城市景观水体水质净化的人工湿地设计

从设计规模、水质标准、湿地平面和堤坝设计、进水方式以及防渗结构和湿地植物等方面,介绍了用于景观水体水质净化的人工湿地系统及设计方案。以西北地区某园区为例,根据天然地势设计了5级阶梯式人工湿地,确保出水水质作为景观水水源,并参与城市人工河湖系统的水循环系统的正常代谢。     

人工湿地耦合微生物燃料电池净化水质研究

构建以狐尾草、狐尾草+香蒲、狐尾草+香蒲+芦苇为湿地植物的人工湿地(CW)耦合微生物燃料电池(MFC-CW)系统,对比分析CW和MFC-CW系统对受污染水体中COD、氨氮和TP的去除效果。结果表明:(1)MFC-CW系统对底部出水中污染物处理效果均优于CW;(2)高水位MFC-CW系统产生95～210mV电压,低水位最大功率密度557.2mW/m2,能有效回收污水中资源,进而产生清洁的能源——电能;(3)微生物产电对污水中有机物的去除有正向促进作用。     

植物对潜流人工湿地净化微污染水效果的影响研究

以4种湿地植物为实验对象,在野外构建中试潜流人工湿地,研究了不同植物及植物连根收割对湿地运行效果的影响。结果显示,植物明显提升了湿地的去污效果;其中美人蕉湿地的TP和NH4+-N去除率最高,达到55.6%和78%;空心菜湿地的TN去除率最高,达到80.5%;芦竹湿地的COD去除率最高,为26.6%;植物连根收割后,湿地运行效果下降;其中TN去除率降至空白水平之下,而其他污染指标下降至略高于空白的水平。     

Xenobiotics removal from polluted water by a multifunctional constructed wetland

Removal efficiencies on xenobiotics from polluted water in a twin-shaped constructed wetland consisting of a vertical flow chamber with the crop plant Colocasia esculenta L. Schott and a reverse vertical flow one with Ischaemum aristatum var. glaucum Honda, were assessed by chemical analysis and bioassays. After a four-month period of application, removal efficiencies of the applied pesticides parathion and omethoate were 100% with no detectable parathion and omethoate in the effluent. For the applied herbicides, the decontamination was less efficient with removal efficiencies of 36% and 0% for 4-chloro-2-methyl-phenoxyacetic acid and dicamba, respectively. As shown by toxicity assay with duckweed Lemna minor L., growth retardation may occur if the water treated for herbicide removal is used in irrigation of sensitive cultivars in agriculture or horticulture. In contrast to I. aristatum var. glaucum Honda, the crop C. esculenta L. Schott has a high yield in biomass production as a valuable source of renewable energy.     

曝气对潜流人工湿地中木本植物的影响

为了增加人工湿地植物的多样性,本文将花叶冬青(Ilex aquifolium)、月季(Rosa chinensis)和八角金盘(Fatsia japonica)3种木本植物引入潜流人工湿地,比较曝气前后系统对污水处理效果,植物的生物量与对TN、TP负荷减少的贡献率,根系形态与内部结构、根际微生物与基质酶活性的比较研究。结果表明,木本植物潜流人工湿地系统曝气后可以提高COD、NH4+-N、TN、TP的去除率,分别为6.99%、4.91%、10.25%、8.09%。湿地曝气有利于3种木本植物的生长,在曝气后比曝气前生物量增加了381.75、606.25和896.88 g/m2。曝气会促使木本植物长出大量须根,且曝气后的根系具有大量由薄壁细胞组成的通气组织的水生根特征。同时,曝气后增加了硝化菌数量,各处理单元中硝化菌增量分别为A:0.28 MPN×104/g,B:4.23 MPN×104/g,C:7.7 MPN×104/g。另外,曝气后植物根际基质中磷酸酶和尿酶的含量增加量大约在50%以上,这与系统中N和P的去除率提高的规律一致。     

