Development of environmental performance indicators for textile process and product

The increasing demand for environmental performance evaluation of industry requires development of sector-specific environmental performance indicators (EPIs). For the consumer product manufacturing industry, in this case the textile industry, the need to evaluate environmental performance both from process and product life cycle perspectives leads to development of EPIs of process and product dimensions. Such types of EPIs have been developed, with best achievable values being identified, by this study for cotton woven products and wet processing. An in-depth discussion has been presented concerning problems in developing and applying EPIs, while areas for further research are also recommended.     

中国资源型城市精明发展与环境质量的耦合关系及响应机制

以2003-2015年的中国资源型地级城市为研究对象,利用全局主成分分析、耦合协调模型和面板VAR模型对中国不同类型的资源型城市精明发展与环境质量的耦合关系及交互响应机制进行综合测度。研究发现：（1）资源型城市精明发展水平相对较低,各地区间差异有所减弱;环境质量亟待改善,各地区间差异在波动中有所增加。（2）二者间的耦合协调关系有待提升,耦合协调度由高到低排名依次为成长型、衰退型、再生型和成熟型。（3）不同类型资源型城市的精明发展与环境质量均有自我增强和惯性增长趋势。资源型城市精明发展对环境质量呈现先正后负的作用机制,成熟型资源城市精明发展提升对环境质量具有正向增强机制,而衰退型资源城市环境质量对精明发展、再生型资源城市精明发展对环境质量均呈现先负后正的交替作用机制。未来15期,成熟型和再生型资源城市精明发展将会促进环境质量提升。针对不同类型资源城市提出了差异化的对策与转型发展建议。     

谈环境监测与环境影响评价的关系

从环境监测与环境影响评价内容以及职能入手分析,研究二者之间的关系,并对环境监测中存在的问题与建议,进行重点分析,希望能够为今后环境监测与环境影响评价工作起到重要的借鉴作用。     

城市郊区在城市化发展进程面临的主要环境问题及对策

城市郊区由于其特殊的地理位置,兼有城市和农村的主要特征,在城市化进程不断加快的今天,所面临的环境问题也尤为突出,本文针对城市郊区在城市化进程中面临的主要环境问题,提出了具体应对措施和建议。     

EcoDesign and The Ten Golden Rules: generic advice for merging environmental aspects into product development

The most important moment in product development is when demands and specifications are decided for the product that is being planned. The specification defines the goal for the product development process. It is a very important steering opportunity for the continuing work and for environmentally driven demands that are to be addressed in the product development phase. The designers are said to have the key to sustainable product development through EcoDesign. Many tools have been developed in order to help them to achieve this objective. However, most tools are seldom used primarily because of a lack of sustainability oriented requirements in specifications for products. If there is no demand for improved environmental performance, then there is no need for EcoDesign tools. The lack of market demand for environmentally improved products is therefore, a crucial factor. In other words: It makes no sense to grab a screwdriver from your toolbox if you have a nail in your hand. On the other hand if you have a hammer in your hand you tend to see everything as nails! The hypothesis of this paper is that there is a strong need for a tool to facilitate the integration of reasonable environmental demands into the product development process. The presented tool, “The Ten Golden Rules,” can be helpful in this effort. A helpful tool must be well adapted to the task and therefore it is important that the individual product developer/designer can develop personal versions from the generic guidelines. The Ten Golden Rules provide such a possibility. They provide a common foundation, for all in the team, which can be used as a base and guidelines for development of situation specific product-design challenges.     

中国环境污染事故发生与经济发展的动态关系

基于1992~2006年中国经济发展和环境污染事故时序数据,建立了中国经济发展和环境污染事故发生的计量模型,以此来分析中国环境安全状态的发展阶段与趋势.结果表明,中国环境污染事故频数与经济增长之间呈现倒“N”型波浪式的EKC特征.环境污染事故频数、水污染事故频数、大气污染事故频数随着人均GDP的快速提高, 先下降、后上升、再下降, 但还会出现反复.环境污染事故的发生不同于环境污染物的排放,不是经济发展过程中的必然产物,但是却具有非常大的不确定性和危害性,必须利用先进的政策、制度和技术,才可以有效减少污染事故的发生.     

