in Zambia

This paper reports the findings of a study conducted to identify the appropriate policy strategies for cleaner production in Zambia. Through direct consultation with industry and other stakeholders, it was observed that the major constraints that hindered implementation of cleaner production in the industry were financial problems, poor/weak enforcement of environmental laws, lack of knowledge, lack of awareness and lack of technical competence. Similarly, potential motivators for cleaner production in industry were identified and included the macro-economic climate, economic reforms and policies, economic incentives, regulation and environmental leadership. In conclusion, the low levels of cleaner production adoption were mainly due to the lack of environmental standards in some industries, low levels of cleaner production awareness, limited understanding of commercial and economic benefits of utilisation of cleaner production approaches, inadequate institutional arrangements for the promotion and implementation of cleaner production and the lacklustre enforcement of existing environmental laws.     

Cleaner production in Danish fish processing – experiences,status and possible future strategies

Danish fish processing industry has been one of the pioneers regarding implementation of cleaner production and environmental management systems. This article describes the experiences with cleaner production (CP) among leading Danish industries producing pickled herring and canned mackerel. The article emphasizes two case studies of ‘first mover’ companies, but data from other ‘proactive’ companies are also included.The article provides an overview of different types of CP solutions, improvement potentials, synergistic effects and possible trade-offs. The development of the applied solutions from the late 1980s until today are analysed and recommendations to future strategies at company level and policy level are provided.It is concluded that significant environmental improvements have been obtained for the analysed companies – especially concerning reductions in water consumption, wastewater emissions, and utilisation of fish ‘waste’ for valuable by-products. Still, more focus could be placed on the reduction of energy consumption, change of packaging types, and environmental impacts in other stages of the products life cycle.Authorities and companies have mainly focused on on-site reductions of wastewater emissions, but life cycle assessments show that more attention should be given to the reductions of environmental impacts in other parts of the product chain, e.g. fishing operations and transport as well.     

Education and training for cleaner production: a flexible learning approach

Successful implementation of cleaner production concepts at the government and industry level requires that professionals in those institutions receive adequate education and training in this field. In the recent past, most of the higher learning institutions around the world have incorporated cleaner production as a subject in their curricula. In order to satisfy the specific needs of busy professionals, higher learning institutions need to use new technologies to facilitate cleaner production training. The flexible learning approach used at Griffith University is one of these valuable tools. This paper introduces some of the key concepts of flexible learning and investigates how they can be effectively used in education and training for cleaner production.     

清洁生产审核在酿造企业的应用

清洁生产审核是实施清洁生产的重要前提,也是企业实现清洁生产最成熟最有效的手段。在对桌酿造企业进行清洁生产审核中,针对行业特点,结合企业自身情况,提出并实施无／低费方案17项,中／高费方案3项。可节电1058kwh／a,节水2．26万t／a,减少废水排放2．26万t／a,减少固废（损失原料）排放45t／a,制曲室空气质量明显改善,产生效益39．4652万元／a。该企业在实现了降低单住产品（食醋）水耗和酱油原料损失率的同时,也实现了经济、环境和社会效益的统一,为酿造企业今后的清洁生产审核积累了经验。     

Regional initiatives on promoting cleaner production in China: a case of Liaoning

With the increasing environmental issues, now cleaner production has been implemented across all the regions of China. During this process, regional governments have played a leading role for promoting cleaner production. Main measures include coordinating the various stakeholders, providing financial support, stipulating appropriate policies and conducting capacity building programs. Such an innovative initiative is quite unique and should be further studied. This paper reflects such a perspective through a case study of Liaoning province. We first introduce the main initiatives for the promotion of cleaner production in Liaoning and then identify the key barriers. Our focus is to provide suggestions for future improvements. Finally we make our conclusions.     

Pollution prevention and cleaner production in the mining industry: an analysis of current issues

This paper examines the major pollution prevention and Cleaner production (CP) issues in the mining industry. Past problems with pollution has made waste minimization an issue of enormous importance for many mining companies. Since the advent of the first major environmental legislation circa-1970, there has been substantial improvement in environmental performance at the mine sites of these firms, including a reduction in noxious air emissions, a decrease in levels of toxic contaminants in effluent discharges, and a major upgrading in land management. All of these improvements are directly attributed to a corporate abandonment of conventional, end-of-pipe apparatuses, and subsequent integration of cleaner technologies and strategies, including highly efficient environmental equipment, heavily retrofitted control systems, and comprehensive environmental management plans. Although hundreds of mining districts have already benefited from installing systems that foster pollution prevention and CP, in select instances, these have not proven to be realistic waste management remedies. Major barriers, particularly economic, technologic, and legislative ones, have both individually and collectively impeded the implementation of pollution prevention and CP strategies in such cases. Many of these barriers appear insurmountable but improved planning, employee education, and increased government intervention would spell continued success in an industry that has already made enormous strides in the arena of environmental management.     