人工湿地处理含盐富营养化水的植物根际与非根际菌群分析

为了探究盐胁迫对于人工湿地植物根际与非根际微生态环境的影响,将垂直流人工湿地应用于含盐富营养化水体处理,考察了0.05%、0.50%和1.00%盐度水平下的脱氮效果,并采用高通量测序方法分析湿地植物千屈菜根际与非根际的菌群变化。结果表明：在0.50%和1.00%盐胁迫下,系统的硝化作用受到抑制;然而在各盐度水平下,${ {\rm{NO}}_{\rm{3}}^{\rm{ - }}}$-N的去除率均大于95%,盐度胁迫下反硝化菌更能适应环境。对人工湿地系统在0.05%、0.50%和1.00%盐度水平下千屈菜根际与非根际基质样品的OTU聚类情况分析可知,在盐胁迫下,千屈菜根系丰富了土壤中微生物的多样性,根际环境中的微生物多样性明显高于非根际环境。盐度胁迫抑制了硝化菌的生长,仅在0.05%盐度的非根际组和0.50%盐度的根际组检测到有硝化作用菌群的存在。与硝化菌相比,反硝化菌更耐盐冲击,0.05%、0.50%与1.00%盐度水平下,均检测到反硝化菌,在1.00%盐度水平下检测出耐盐反硝化菌黄杆菌属Flavobacterium。     

Occurrence of 25 pharmaceuticals in Taihu Lake and their removal from two urban drinking water treatment plants and a constructed wetland

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Pharmaceuticals in drinking water sources have raised significant concerns due to their persistent input and potential human health risks. The...     

耐寒人工湿地植物石龙芮和酸模联用研究

为了提高人工湿地在寒冷季节的运行效率,对2种非夏季植物作为湿地植物处理生活污水的可行性进行了研究。结果表明,在本实验条件下2种植物对N、P元素都具有很好的去除效果,对COD的去除也达到45%～50%。通过单一植物系统和复合植物系统的处理效果比较,发现石龙芮酸模复合植物系统对污水中的P元素和COD的去除率更高。研究表明,石龙芮和酸模作为人工湿地植物具有可行性,与常规植物互补使用能在一定程度上延长人工湿地的运行时间。     

基于污水厂尾水的人工湿地系统中水体氮的水流方向分布特征及污染评价

天津临港人工湿地是以污水厂尾水为水源的组合人工湿地,为探究其水体形态氮的分布特征和污染状况,以该湿地系统为研究对象,采集并分析了湿地水样,基于GIS克里格插值法,对湿地水体形态氮和典型理化性质的分布和污染特征进行了研究,结合单因子污染指数法评价了水体污染程度。结果表明：湿地水体TN浓度为0.657~5.576 mg·L⁻¹,其中${{\rm{NO}}_3^ - }$-N (0.095~3.920 mg·L⁻¹)浓度相对较高,占TN的49.2%;沿水流方向,TN、${{\rm{NO}}_3^ - }$-N和${{\rm{NO}}_2^ -} $-N的分布趋势基本一致,从入水口至景观湖呈逐渐降低趋势;${{\rm{NH}}_4^ +} $-N的分布相对复杂,在潜流和表流湿地下游与景观湖交汇处浓度最高,表流湿地浓度最低;pH和EC分别对${{\rm{NH}}_4^ + }$-N和${{\rm{NO}}_3^ - }$-N的分布特征具有较大的影响作用。根据单因子污染指数法,湿地水体TN超标(P_i>1),调节塘TN污染最为严重,调节塘可作为TN优控区。以上结果有助于深入认识以污水厂尾水为水源的组合人工湿地中氮污染物的赋存形态及分布特征。     

