水中超低浓度化学需氧量检测的能力验证

能力验证是利用比对确定实验室检测能力的一种活动,为验证水中超低浓度化学需氧量检测数据的可靠性,云南省环境监测中心站组织34个实验室对其进行了检测验证.每个实验室检测结果的评价主要采用稳健Z比分数评价法.评价的统计结果显示:检测结果满意率为79.4%,最小值1.3mg/L,最大值25.3mg/L平均值19.3mg/L,中位值19.4mg/L,检测结果中位值与标准值的相对误差为-2.0%,测量中不存在系统误差.采用重铬酸盐容量法,HACH微回流分光光度法和快速密闭催化消解法三种方法均无显著性差异,其测试结果均具有较好的准确性和可比性.     

微波法制0-羧甲基壳聚糖及其絮凝性研究

本研究采用两步微波法制备了0-羧甲基壳聚糖，并将其用于处理模拟染料废水及实际印染废水。研究表明，微波法合成0-羧甲基壳聚糖缩短了反应时间，且产物具有良好的絮凝性能。pH为4～6，投加量30～60mg／L时，对各种模拟染料废水的脱色率均在90％以上；pH值为5，投加量为50mg／L时，对实际印染废水的色度、浊度和COD的去除率分别达到93．4％、94．6％、90．2％。     

乐果对金鱼的急性毒性影响

用改进的寇氏法（karber）测定了乐果对金鱼（Carassius auratus）的急性毒性。急性试验经150mg／L、188．4mg／L、234．4mg／L、291．7mg／L、360mg／L乐果暴露4d，在15％～20％下，24、48、72、96h的L11m值分别为297．17、289．13、259．12、238．67mg／L，其95％置信限分别为284．25～310．67、275．17～303．81、243．33～275．93、223．98～254．33mg／L。     

预蒸馏-气相色谱法测定水和废水中的N′N-二甲基甲酰胺

用蒸馏法对水样进行预处理，以气相色谱FFAP毛细管柱分离，FID检测，测定水和废水中的N′N-二甲基甲酰胺，在0．5～1000mg／L范围内有转好的线性关系，检出下限为0．2mg／L，相对标准差为6．1％～8．5％，加标回收率在78．3％～98．6％之间。本方法适用于地表水和工业废水中DMF的测定。     

焦化废水处理系统微生物群落结构动态的ERIC-PCR指纹图谱分析

ERIC-PCR群落指纹图谱监测与常规技术相结合，分析了焦化废水处理系统曝气池的微生物群落结构动态变化与污染负荷和主要污染物降解效果变化的关系，在每3d1次，连续8个时间点的监测中，待处理废水中苯酚负荷在35．53mg／L和132．82mg／L之间波动，氰化物负荷从0.96mg／L变化到34．75mg／L，CODcr最低为1044．10mg／L，最高时为7930．90mg／L，第4监测期间高浓度矿物油冲击使活性污泥的沉降能力和对CODcr的降解效率显著降低，但对苯酚和氰化物的降解能力造成的影响较小．监测期间2个曝气池微生物群落的ERIC-PCR指纹图谱的平均相似性系数(Cs)分别为94．1％和96．6％，多样性指数在177—2．34和1．60—2．16之间，表明用ERIC-PCR检测出的该系统中的活性污泥这部分微生物种群的结构比较稳定，可能构成了苯酚和氰化物去除效率在监测期间相对稳定的基础。     

新型三维立体网状填料用于内循环接触氧化工艺实验研究

将一种新型三维立体网状填料用于内循环接触氧化反应器，研究了其处理生活污水的效果。试验结果表明：CODCr的去除率可维持在90％左右,出水COD〈120mg／L；BOD5的去除率可维持在90％以上。最高达99％，出水BOD5〈60mg／L；NH4^＋—N去除率可达45％：总磷去除率可达40％；反应区混合液SS可达2．1g／L，VSS浓度可达1．4g／L，VSS／SS可稳定在64％左右；填料湿重挂膜量平均为284g／L，干重挂膜量平均为8．9g／L。     

城市污水高效低耗生物脱氮工艺研究

采用活性污泥与生物膜法相结合工艺处理城市生活污水，可以高效去除污水中的有机物和NH4^ -N。研究结果表明：水力停留时间为7．5h、回流比为1．5、无外加碳源时，COD的去除率大于90％，NH4^ -N的去除率大于99％；平均出水COD小于40mg／L，NH4^ -N小于1mg／L，TN的去除率60％左右；反硝化过程的适宜C／N为4～5。     

炼油污水深度处理回用中试研究

通过二期炼油污水深度处理中试研究表明，以炼油企业二级处理达标排放污水为处理对象，当本工艺处理水量0．5m3／h、水力停留时间1．49h，污水中COD、氨氮、石油类的浓度变化分别为44．07～102．13mg／L、28．37～50．0lmg／L、4．10～6．77mg／L时，平均去除率分别达到94％、96．1％、91.9％，出水符合循环水补充水水质要求；5．5h抗冲击实验结果显示，本工艺抗冲击能力优良。     

水中痕量亚硝酸盐氮的反相流动注射-光度测定

建立了测定水中痕量亚硝酸盐氮的N－（1－萘基）乙二胺－反相流动注射－分光光度法．特N－（1－萘基）乙二胺二盐酸盐溶液注入到水样和对氨基苯磷酰胺溶液的混合流，在λmax540nm处对反应形成的红色染料进行分光光度检测．线性范围为0．004～0．18mg／L亚硝酸盐氮，检测限为0．0012mg／L，测定频率为50次／h．本法灵敏度高、选择性好、分析速度快．应用本法测定南京玄武湖湖水中痕量亚硝酸盐氮，测定结果的相对标准偏差为3．5％与N－（1－萘基）乙二胺分光光度法（国标法）测定结果相比较的平均相对误差为－4．2％，表明本法测定结果具有满意的精密度和准确度．     

“甲基橙分光光度法测下水道中氯气含量”的标准化验证研究

详细阐述了在制定行业标准《城镇排水设施气体的检测方法》（cJ／T307—2009）子项“甲基橙分光光度法测下水道中氯气含量”时,检测数据的标准化验证过程。通过统计分析基础检测数据。确定了方法检出限为0．025lrJIg／L,测定下限为0．10mg／L,测定上限为1．00nqmg／L。样品浓度为0．300mg／L时,重复性相对标准偏差1．5％,再现性相对标准偏差1．7％,相对误差0．51％±1．94％。浓度水平0．700mg／L时,重复性相对标准偏差0．70％,再现性相对标准偏差0．81％,相对误差-O．03％±0．96％,实测样品加标回收率95．2％～105％。各项技术指标满足预期目标,甲基橙分光光度法测定下水道中氯气含量可行。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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