若尔盖高原泥炭沼泽湿地CO2呼吸通量特征

若尔盖高原沼泽湿地是我国最大的高原泥炭沼泽湿地。采用静止箱/气相色谱法,2004年5月至10月对若尔盖高原泥炭沼泽湿地CO2呼吸通量进行了观测。沼泽湿地CO2呼吸通量平均值为200.40mg·m-2·h-1,最大值为402.37mg·m-2·h-1,最小值为61.09mg·m-2·h-1。沼泽湿地周边的沼泽化草甸CO2呼吸通量平均值为425.50mg·m-2·h-1,最大值为891.74mg·m-2·h-1,最小值为124.23mg·m-2·h-1。二者均在7、8月出现排放峰值。沼泽湿地CO2呼吸通量日变化为单峰型,高峰出现在13时和15时。沼泽湿地CO2呼吸与温度具有相关性,其中与5cm深的土壤温度相关性最好。若尔盖高原沼泽湿地CO2呼吸通量的平均值仅为三江平原常年积水沼泽湿地的约36%,这可能是若尔盖高原沼泽湿地有泥炭积累,而三江平原沼泽湿地无泥炭积累或仅有少量积累的重要原因之一。     

油菜地CO2、N2O排放及其影响因素

2005年11月至2006年5月采用静态箱法对成都平原典型水稻 - 油菜轮作区油菜地CO2、N2O排放通量进行原位测定.结果表明,CO2排放通量为121.4～1 585.8 mg·m-2·h-1,平均656.8 mg·m-2·h-1;N2O排放通量为18.0～521.0 μg·m-2·h-1,平均168.0 μg·m-2·h-1.在整个油菜生长期内,地下5 cm土壤温度与CO2、N2O排放通量之间呈指数函数关系.3种不同处理油菜地CO2、N2O排放通量均为常规处理＞无氮处理＞裸地处理.土壤温度、施氮和植物生长是影响油菜地CO2、N2O排放的主要因素.     

中国八大湖泊冬季水-气界面CO2通量

采用静态箱-气相色谱法对中国不同地区八个湖泊(洞庭湖、鄱阳湖、巢湖、南四湖、洪泽湖、抚仙湖、洱海、滇池)冬季水体的水-气界面CO2通量进行了24h连续观测。结果表明:冬季洞庭湖、巢湖、洱海和滇池24h均为大气CO2的汇,其通量分别为-23.78、-16.08、-24.38、-17.94mg·m-2·h-1;鄱阳湖、南四湖水体则为大气CO2的源,其通量分别为35.76、27.64mg·m-2·h-1;洪泽湖和抚仙湖在晴天时为大气CO2的汇,夜间或阴天为大气CO2的源,但从24h的平均通量来看,洪泽湖为大气CO2的汇,通量为-26.56mg·m-2·h-1;抚仙湖为大气CO2的源,通量16.01mg·m-2·h-1。     

岩溶表层带土壤温度和含水率对呼吸作用的影响

全球环境变化对岩溶区的碳循环产生重要的影响,而土壤呼吸作用在全球环境变化的影响和反馈的过程中具有十分重要的作用。因此,以岩溶区的岩溶表层带为研究对象,研究了土壤呼吸作用与土壤温度和大气降水量之间的响应机理和内在联系。研究结果表明：岩溶表层带的土壤呼吸作用具有单峰型的季节性变化特征。洼地0~5、10~20 cm 的土壤呼吸速率在范围变化分别为82.58 mg· m-2· h-1至412.89、151.39 mg· m-2· h-1至523 mg· m-2· h-1,最大值出现在8月中旬。坡地0~5、10~20 cm的土壤呼吸速率在范围变化55.05 mg· m-2· h-1至412.89、137.63 mg· m-2· h-1至495.47 mg· m-2· h-1,最大值出现也在8月中旬。洼地的土壤呼吸作用相对强于坡地,主要是由于坡地土壤相对洼地土壤较薄并且容易被降水冲刷搬运。在大气降水量不成为限制土壤呼吸作用的因子下,土壤温度为主要控制土壤呼吸作用的因子。因此,该研究可为控制土壤呼吸作用缓和大气CO2的升高和温室效应应对策略,为国家固碳减排的科学决策提供理论依据。     

