清洁生产审核中基于资源、能源审核重点的评估方法

清洁生产审核是节能减排战略实施的重要手段,通常清洁生产审核一般分为七个阶段,35个步骤。其中评估阶段是对组织审核重点的原材料消耗、生产过程以及资源浪费的产生进行审核。当前进行的清洁生产审核工作重点关注的是污染物排放,对于能源节约方面的评估尚不多见。文章以资源、能源为审核重点,结合案例对评估阶段中采用的数据分析方法和资源、能源E—P图的绘制和分析进行了探讨,并从八个方面讨论了如何来查找造成资源、能源浪费的原因。     

The evaluation of Cleaner Production performance in Lithuanian industries

The analysis of the Cleaner Production (CP)/pollution prevention concept application in Lithuanian companies demonstrates a number of opportunities in waste minimization and pollution prevention areas aimed at sustainable development.To compare the efficiency of various CP methods and to identify the preventive methods with the highest energy saving possibilities in different Lithuanian sectors of the economy the database “The implementation of Cleaner Production in Lithuania” was used. This database was developed in line with CP implementation methodology and contains technical, environmental, economic and financial information on implemented CP innovations in Lithuanian companies during the last decade. In addition, several applicable CP innovations are described in case studies.     

Process design of Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG) production using wood gasification

The process design of a 10–20 MW_th Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG) production process from wood has been performed. Combining process modelling and process integration techniques, this study proceeds via the following stages:

• thermodynamic modelling: mass, energy balances and simulation of the wood gasification, the methanation and the purification units;

• process integration that identifies the energy saving opportunities and prepares a thermo-economic optimization.

This work demonstrates that the process can transform wood into pipeline quality methane with a thermal efficiency of 57.9% based on the Lower Heating Value (LHV). The process integration study shows that the heat surplus of the process can be used to almost satisfy the mechanical work required by the process; only 7% of the mechanical needs should come from an external source.     

港口清洁生产审核实践

清洁生产审核是港口实现绿色发展的有效方法。以天津某散货港口公司的清洁生产审核为例,分析了港口在能源消耗、废弃物产生、装卸工艺设备等方面的清洁生产潜力,进而提出了切合港口企业自身情况的清洁生产方案,对清洁生产工作在港口行业的开展可起到一定的借鉴作用。     

浅谈对新修订《清洁生产促进法》的几点认识

新修订的《清洁生产促进法》已于2012年7月1日正式实施.本文对新修订的《清洁生产促进法》条款内容进行了剖析和解读,分别从国家建立清洁生产推行规划制度、清洁生产财政资金、强制性清洁生产审核概念、企业清洁生产审核制度、法律责任、增强法律可操作性和主管部门及职责的调整七个方面进行了阐述,以利于读者更好理解该法修改的相关内容.     

Assessment of cleaner production options for alcohol industry of China: a study in the Shouguang Alcohol Factory

The alcohol industry in China makes an important contribution to the national economy. However, the associated pollution problems cause gradual deterioration of the ambient environment and adverse impacts on the local community. Cleaner production (CP) technology, as an effective way to reduce waste emission and save resources, has been widely employed in the alcohol industry across the developed countries. In China, although such technologies have been applied in a number of factories, an integrated assessment and implementation procedure is lacking for proceeding with practical CP technologies for alcohol factories in China. To solve such problems, a series of cleaner production options are proposed and assessed in this study. Five groups of CP options were screened, on factory survey, expert questionnaires, and integrated assessment. With the consideration of environmental impacts and economic efficiency, four CP options combined with various advanced CP technologies, such as high-concentration wort fermenting, CO₂ reuse, different pressure distilling, methane and fertilizer production, were proposed. To verify the proposed options, a case study was carried out in the Shouguang Alcohol Factory (SAF), East China. The characteristics of resources consumption and waste emission during the production process were identified. A comprehensive evaluation of the proposed options was conducted from different aspects. An integrated cleaner production system based on the proposed options was formed and then implemented in the factory. Through the four years of practice, the productivity/quality of alcohol product were improved, but and the reduction of waste and pollution were achieved as well as a marked increase in water/energy savings. This study provides theoretical and practical support for extensive application of cleaner production technologies and sustainable development in the alcohol industry of China.     

Cleaner production as a means for effective environmental management

Cleaner production is a strategy to prevent emissions at the source and to initiate a continuous preventive improvement of environmental performance of organizations. In terms of Cleaner production the focus of management should be on prevention rather than on cure in avoiding environmental problems. The inclusion of commitment to prevention in the environmental policy is one prerequisite of the standard ISO 14001. But how can a formalized environmental management system help to start a process of continuous improvement and voluntary self regulation? We conclude from our experience that Cleaner production and ISO 14001 go well together and support each other in helping an organization to really decrease its environmental effect. Analysing environmental management systems introduced on the basis of Cleaner production projects demonstrates, that Cleaner production supplies management and employees with systematic tools to decrease the environmental impact and at the same time save costs from inefficient use of materials and energy and motivates the organization as well by creating awareness throughout the enterprise.     