长江口异养细菌生态分布特征及其与环境因子的关系

根据2006年5月对长江口海域调查资料,对表层水体异养细菌的生态分布特点进行了研究,同时对营养盐、叶绿素a等其他相关环境因子对异养细菌分布特征的影响进行了一定地探讨.结果表明:长江口表层水体异养细菌丰度在(1.35～9.40)×105/mL,并在长江口外上升流附近海域形成两个高值区.在空间分布上,异养细菌数量与磷酸盐、硝酸盐、叶绿素a相关性具有明显的区域性.同时长江冲淡水、长江口上升流和悬浮物也对其数量分布产生重要影响.     

中国环境战略与政策发展进程、特点及展望

本文系统回顾了中国环境战略与政策的发展进程,总结了中国环境战略与政策的特点及变化特征,并进一步提出新时期中国环境保护战略与政策的推进方向。中国环境战略与政策与经济社会发展同步,主要分为探索起步阶段(1972—1983年)、初创建立阶段(1984—1991年)、框架完善阶段(1992—2002年)、提升发展阶段(2003—2012年)、改革突破阶段(2013年至今)五个阶段,而随着中国环境战略与政策的发展,环境战略理念与环境政策导向都发生了转变。文章指出,未来中国环境保护战略与政策要应对新情况、解决新问题,需着眼于满足人民群众美好生活的需求,重视推动制度重构和绿色转型,推动走上生态优先、绿色发展的新路,强化制度政策的内生动力,加强政策统筹协同。     

环境监测与环境监测技术的发展

环境监测是环境保护的基础,环境监测为环保工作提供了科学依据和技术支持,环境监测技术使人们能够更为及时、有效地监测、判断环境状况,进而探究环境保护的方法和途径,明确环保工作的方向和目标,制定科学、正确的环保制度和政策。在环境问题日益严重的现代社会,环境监测技术已经成为一项不可或缺的现代科学技术。本文首先分析了环境监测的涵义和发展过程,然后分析了环境监测技术的发展概况以及未来发展趋势。     

厌氧消化过程稳定性与微生物群落的相关性

为探析厌氧消化过程稳定性与微生物群落的相关性,在餐厨垃圾厌氧消化反应器中引入负荷扰动以诱导不同的运行状态,理化分析和高通量测序相结合用于研究各个状态下的状态参数响应及微生物群落动态.结果表明,均衡的群落结构保证了反应器的稳定运行,稳定状态下反应器的甲烷产率和挥发性固体（VS）去除率分别高达（0.50±0.01）LCH₄/gVS和（89.58±0.08）%.高负荷下产酸细菌（柔膜菌门、放线菌门）大量增殖,诱导互养脂肪酸降解菌（梭菌纲）的相对丰度剧增,然而与之互营的氢型产甲烷菌的丰度和活性却下降了.产甲烷菌与互养脂肪酸降解菌的失衡导致它们不能有效的互养合作,从而引起挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）积累和过程失稳.积累的VFA和氨使比乙酸产甲烷活性（SAMA）和比产甲烷活性（SMA）分别下降60.12%和72.51%,进一步加剧了过程失稳.扰动停止后,尽管反应器恢复了原有运行条件和性能,但微生物群落达到了新的平衡.     