不同经营方式及生境对大兴安岭高纬度林区生长盛季森林土壤CO_2、CH_4、N_2O通量的影响

为了确定不同森林经营利用方式(原始林、皆伐林、渐伐林)及不同生境(有林地、无林地、湿地)对于森林土壤-大气主要温室气体通量的影响,于2013年生长盛季(7─8月),在内蒙古大兴安岭兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii)林区选取了16块样地,采用静态箱/气相色谱法进行了土壤-大气温室气体通量的原位观测。气体监测的同时,测定了土壤湿度和各层土壤温度以及各样地土壤的物理、化学性质。实验结果表明:大兴安岭兴安落叶松林区生长盛季CH4通量平均值为C(-133.6±62.3)μg·m-2·h-1。沼泽湿地(PD2和PD7)CH4表现为释放,CH4通量平均值为C(130.0±41.0)μg·m-2·h-1,其它14个样地土壤CH4为吸收,吸收通量变化范围为C(-242.0~-42.6)μg·m-2·h-1,变异系数为47%。所有样地CO2的地-气通量变化范围是C(94.9~1164.0)μg·m-2·h-1,平均值为C(671.3±324.3)μg·m-2·h-1,变异系数是48%。所有样地N2O通量的范围是N(1.2~21.6)μg·m-2·h-1,平均值为N(7.3±6.1)μg·m-2·h-1,变异系数为84%。通过数据分析显示,大兴安岭林区生长盛季不同经营方式及不同生境对森林土壤-大气CH4、CO2、N2O通量均无显著相关性。CH4通量与土壤各层温度及各层湿度并未发现有显著相关性,仅显示CH4通量与土壤有机质(SOC)呈正相关关系、土壤全氮(TN)呈负相关关系;CO2通量与土壤5 cm处温度显著相关(P=0.042 3),与土壤0 cm及10 cm处温度无显著相关性,CO2通量与土壤各层温度呈正相关关系,与腐殖质层、0~10 cm以及10~20 cm土壤湿度呈负相关关系,与SOC、TN呈负相关关系;N2O通量与土壤各层温度、湿度及SOC均呈正相关关系,与TN呈负相关关系。     

吉林西部不同土地利用方式下的生长季土壤CO2排放通量日变化及影响因素

利用GXH-3051A红外线分析仪,采用动态闭合气室法对吉林西部4种土地利用方式下土壤CO2排放通量日变化进行了定位测量,系统分析了环境因子及土壤理化性质等因素对土壤CO2排放通量日变化的影响。结果表明,水田、旱田、草地和盐碱地土壤CO2排放通量日变化均呈单峰曲线,但排放通量的日均值有较大差异,其中水田和草地排放量较高,分别为1．69μmol·m-2．S-1和1．24μmaol·m-2s-1;旱田和盐碱地较低,为0．50μmol·m-2．S-1和0．63μmol·m-2．S-1。各地类土壤C02排放通量的日均值与其每天上午10：00土壤CO2排放通量值最为接近,即可用该时间测得的土壤CO2排放通量估测日平均值。土地利用方式和大气温度是造成土壤CO2日排放通量差异的主要因素,多年来该区土地利用方式的变化,改变了土壤表层10cm内的土层温度、土壤含水率、有机碳含量、水解氮含量,进而影响土壤呼吸和CO2排放通量;区内水田土壤CO2排放通量与温度的相关性最高（R2=0．8375）,其次为旱田和草地。     