Assessment of cleaner production options for alcohol industry of China: a study in the Shouguang Alcohol Factory

The alcohol industry in China makes an important contribution to the national economy. However, the associated pollution problems cause gradual deterioration of the ambient environment and adverse impacts on the local community. Cleaner production (CP) technology, as an effective way to reduce waste emission and save resources, has been widely employed in the alcohol industry across the developed countries. In China, although such technologies have been applied in a number of factories, an integrated assessment and implementation procedure is lacking for proceeding with practical CP technologies for alcohol factories in China. To solve such problems, a series of cleaner production options are proposed and assessed in this study. Five groups of CP options were screened, on factory survey, expert questionnaires, and integrated assessment. With the consideration of environmental impacts and economic efficiency, four CP options combined with various advanced CP technologies, such as high-concentration wort fermenting, CO₂ reuse, different pressure distilling, methane and fertilizer production, were proposed. To verify the proposed options, a case study was carried out in the Shouguang Alcohol Factory (SAF), East China. The characteristics of resources consumption and waste emission during the production process were identified. A comprehensive evaluation of the proposed options was conducted from different aspects. An integrated cleaner production system based on the proposed options was formed and then implemented in the factory. Through the four years of practice, the productivity/quality of alcohol product were improved, but and the reduction of waste and pollution were achieved as well as a marked increase in water/energy savings. This study provides theoretical and practical support for extensive application of cleaner production technologies and sustainable development in the alcohol industry of China.     

Barriers to the implementation of cleaner production in Chinese SMEs: government,industry and expert stakeholders' perspectives

This paper applies an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to examine and prioritize underlying barriers to adoption of cleaner production (CP) by small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in China from the perspectives of government, industry and expert stakeholder groups. First, on the basis of the findings of previous research and literature review, 20 barriers are identified and grouped into four categories: (1) policy and market barriers; (2) financial and economic barriers; (3) technical and information barriers; and (4) managerial and organizational barriers. Second, an AHP model is developed and a survey questionnaire was designed, tested, and refined. Third, the questionnaire was distributed to the representatives of three stakeholders of CP, i.e. enterprise managers, government officials, and experts. The returned questionnaires were validated in terms of consistency and in some cases followed up for verification. Fourth, the 20 barriers were rated by analyzing the valid questionnaires through the AHP model. The top three barriers to CP adoption by Chinese SMEs were found to be: (a) lack of economic incentive policies; (b) lax environmental enforcement, and (c) high initial capital cost. The researches conclude that current governmental policy should give higher priority to lessening those external policy and financial barriers rather than internal technical and managerial barriers. The findings shed some new light on readjusting public policy in order to help to facilitate widespread CP implementation in SMEs in China.     

制药企业清洁生产审核研究

制药行业在服务人类时,也带来了环境污染,所以需要建立清洁的生产模式,对污染的产生进行全过程控制。经过多年的探索和实践,清洁生产从新的质量观念出发,在其源头进行削减污染,降低消耗的理念已经被广泛认可。制药企业进行清洁生产审核要与实施GMP紧密结合起来,在对企业进行实地调研的过程中,要结合制药行业的特点,对制药企业需要关注的重点方面进行仔细盘查,分析存在的节能降耗的潜力,提出了切实有效的清洁生产方案。     

染料行业节能减排实践

染料生产是高耗能、高污染行业,探索染料行业的节能减排途径是当前非常重要、紧迫的任务。以某偶氮染料生产企业为例,通过对其推行清洁生产审核,发现企业节能减排空间。从清洁生产工艺、设备改造、废物回收利用、余热回收、能源管理5方面来实现企业的节能减排,促进企业的可持续发展,对我国染料行业的节能减排工作有一定的借鉴作用。     

铸造业清洁生产审核与污染物减排研究

铸造业是环境污染问题突出的行业之一,要实现铸造业的持续发展,其出路在于实施清洁生产工艺。以铸造业树脂砂线清洁生产审核为例,探索铸造业实施生产工艺技术改造,提出企业环境管理与经营持续发展的途径和方法。     

生命周期评价在清洁生产领域的应用前景

生命周期评价(LCA)作为一种产品环境特征分析和决策支持工具,技术上已经日趋成熟,并在国际社会得到较广泛的应用.由于它也同时是一种有效的清洁生产工具,因而可以在我国清洁生产审计、产品生态设计、废物管理、生态工业等方面发挥应有的作用.目前应尽快引进和消化吸收国际上先进的LCA方法,建立符合中国国情的LCA方法学体系和数据支撑体系,并在此基础上开展各个领域、各种形式的应用研究与示范.      

港口清洁生产审核实践

清洁生产审核是港口实现绿色发展的有效方法。以天津某散货港口公司的清洁生产审核为例,分析了港口在能源消耗、废弃物产生、装卸工艺设备等方面的清洁生产潜力,进而提出了切合港口企业自身情况的清洁生产方案,对清洁生产工作在港口行业的开展可起到一定的借鉴作用。     

New findings on the generation of waste and emissions, and a modified cleaner production assessment approach-illustrated by leather production

New findings on the causes of waste and emissions, which were obtained from analysing numerous material streams in various sectors of industry, are presented in this article. It describes the implications of these findings for the vision of clean production, for formulating environmental policy concerning cleaner production targets, for the opportunities to assess to what extent the cleaner production targets have been met, and for the cleaner production assessment. A modified cleaner production assessment approach is presented, and illustrated using leather production as an example. The consequent implications for the diffusion of cleaner production are discussed.     