Recovery of organic wastes in the Spanish wine industry. Technical,economic and environmental analyses of the composting process

The main organic wastes produced in modern wine industries include grape pomace (62%), lees (14%), stalk (12%) and dewatered sludge (12%). Some of these wastes are being used as by-products (grape pomace and lees) whereas the rest of organic wastes (stalk and wastewater sludge) has been traditionally incinerated or disposed in landfill. In this work, composting is proposed for the recovery of stalk and wastewater sludge to produce a sanitized organic amendment for application in the vineyard, closing the organic matter cycle. The environmental and economical analyses of the different alternatives to manage organic wastes from the wine industry are also presented. Composting costs are almost negligible when compared to other management options. From the environmental point of view, in-situ composting presents the best performance in 8 of the 10 impact categories analysed. Finally, the energy balance shows that the 4 composting systems involved less energy than the systems based on Mineral Fertilizer consumption.     

夜光藻赤潮与环境因子关系的模糊分析

针对在2006年夏天渤海湾赤潮重点监控区中发生的一次夜光藻赤潮,考虑到夜光藻赤潮过程与环境因子的复杂关系和赤潮监测数据的不确定性,利用模糊逻辑方法对监测数据样本进行了分析。本文的研究对象为1号、2号和4号站位包含有夜光藻赤潮过程的7月26日~8月20日的连续监测数据,给出了隶属度函数和模糊规则的提取方法,利用生成的模糊逻辑规则阐述了此次夜光藻赤潮的生消过程并分析了夜光藻赤潮与若干环境因素之间的变动关系,为进一步研究该海域的夜光藻赤潮机理并预测夜光藻赤潮奠定了基础。     

我国海洋经济增长与海洋环境压力的脱钩关系研究

本文选取沿海地区工业废水直排入海量、工业废水中化学需氧量入海量、工业废水中氨氮入海量以及赤潮发生面积作为海洋环境压力指标,基于Tapio脱钩模型,引入脱钩指数构建脱钩状态评价指标,从时间和空间两个层面探讨我国海洋经济增长和海洋环境压力的脱钩状态演变趋势。结果表明:2002~2010年,各项海洋环境压力指标与我国海洋经济增长之间均呈现出扩张负脱钩、弱脱钩和强脱钩三种状态,但演变趋势各有不同;空间上,环渤海经济区海洋环境压力脱钩状态总体表现最优,各项污染指标基本稳定在弱脱钩和强脱钩状态;长三角经济区和珠三角经济区的脱钩状态总体波动较大,各项污染指标在多个不同时期出现恶化情形。基于以上研究结果,本文提出了相应的对策建议,以期实现海洋经济和海洋环境压力的完全脱钩。     

环境监测全过程管理信息系统的研究与开发

考察了环境监测日常业务流程并将其划分为７个步骤，分析了数据流，在此基础上提出一套技术方案，推荐了实现全过程管理的技术关键，给出了厦门市环境监测全过程管理信息系统的开发实例。该系统已经用于生成环境质量报告书要求的各类报表，管理污染信息和生成各类地理图形，效果良好。     

The precautionary principle and environmental persistence: prioritizing the decision-making process

There is continuing activity among regulatory bodies to assess and prioritize chemicals used in commerce based on their potential to be persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT). Reliable data needed to perform a PBT hazard or risk assessment, however, may not always be readily available. Consequently concern may arise regarding the potential for false positives and false negatives to be wrongly classified. In order to more effectively classify substances, adequate time is needed to acquire the necessary data to support the overall PBT assessment. Of particular interest is the question of whether or not restrictions on the use and manufacture of a substance can be delayed to allow time to conduct the necessary field and laboratory studies of a particular substance? To address this question it is demonstrated that chemical partitioning property and environmental persistence information can be effectively combined to provide guidance for regulatory priority setting. Specifically, it is argued that substances that have media specific half-life values that exceed the regulatory threshold value for persistence under the EU chemicals REACH program, for example, are more likely to have a ‘legacy’ associated with their use when the log K_OA > 8, and when they are emitted to air or soil. Thus, precautionary actions limiting the use and manufacture of the substance may be warranted. Whereas substances emitted to air with log K_OA < 6 and log K_AW > ?2 are less likely to have a ‘legacy’ associated with their use. Thus precautionary actions in the absence of data may not be warranted.     