互花米草入侵盐沼湿地CH_4和N_2O排放日变化特征研究

甲烷(CH4)和氧化亚氮(N2O)是导致全球气候变暖的2种重要温室气体,探索其源汇及地域排放特征一直是全球变化研究领域的核心内容。CH4和N2O通量的日变化研究是正确估算大时间尺度下CH4和N2O排放量的基础。利用静态箱法原位观测了江苏沿海芦苇(Phragmites australis)、盐蒿(Suada salsa)、光滩、水面以及互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)入侵湿地CH4和N2O排放的日变化特征。结果表明,1)互花米草湿地地上部生物量为1.70 kg·m-2,土壤有机碳质量分数为13.55 g·kg-1;分别是芦苇和盐蒿湿地的2.50~3.43和2.15~4.15倍。2)互花米草和芦苇湿地土壤10 cm处氧化还原电位(Eh)有明显日变化,最低值出现在3:00,最高值出现在12:00;光滩和盐蒿湿地没有明显的日变化。3)互花米草湿地CH4日平均排放通量为0.52 mg·m-2·h-1,是其他湿地的2.12~6.40倍;N2O日平均通量为-3.24μg·m-2·h-1,显著低于盐蒿湿地、光滩和水面(P0.05)。互花米草和芦苇湿地CH4排放通量最高值(0.73 mg·m-2·h-1和0.30 mg·m-2·h-1)出现在15:00,最低值(0.37mg·m-2·h-1和0.17 mg·m-2·h-1)出现在3:00,均与土壤孔隙水中CH4浓度呈显著负相关(P0.05)。互花米草湿地CH4排放通量与10 cm土温、Eh和生态系统CO2净交换量(NEE)显著正相关(P0.05)。互花米草和芦苇湿地N2O通量9:00-18:00为负值,21:00—6:00为正值,均与NEE呈显著负相关(P0.05)。盐蒿湿地、光滩和水面CH4和N2O排放通量没有明显日变化特征。互花米草入侵提高了沿海湿地CH4排放,但降低了N2O排放,植物对CH4传输作用以及向根际传输O2和易分解有机物是导致互花米草和芦苇湿地CH4和N2O排放表现出日变化特征的原因。     

首都圈西北部主要活动断裂CO_2、Rn、Hg脱气对环境的影响

活动断裂带能够向大气释放一定量的温室气体及有害气体(如CO_2,Rn,Hg等),对大气环境产生一定的影响.于2012年5月和2013年5月对首都圈西北部9条活动断裂带CO_2、Rn和Hg的脱气浓度及通量进行了测量,并计算了CO_2和Hg脱气对大气的年贡献量.结果表明:(1)活动断裂带土壤气中CO_2、Rn和Hg浓度的平均值分别为0.58%、8.88 k Bq·m-3和6.44 ng·m-3,其浓度的最大值分别为9.47%、79.1 k Bq·m-3和105 ng·m-3;土壤气浓度整体具有从西向东,自南向北增大的趋势.断裂带CO_2、Rn和Hg通量的平均值分别为55.7 g·m-2·d-1、55.87 m Bq·m-2·s-1和6.78 ng·m-2·h-1,其通量的最大值分别为274.29 g·m-2·d-1、230.22 m Bq·m-2·s-1和74.33 ng·m-2·h-1.(2)京西北活动断裂带多数测区土壤气CO_2浓度无窒息风险;部分测区土壤气Hg浓度大于38 ng·m-3,属中度污染区;首都圈西北部9条活动断裂带通过脱气作用对大气CO_2的年贡献量为2 Mt,对大气Hg的年贡献量为5.3 kg;活动断裂带部分测点氡浓度较高,其附近建筑物应采取综合防氡措施.     