阜新地区铁矿清洁生产水平分析及改进措施

根据阜新地区铁矿特点,从工艺装备水平、资源能源利用指标、废物回收利用指标、环境管理等方面分析得出该地区铁矿清洁生产水平较低,尚未达至国内清洁生产基本水平,并有针对性地提出了清洁生产改进措施。     

我国清洁生产促进法出台的若干问题浅析

推行清洁生产是我国环境保护工作发展的必然趋势，是实现可持续发展战略的必然选择。加强清洁生产促进法的执行力度，将对推行我国清洁生产发展起到积极的作用。本文通过对我国清洁生产促进法的意义、目的、作用及长远影响等问题的浅析，从而论述《中华人民共和国清洁生产促进法》的重要性和必要性。     

Negotiated environmental and occupational health and safety agreements in the United States: lessons for policy

The interest in so-called voluntary approaches to supplement or replace formal environmental, or occupational health and safety regulation has taken on new importance in both Europe and the United States. These approaches fall into two sharp divisions: (1) industry-initiated codes of good practice focusing on environmental management systems or performance goals, and (2) negotiated agreements between government and individual firms or industry sector trade associations focusing on regulation or compliance. This paper addresses the latter.In the United States, the motivations behind negotiated agreements are manifold and sometimes contradictory including desires (1) to facilitate the achievement of legislated or mandatory environmental goals by introducing flexibility and cost-effective compliance measures, (2) to negotiate levels of compliance (standards) fulfilling legislative mandates, (3) to negotiate legal definitions of Best Available Technology and other technology-based requirements, and (4) to weaken environmental initiatives. Efforts in furtherance of negotiated agreements have thus been greeted with mixed results by the various stakeholders. In the context of an anti-regulatory climate in the United States, the Administrative Procedures Act has been amended to allow “negotiated rulemaking” in achieving regulatory agency mandates. However, even before this legal innovation, regulatory agencies have been negotiating regulations. Independent of this legal avenue, negotiated compliance with industry associations is being fostered through the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) “Commonsense Initiative” and with individual firms through “EPA's Project XL”, again with mixed reception.The proposed paper describes and analyses negotiated agreements in the United States in the context of (1) EPA efforts to ensure environmental protection and (2) the Occupational Safety and Health Administration efforts to ensure worker health and safety. These agreements can be described according to the following taxonomy: (a) Negotiated regulation (either preceding formal regulation or as a substitute for formal regulation); (b) Negotiated compliance (implementing regulation or informal agreements) (i) the means and timetable for coming into compliance with emission, effluent, or concentration requirements (ii) negotiation in the context of an enforcement action in which the firm is out of legal compliance (for example, encouraging cleaner production through the leveraging of penalty reductions).The criteria for evaluation include: environmental or health and safety outcomes, effects on stimulating technological change, time for development (time to completion)/implementation (likelihood of court challenge), stakeholder influence (ability of large firms to dominate outcome, environmentalists–industry, or labour–management balance of power),and administrative features.     

清洁生产审核在果汁企业的应用研究

中国是全球最大的浓缩苹果汁生产和出口国,年产量和出口量均占全球总量的60%左右,均位居世界第一。中国浓缩果汁行业高速发展的同时,严峻的行业环境问题严重限制了中国浓缩果汁行业的进一步发展[1]。企业实施清洁生产审核是企业实现清洁生产最有效的手段.实践表明,通过实施清洁生产审核活动,企业提高了资源能源利用效率,降低了环境污染,取得了经济和环境的同步发展,为浓缩果汁企业今后的清洁生产审核积累了经验。     

浅析化工项目环境影响评价要点

化工项目的环境影响评价应严格执行有关的法律、法规和导则,并结合行业特点执行特定的条例和规范。在其评价过程中应确保工程分析数据的可靠性和措施的可行性,对是否符合清洁生产进行详细阐述,针对事故风险进行评价并提出防范措施,最后对有毒废渣的处理提出要求。     

基于清洁生产理念的建筑垃圾减量技术

建筑垃圾的处理仍是一个世界性难题,在中国其主要处理方式仍是传统填埋。垃圾填埋会占用土地、污染土壤和地下水、释放温室气体甲烷等。建筑垃圾产生于建筑工业,在建筑工业整个环节中贯彻清洁生产理念是解决建筑垃圾问题的根本措施。调研世界建筑垃圾处置现状和发展趋势,可知建筑垃圾管理的主要措施是源头减量、施工减量和资源化利用,贯彻"避免产生、尽量减少、资源化利用和安全弃置"的原则,具体通过优化设计、采用先进施工技术、健全法律法规、强化施工过程管理和废物就地利用等方式实现,最终降低外运至消纳场的建筑垃圾量。结合中国实际情况,建筑垃圾用于道路材料有很大发展空间。