达州市稻米重金属污染状况及健康风险评价

重金属通过食物进入人体,经过长期累积对人体健康产生潜在威胁。为了调查达州市稻米重金属污染情况及对人体健康的影响,采用单因子污染指数法、综合污染指数法对达州市稻米中铅、镉、砷和汞的污染状况分析,并采用暴露评价法和个人最大超额危险评价模型分别对居民食用该区域稻米致癌重金属和非致癌重金属进行健康风险评价。结果显示铅和汞的健康风险指数小于1,对人体健康的影响不明显;镉和砷的平均个人致癌年风险值低于美国环保署推荐的最大可接受水平。     

环境汞污染粮食长期暴露对大鼠脑神经递质的影响

为了探讨环境汞污染暴露对公众健康的潜在危害,采用汞矿地区环境汞污染粮食对大鼠进行长期暴露试验,研究不同暴露时间节点大鼠脑中神经递质乙酰胆碱(ACh)及其水解酶乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)的变化情况,并以市售上海粮食作对照.结果表明,环境汞污染粮食暴露7d后,大鼠脑中神经递质ACh出现显著升高;暴露30d后仍维持在较高水平.长期暴露90d后,脑中ACh出现了显著的回落.AChE的变化则与之相反.饲喂过程中,粮食中的硒对汞的蓄积及毒性有一定的拮抗效应.实验结果表明,实地环境汞污染粮食长期暴露后对大鼠表现出明显的神经毒性作用.环境汞污染长期暴露引起的ACh含量下降,AChE活力上升是否与阿尔茨海默病(AD)有关值得注意.     

血铅浓度状况

人体内含铅量是用来衡量人体暴露污染或污染物负荷的标准之一。环境中的铅通过呼吸道或食物、饮水等进入人体后,会导致贫血,造血与神经系统损伤。儿童大脑对铅很敏感,血液中的铅进入脑细胞     

湘西多金属矿区汞铅污染土壤的环境质量

以湘西典型多金属矿区为现场,研究了矿区土壤中汞、铅等重金属污染状况及成因.结果表明,湘西矿区是汞、铅污染严重的区域,与中国土壤元素背景值相比,汞矿区土壤中汞、铅含量分别增加1315倍和3.1倍,铅锌矿区土壤中汞、铅含量分别增加14.8倍和16.1倍.运用Muller地积指数进行风险评价,证实湘西矿区是汞、铅等重金属的复合污染区,汞矿区汞污染以极重污染为主,铅污染以中度和轻污染为主;铅锌矿区铅污染以中度和中-重污染为主,汞污染以中-重污染为主.矿区土壤中的重金属污染物来源和分布受原生地球化学条件的控制,而人为采矿活动对矿区土壤中汞、铅的污染格局产生重要影响.     

土壤环境汞污染现状及其影响因素研究进展

土壤重金属污染导致土壤环境质量显著降低,影响食品安全、水源水质和空气质量等,严重威胁人类的生存和发展。汞（Hg）作为一种全球性的重金属污染物,广泛分布于多种环境介质中,其中土壤是全球汞最大的储存库。土壤中的汞可通过多种暴露途径进入人体,危害人类健康。伴随着全球气候变暖和人为活动加剧,全球土壤汞污染问题日益严重。然而,目前有关土壤汞污染的基础数据较为缺乏,大范围的土壤汞污染空间分布特征分析相对较少,对于土壤汞污染主控因子的分析方法缺乏系统的阐述。因此,本文基于文献调研的方法,分析了全球的土壤汞污染分布特征,发现全球土壤汞污染主要集中在矿区及工业聚集区,阐述了人为因素、气候条件和土壤环境因素等对土壤汞含量变化的影响,并总结了可应用于土壤汞污染主控因子分析的常用方法及其优缺点。同时,本文对未来土壤汞污染调查和研究进行了3方面的展望,以期为更加科学合理的解决土壤汞污染问题做出贡献。     

废水中除汞菌株洋葱假单胞菌抗汞质粒的分析

目前我国汞消费量日益增大且污染日益严重,汞污染已影响到我国居民的健康,含汞污染物一旦排放到环境中,造成的环境污染就会以食物链形式放大,危协人类的健康.利用微生物对含汞废水清除是一条适合我国国情的生物治理途径.通过研究发现环境中的某屿微生物能利用自身的基因表达出一种汞还原酶及汞裂解酶,将环境污水中的汞离子还原成金属汞,降...     

环境汞污染粮食暴露对大鼠脑自由基的诱导及共存硒的影响

采用电子顺磁自旋共振（ESR）技术,研究实地环境汞污染粮食暴露不同时间后在大鼠脑中引发的自由基及脂质过氧化损伤情况,探讨实地环境汞污染氧化损伤的微观致毒机理。并对粮食中共存的硒元素作用进行分析。结果表明,环境汞污染粮食暴露7d后,大鼠脑中自由基相对强度及脂质过氧化产物MDA含量均出现显著升高（p<0.05）。ESR图谱分析表明,环境汞污染粮食暴露诱发大鼠脑中产生烷基自由基（R?）及羟基自由基（?OH）。自由基及MDA水平在暴露前期（<90d）相对稳定,长暴露90d后,自由基及脂质过氧化产物MDA水平有大幅升高（83%,100%）。大鼠脑中汞、硒元素含量7d暴露后均出现显著上升,两元素间有较强相关性,暴露前期大鼠脑中自由基水平相对稳定应与硒的清除作用有关。     

土壤汞污染及其修复技术研究

汞污染对人体有较大危害,会损伤人体的神经系统,在汞污染环境中各个器官都会受到不同程度的伤害。然而自然现象和人类生产生活都会扩大土壤中土污染的范围,通过对土壤污染及其危害进行分析,探究土壤汞污染的修复技术,以期更好地治理土壤汞污染现象。     

有色金属行业环境污染及减排出路探析

有色金属行业是产生铅、汞、镉和类金属砷等重金属污染物的领域之一,特别是在铜、铅、锌、锡、锑、汞生产过程中,少量铅、汞、镉和类金属砷等重金属会随"三废"排放,对环境、生态造成污染和破坏。重金属污染问题已成为制约我国有色金属工业发展的瓶颈。为改善现状,有色金属行业需进一步淘汰落后产能、提高产业集中度、实施一批污染减排的重点工程、鼓励技术创新等,实现可持续发展和行业整体竞争力的提升。     

广东沿海海水和底质汞含量分析及其相关性初步探讨

自从日本著名的“水俣病”发现以来,广大科学工作者对环境中汞的互相转化循环进行了深入广泛的研究和剖析。人们对环境中汞通过生物富集,食物链传递,从而危及人体的严重性,有了更进一步的认识。汞主要是由于人类生产、生活活动以及沿海陆地岩石、风化壳和土壤的物理风化和化学溶解进入海洋的。为了研究汞在未受污染或污染较轻的海洋环境     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.