Establishment of a constructed wetland in extreme dryland

Background, aim, and scope

The project was set to construct an extensive wetland in the southernmost region of Israel at Kibbutz Neot Smadar (30°02′45″ N and 35°01′19″ E). The results of the first period of monitoring, summary, and perspectives are presented. The constructed wetland (CW) was built and the subsequent monitoring performed in the framework of the Southern Arava Sustainable Waste Management Plan, funded by the EU LIFE Fund. The specific aims were: (1) To end current sewage disposal and pollution of the ground, the aquifer, and the dry river bed (wadi) paths by biologically treating the sewage as part of the creation of a sustainable wetland ecosystem. (2) Serve as an example of CW in the Negev highlands and the Arava Valley climates for neighboring communities and as a test ground for plants and building methods appropriate to hyper arid climate. (3) Serve as an educational resource and tourist attraction for groups to learn about water reuse, recycling, local wildlife and migrating birds, including serving the heart of a planned Ecological–Educational Bird Park. This report is intended to allow others who are planning similar systems in hyper arid climates to learn from our experience.

Materials and methods

The project is located in an extreme arid desert with less than 40 mm of rain annually and temperature ranges of ?5°C to +42°C. The site receives 165–185 m³ of municipal and agricultural wastes daily, including cowshed and goat wastes and winery outflow.

Results

The CW establishment at Neot Smadar was completed in October 2006. For 8 months, clean water flowed through the system while the plants were taking root. In June 2007, the wetland was connected to the oxidation pond and full operation began. Because of seepage and evaporation, during the first several months, the water level was not high enough to allow free flow from one bed to the next. To bed A, the water was pumped periodically from the oxidation pond (Fig. 1) and from there flowed by gravitation through the rest of the system. The initial results of the monitoring are promising. In nearly all measurements, the system succeeded as expected to reduce levels of contaminants at least to the level acceptable for irrigating fruit trees and often to the level of unlimited irrigation. The introduction of the plants in the system and their physiological performance were evaluated and were found to correlate well to the quality of water in the various beds.

Discussion

It should be said at the outset that evaluation of the performance of a CW system is a long-term process. Thus, the main aim of this report is to present the problems, difficulties, preliminary results, and concepts concerned with the first stage of establishment of CW in an extremely dry region.

Conclusions

The CW system was designed to dispose of municipal and agricultural wastes in a way that not merely reduces pollution, but adds to environmental quality by creating accessible parkland for local residents and tourists. Several factors affected the performance of the system at the initial stages of operation: ecological balance between microbes and plants, big seasonal variations, seepage and evaporation reduced the flow in the initial operation of the system. Despite the initial difficulties, the quality of water coming out the system is acceptable for irrigation.

Recommendations and perspectives

The CW can function well under extreme dryland conditions. The oxidation pond was the major source of evaporation and bad odors. Therefore, alternatives to the oxidation pond are needed. Cost effectiveness of the system still has to be evaluated systematically.     

复合人工湿地对水源地库区水质净化效果分析

宁波皎口水库是水源地,皎口复合人工湿地位于皎口水库的进水口,采用多种水流方式复合,对提高水库水质及保障饮用水安全具有积极的作用。为了探明人工湿地在微污染地区的应用价值,对人工湿地水源地水质净化效能进行了研究。在1年的监测调查调查中,研究探讨了复合人工湿地及其不同模块在不同季节的净化效果。结果表明,该人工湿地对总氮和总磷的平均去除率分别可达到为34.7%和42.6%,对COD和TOC的平均去除率可达到28.5%和21.6%。COD、NH₄⁺-N和总磷出水平均浓度分别为2.193、0.215和0.021 mg/L,均达到 《地表水环境质量标准》（GB3838-2002）Ⅱ类水质标准。在比较不同模块去除效果方面,提出了具有填料的生态滤池更有利于磷的去除,而对于氮、有机物等营养元素,复合多级强化生物膜系统及营养盐集约式植物资源化系统则有较好的去除效果。     

垂直流人工花卉湿地模拟系统净化污水的效果

通过在垂直流模拟人工土柱上种植不同的花卉植物，研究了垂直流花卉人工湿地对污水COD、BOD5、TN和TP的净化效果的影响。结果表明，所选用的5种陆生花卉，甚至鲜切花卉对化粪池污水有比较好的净化效果，它们对BOD5的去除率可达到92．04％以上，对TP的去除率甚至可达到97．77％以上。而且种植花卉植物的人工湿地出水水质要好于不种植物的对照湿地系统。     