违规与公益:跨国公司何来两种环保面孔

今年11月初，在华跨国公司再次引起媒体的聚焦。事件缘起于包括5家“世界500强”企业在华子公司在内的33家知名跨国公司因环保违规，其名同时出现在一份环保黑名单上。而在近年来，有关跨国公司对中国的环保项目进行资助的新闻频频出现。其中，有些项目还形成了品牌效应。     

环境规制、经济高质量发展与生态资本利用的空间关系——以北部湾经济区为例

生态资本利用的空间关系影响区域可持续发展。以北部湾经济区2006—2019年面板数据为例,构建空间杜宾模型研究环境规制、经济高质量发展与生态资本利用的空间关系,结论如下：（1）环境规制、经济高质量发展和生态资本构成三E系统。（2）生态资本利用存在显著空间正自相关关系。（3）生态资本供需、流量利用及存量占用与环境规制显著空间正相关,环境规制抑制了存量占用及资本供需和流量利用水平;与经济高质量发展显著空间正相关,经济高质量发展显著提高了资本供给需求与流量利用,也增大了存量占用。（4）交互效应显著抑制了两者对资本供需与流量利用的影响、抑制了环境规制对存量占用的影响,也促进了经济高质量发展对存量占用的影响。研究结论对区域生态资本管控有实际意义。     

Integration of environmental aspects in product development: a stepwise procedure based on quantitative life cycle assessment

Significant environmental improvements can often be achieved by integrating environmental properties as an optimisation parameter in product development together with more traditional values such as production costs, functionality, aesthetics etc. This paper presents a professional method intended for managers based on quantitative life cycle assessment to identify environmental ‘hot spots’ in a reference product's life cycle and to select new environmentally optimised solutions for a new product. The paper takes its starting point in traditional procedures for product development (idea, analysis, goal definition, concept development and detail development) and shows step by step how the environmental properties of the new product can be optimised and thus contribute to the overall competitiveness of the new product.     

黄河流域生态保护与高质量发展的耦合关系及交互响应

在分析生态保护与高质量发展耦合机理的基础上,以省域为研究单元评价黄河流域生态保护与高质量发展的耦合协调度,并与长江经济带进行对比;利用面板VAR模型定量考察黄河流域生态保护与高质量发展的交互响应关系。主要结论如下：（1）研究期内黄河流域生态保护指数和高质量发展指数均呈现增长的趋势,总体均呈现中下游地区高于上游地区的格局。（2）研究期内黄河流域生态保护与高质量发展的耦合协调度整体呈现增长的态势,其中2003—2011年耦合协调度小于0.5,属于拮抗阶段;2012—2017年耦合协调度处于0.5~0.7之间,属于磨合阶段;耦合协调度总体呈现下游>中游>上游的空间格局,在省域层面山东和陕西的耦合协调度最大,宁夏和青海的耦合协调状况最差。（3）黄河流域的生态保护指数略高于全国平均水平,但低于长江经济带;高质量发展指数和耦合协调度都低于全国平均水平,与长江经济带的差距更大。（4）黄河流域生态保护与高质量发展两个子系统都存在正向累进效应和惯性发展特征,并且两者对于自身的影响程度都呈现逐步下降的态势,其中高质量发展对自身的影响程度下降更为明显;黄河流域生态保护与高质量发展具有正向促进作用,但由于生态保护和高质量发展水平偏低且内部发展不均衡,造成二者的作用机制不显著。     

基于GAM模型的洞庭湖叶绿素a浓度与环境因子相关性分析

为了解洞庭湖流域水体叶绿素a的时空分布及其与环境因子的关系,于2019年1～12月对洞庭湖进行采样调查分析,运用广义可加模型(GAM)分析了叶绿素a浓度与各环境因子间的关系.结果显示,洞庭湖水体叶绿素a浓度存在较为显著的时空分布差异,其年均值为5.77μg/L,变化范围为1.00～67.33μg/L.叶绿素a浓度变化的...