围栏禁牧与放牧对若尔盖高原泥炭地CO_2和CH_4排放的影响

全球气候变暖已是不争的事实,主要是由于大气中CO2和CH4浓度的大幅度增加。泥炭地作为大气CO2"汇"和CH4排放"源",在全球碳循环中发挥着重要的作用。然而,放牧管理影响着泥炭地CO2和CH4排放通量,以前有关放牧管理对湿地CO2和CH4排放通量的影响研究仍未取得一致的结论。选择了世界上最高的湿地若尔盖高原湿地作为研究样点,对比研究了若尔盖高原湿地围栏内和放牧地CO2和CH4的排放,有助于深刻理解放牧管理对CO2和CH4排放通量的影响过程。于是,在2013年6─10月,基于静态暗箱法,CO2和CH4通量测量采用快速温室气体分析仪(DLT-100,Los Gatos Research,USA)。结果表明:放牧地地表植物生物量较围封地减少了350.21 g·m-2,但增加了地下植物根的生物量729.17 g·m-2。生长季期间,围封地和放牧地的CO2排放通量平均值(±标准差)为(845.02±559.24)和(763.78±534.99)mg·m-2·h-1,但它们无差异显著;而CH4排放通量为(7.65±5.92)和(7.91±4.94)mg·m-2·h-1,它们之间也无差异显著。然而,集中放牧期间(7月下旬至9月底),放牧地CH4排放通量较围封地增加了54.3%,这种CH4排放通量增加的结果主要出现在水位趋向下降,温度最高和生物量最大的条件下,并且CH4排放以维管植物传输方式为主的时期。因此,这些结果有助于为湿地合理经营和减缓温室气体排放提供数据支撑。     

免耕对华北平原潮土N2O和CO2排放的影响

采用静态箱-气相色谱法研究了免耕和常规耕作下玉米生长季华北平原潮土N2O和CO2的排放特征.结果表明,免耕土壤N2O累积排放量(以N2O-N计,下同)为0.31 kg· hm-2,略高于常规耕作土壤的0.27 kg·hm-2,两者没有显著差异.灌水、强烈降水或连续阴天会诱发土壤大量排放N2O,免耕处理N2O排放峰值(28.1 ～38.4μg·m-2·h-1)高于常规耕作处理(18.6 ～25.7 μg·m-2·h-1).免耕处理CO2累积排放量(以CO2-C计,下同)为1 880 kg·hm-2,显著高于常规耕作土壤的1 333 kg·hm-2.土壤N2O和CO2排放通量与土壤温度呈显著指数相关,常规耕作处理下的相关程度更高.     

On the behaviour of the residence time at the bottom of the mixed layer

To understand why the findings of Deleersnijder et al. [(2006), Environ Fluid Mech 6: 25–42]—the residence time in the mixed layer in not necessarily zero at the pycnocline—are consistent with those of Delhez and Deleersnijder [(2006), Ocean Dyn 56:139–150]—the residence time in a control domain vanishes at the open boundaries of this control domain—, it is necessary to consider a control domain that includes part of the pycnocline, in which the eddy diffusivity is assumed to be zero. Then, depending on the behaviour of the eddy diffusivity near the bottom of the mixed layer, the residence time may be seen to exhibit a discontinuity at the interface between the mixed layer and the pycnocline. If such a discontinuity exists, the residence time is non-zero in the former and zero in the latter. This is illustrated by analytical solutions obtained under the assumption that the eddy diffusivity is constant in the mixed layer.     

Observations on the function of the glands of the foot of the pediveliger of Ostrea edulis during settlement

The use during settlement of secretions of the 9 different types of gland in the foot of the pediveliger of Ostrea edulis L. was examined experimentally. During settlement, there is a progressive decrease in the crawling speed of the larva and a strengthening of its bond with the substratum. Both changes are related to (a) a change from ciliary to muscular pedal locomotion; (b) the increasing acidity and viscosity of the mucoid secretions used; (c) the secretion of a byssus thread by the glands of the byssus duet; (d) changes in the form and composition of this byssus. At the termination of settlement, the entire contents of 2 types of gland are discharged. Their secretions give rise to the cement which permanently fixes the larva to the substratum. The 9 types of gland are utilised sequentially in a manner closely related to the 6 phases recognised in settlement behaviour.     