垂直流人工花卉湿地模拟系统净化污水的效果

通过在垂直流模拟人工土柱上种植不同的花卉植物,研究了垂直流花卉人工湿地对污水COD、BOD5、TN和TP的净化效果的影响.结果表明,所选用的5种陆生花卉,甚至鲜切花卉对化粪池污水有比较好的净化效果,它们对BOD5的去除率可达到92.04%以上,对TP的去除率甚至可达到97.77%以上.而且种植花卉植物的人工湿地出水水质要好于不种植物的对照湿地系统.     

Influence of UV radiation on chlorophyll,and antioxidant enzymes of wetland plants in different types of constructed wetland

A surface- and vertical subsurface-flow-constructed wetland were designed to study the response of chlorophyll and antioxidant enzymes to elevated UV radiation in three types of wetland plants (Canna indica, Phragmites austrail, and Typha augustifolia). Results showed that (1) chlorophyll content of C. indica, P. austrail, and T. augustifolia in the constructed wetland was significantly lower where UV radiation was increased by 10 and 20 % above ambient solar level than in treatment with ambient solar UV radiation (p?C. indica, P. australis, and T. angustifolia by elevated UV radiation of 10 % was higher in vertical subsurface-flow-constructed wetland than in surface-flow-constructed wetland. The sensitivity of MDA, SOD, POD, and CAT activities of C. indica, P. austrail, and T. augustifolia to the elevated UV radiation was lower in surface-flow-constructed wetland than in the vertical subsurface-flow-constructed wetland, which was related to a reduction in UV radiation intensity through the dissolved organic carbon and suspended matter in the water. C. indica had the highest SOD and POD activities, which implied it is more sensitive to enhanced UV radiation. Therefore, different wetland plants had different antioxidant enzymes by elevated UV radiation, which were more sensitive in vertical subsurface-flow-constructed wetland than in surface-flow-constructed wetland.     

Bioconcentration of triclosan, methyl-triclosan, and triclocarban in the plants and sediments of a constructed wetland

Constructed wetlands are a potential method for the removal of two pharmaceutical and personal care products from wastewater effluent. Triclosan (TCS; 5-chloro-2-[2,4-dichlorophenoxy]phenol) and triclocarban (TCC; 3,4,4′-trichlorocarbanillide) are antimicrobial agents added to a variety of consumer products whose accumulation patterns in constructed wetlands are poorly understood. Here, we report the accumulation of TCS, its metabolite methyl-triclosan (MTCS; 5-chloro-2-[2,4-dichlorophenoxy]), and TCC in wetland plant tissues and sediments. Three wetland macrophytes: Typha latifolia, Pontederia cordata, and Sagittaria graminea were sampled from a constructed wetland in Denton, Texas, USA. MTCS concentrations were below the method detection limit (MDL) for all species. TCS root tissue concentrations in T. latifolia were significantly greater than root concentrations in P. cordata (mean ± SE in ng g⁻¹: 40.3 ± 11.3 vs. 15.0 ± 1.9, respectively), while for TCC, shoot tissue concentrations in S. graminea were significantly greater than in T. latifolia (22.8 ± 9.3 vs. 9.0 (MDL), respectively). For both TCS and TCC, T. latifolia root tissue concentrations were significantly greater than shoot concentrations (TCS: 40.3 ± 11.3 vs. 17.2 ± 0.2, TCC: 26.0 ± 3.6 vs. 9.0, (MDL)). TCC concentrations in P. cordata roots were significantly greater than in shoots (34.4 ± 5.3 vs. 15.4 ± 2.8, respectively). TCS concentrations in T. latifolia roots and sediments and TCC concentrations in sediments generally decreased from wetland inflow to outflow. To our knowledge, this is the first study documenting species and tissue specific differences in the accumulation of TCS and TCC in plants from an operational constructed wetland. The species specific differences in bioaccumulation suggest TCS and TCC removal from constructed wetlands could be enhanced through targeted plantings.     