Mining of the forest and the time path of the price of timber

The paper analyzes the effect of transportation (site specific) costs and the effect of mining (depletion) of the forest on the time path of the price and of the net price of timber in two forestry models. The models differ in that one has zero costs and the other has positive costs. The analyses yield the standard mining theory results for certain cases. They also yield extentions of these results for cases with growth of the harvested trees and/or regeneration on the harvested land. The paper concludes, as one would expect, that the theory of the mine is useful in analyzing the time path of the price of timber.     

Adjusting the economy to the new energy realities of the second half of the age of oil

Our research indicates that, due to the depletion of conventional, and hence cheap, crude oil supplies (i.e. peak oil), increasing the supply of oil in the future would require exploiting lower quality resources (i.e. expensive), and thus will most likely occur only at high prices. This situation creates a system of feedbacks where economic growth, which requires more oil, would require high oil prices that will undermine that economic growth. We conclude that the economic growth of the past 40 years is unlikely to continue unless there is some remarkable change in how we manage our economy.     

刍议医院资产管理的现状及其对策

医院的固定资产和流动资产是医院赖以生存和发展的基础,是一项非经营性国有资产．目前公立医院固定资产、流动资产管理现状不容乐观,针对这种状况,首先分析问题形成的原因,然后提出管理的措施或建议,从而使资产管理工作规范化、制度化、科学化,使有限的卫生资源发挥出最大的社会效益和经济效益．参3．     

豪猪消化系统的解剖研究

为了了解豪猪的消化生理,为豪猪的人工饲养技术研究提供基础依据,以达到高效饲养豪猪的目的,笔者对豪猪的消化器官进行了系统解剖研究.结果表明:豪猪的胃为单室胃.盲肠很发达,这与其能够消化植物纤维有关.豪猪肝脏很发达,其重量为402 g,是其体重的4.59%,肝脏分叶多而明显.     

Stimulation of fat-body production in the polyps of the coralPocillopora damicornis by the presence of mutualistic crabs of the genusTrapezia

A mutualism exists between the xanthid crabs of the genusTrapezia and their host corals,Pocillopora damicornis. It has previously been established that these obligate coral residents benefit the coral hosts by defending them against echinoderm predators and by increasing the survival of polyps located deep between the coral branches. In turn, the corals apparently benefit the crabs by producing lipid-filled structures on which the trapezid crabs feed; these fat bodies may contain some of the lipid which in previous studies of coral metabolism has been termed excess. It was determined by experiments conducted at the Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology that the presence of crabs in colonies ofP. damicornis stimulates the polyps to produce the lipid-filled fat bodies; removal of crabs causes corals to cease producing fat bodies. A structure very similar to the fat bodies ofP. damicornis has been reported inAcropora durvillei. Both of these coral genera ordinarily possess xanthid-crab mutualists. This association between branching corals and crustaceans may have evolved because corals of these genera provide shelter among their branches and because these shallow-water corals are evidently capable of releasing lipid which is excess to the corals' metabolic needs, but which can be utilized by the crabs.     

Splitting the tail of the displacement kernel shows the unimportance of kurtosis

Animals disperse in space through different movement behaviors, resulting in different displacement distances. This is often described with a displacement kernel where the long-distance dispersers are within the tail of the kernel. A displacement with a large proportion of long-distance dispersers may have impact on different aspects of spatial ecology such as invasion speed, population persistence, and distribution. It is, however, unclear whether the kurtosis of the kernel plays a major role since a fatter tail also influences the variance of the kernel. We modeled displacement in landscapes with different amounts and configurations of habitats and handled kurtosis and variance separately to study how these affected population distribution and transition time. We conclude that kurtosis is not important for any of these aspects of spatial ecology. The variance of the kernel, on the other hand, was of great importance to both population distribution and transition time. We argue that separating variance and kurtosis can cast new light on the way in which long-distance dispersers are important in ecological processes. Consequences for empirical studies are discussed.     

三峡库区消落带土壤中铅污染调查

报道了三峡库区长江干流及小江支流消落带土壤中重金属铅含量背景值的调查结果。结果表明,目前土壤未被重金属铅污染。