人工湿地数学模型模拟与应用

人工湿地生态系统具有投资低、出水水质好、抗冲击力强、增加绿地面积和操作简单等优点,在国外得到了较好应用.综述了人工湿地净化技术及湿地模型的研究进展,重点介绍了国外已经成功验证与应用的3种人工湿地模型的开发情况.同时应用某人工湿地的实测数据,通过对模型的验证和率定,表明模型在评估湿地功能和优化设计上的实用性.最后,对人工湿地模拟模型的应用前景及存在问题进行了评述.     

8种植物床人工湿地脱氮除磷的研究

分别以水葫芦、西洋芹、空心菜、水芹、混合种(黄菖蒲、千屈菜、再力花)、千屈菜、再力花、黄菖蒲等植物床构建潜流人工湿地,研究其对生活污水氮、磷的净化功能及其去除率与水力停留时间(HRT)的变化规律。结果表明,各种植物床对TN、TP的去除率随HRT的延长而增加,不同植物床的脱氮除磷效果是不同的。千屈菜植物床对TN的去除效果最好,HRT为3d时,TN去除率为56%;HRT为6d时,TN去除率达77%。再力花植物床对TP的去除效果最好,HRT为3d时,TP去除率达78%;HRT为6d时,TP去除率达96%。其他植物床也有较好的脱氮除磷效果。各种植物床处理后出水TN、TP均较低,HRT为3d时,出水TN均低于《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918—2002)一级A标准规定的限值(15mg/L),出水TP均低于GB 18918—2002二级标准规定的限值(3mg/L);7种植物床构建的潜流人工湿地(水葫芦的数据丢失)对TN、TP的去除均满足一级反应动力学方程,且相关性显著。     

不同基质与布水方案下人工湿地水分运移的模拟

以垂直潜流人工湿地为背景,采用饱和-非饱和土壤水分运动Richards方程,基于HYDRUS-3D模型对2种具体土质、不同布水方案下土壤水分运移情况进行了数值模拟,并依据相关数值结果进行水力停留时间的计算.模拟结果显示,土质的渗透性对表层土壤含水量影响很大;相同布水总量下,布水次数增加将导致砂土表层土壤含水量峰值降低、土壤水力停留时间减小.研究可为潜流人工湿地基质、布水模式的选择提供相关科学依据.     

人工湿地去除污水厂尾水中的营养元素和雌激素

利用复合垂直流人工湿地对城镇污水厂尾水进行深度处理,研究了湿地系统对水中营养元素及微量雌激素的去除效果。结果表明：复合垂直流人工湿地对污水厂尾水具有良好的处理效果;水力负荷、填料种类、植物、季节等因素影响湿地处理效果。复合垂直流湿地系统对污染物的去除作用主要发生在下行池前1/6段,种植芦苇的沸石湿地系统处理效果最佳;在水力负荷为0.12 m3·（m2·d）-1时,运行良好的复合垂直流湿地出水水质指标达到《城市污水再生利用景观环境用水水质》标准（GB/T 18921-2002）。     

人工湿地净化造纸废水尾水及优势植物筛选

通过象草、灯芯草、水葱、风车草4种植物人工湿地系统对造纸废水的处理,探讨了湿地系统对COD、NH+4-N和TP的去除能力,考察了湿地植物的净化作用与效果。结果表明,植物的引入能显著提高湿地系统对造纸废水的处理效果;植物人工湿地系统中COD、NH+4-N和TP去除率均随水力停留时间的延长而增加;4种植物人工湿地系统对COD去除效果均较好,其中水葱湿地系统最佳,COD去除率可达98%以上;水葱和灯芯草湿地系统对NH+4-N和TP的去除效果较好,其去除率分别可达85%和80%以上。综合比较4种植物的综合净化能力,水葱和风车草最好,灯芯草次之,象草最差,水葱和风车草是人工湿地处理造纸废水的适宜选择。