清洁生产标准指标体系在审核中的作用

清洁生产审核已成为企业实施清洁生产的有效手段,清洁生产标准指标体系在审核工作中具有举足轻重的作用。文章分析了清洁生产标准指标体系在审核中的作用:判断企业清洁生产潜力,确定审核重点;设置科学合理的清洁生产目标;对审核产生的绩效进行评估;建立长期持续的清洁生产计划。同时,以某制革企业为例,说明清洁生产标准体系的具体应用。     

清洁生产与企业结构调整

清洁生产是工业生产追求的最高境界,而结构调整阶段给企业提供了一个很好的实施清洁生产的契机,使企业可以借助结构调整机会,将清洁生产渗透至企业的所有方面,最大限度地取得清洁生产的效果。     

石油化工企业的精细化清洁生产审核

以某特大型石化企业的审核工作为例,探讨了国家和中国石化对清洁生产审核要求的主要区别,并提出如何实现精细化清洁生产审核。     

Applications of the industrial ecology concept in a research project: Technology and Climate Change (CLIMTECH) Research in Finland

This contribution to the Journal of Cleaner Production special issue ‘Applications of Industrial Ecology’ is based upon an extensive literature review, which produced four criteria to characterise research on the concept of industrial ecology (IE). The criteria are (1) material and energy flows, (2) systems improvement, (3) systems adaptation and (4) change management. The criteria were analysed against the six subject areas of the Technology and Climate Change (CLIMTECH) Research Programme in Finland to identify the applications of the concept of industrial ecology. The results of the analysis contribute (a) to the debate on the characteristics of the emerging concept of IE, (b) show IE characteristics of a large Finnish research project in the field of climate change mitigation and (c) invite scholars in the field to study the observed unclear and fuzzy role of the concept of IE in practical research project work. Responses to this article are encouraged for publication in the future issues of Journal of Cleaner Production.     

中国清洁生产审核现状及激励机制研究

清洁生产审核是一种新的环境保护技术手段,利用调研、实测、统计、分析等手段优化工艺、减少能源消耗、提高效益,具有持续作用、与时俱进、灵活和适用范围广等优点。针对中国目前的清洁生产推行现状和激励机制进行了详尽分析,指出激励机制单一、缺乏专项资金、补贴资金来源不确定、违法成本过低等问题严重阻碍了中国清洁生产审核工作的推广,并提出了一些合理的建议。     

Encouraging industry to assess and implement cleaner production measures

Cleaner production stakeholders have a strong desire for industry to consider cleaner production opportunities in their facilities and once they are assessed, to follow through on their implementation. This paper examines local and international initiatives within the Canadian stakeholder community (including government, NGOs, consultants, industry) that contribute to the initiation and implementation of cleaner production in industry. Specifically, stakeholders have consciously drafted regulatory compliance, education, co-funding incentives, and development-based cleaner production programs. As illustrated by case studies from six industries, the programs work together to create a climate favorable for implementation of cleaner production concepts and approaches. Based on the cleaner production drivers and barriers identified by research, the programs are well designed. However, as with cleaner production itself, there is always room for further improvement. Specifically: (i) regulatory compliance programs and timetables should leave room for cleaner production (versus end-of-pipe) approaches; (ii) cleaner production co-funding programs should target small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) and require them to use a multimedia approach (air, water, waste); (iii) education programs should incorporate demonstration assessments, feasibility assessments of common recommendations, and follow-up communication to foster implementation and continuous improvement; and (iv) mandated cleaner production should include absolute (i.e. waste/tonne production) rather than relative standards (i.e. X% reduction from status quo) in order to avoid penalizing historically proactive corporations.     

AHP-FUZZY综合评价法在确定清洁生产审核重点中的应用研究——以武汉市某电源公司为例

清洁生产审核是将清洁生产理念转变为企业层次上操作的具体程序,在进行审核时首要步骤是确定审核重点。现阶段确定审核重点主要运用权重总和计分排序法,该方法易受审核者主观影响,审核质量不易控制。AHP-Fuzzy综合评价法作为一种系统分析方法很好地弥补了权重总和计分排序法的不足,在系统工程的很多领域都有广泛应用。通过确定银泰电源公司清洁生产审核重点,建立七工段层次模型:确立目标,明确问题;建立系统的层次结构;构造判断矩阵;进行层次的单排序及一致性检验;进行层次总排序一致性检验;根据排序结果,提出决策建议,验证了该综合评价法在清洁生产审核应用中的科学性、可行性和准确性,能将比较复杂、不够确定的多因素问题转化为有数字依据的简单易行的评价模式,为企业清洁生产的定量考核和指标化管理提供了一个科学的评价方法。     

Pollution prevention and cleaner production in the mining industry: an analysis of current issues

This paper examines the major pollution prevention and Cleaner production (CP) issues in the mining industry. Past problems with pollution has made waste minimization an issue of enormous importance for many mining companies. Since the advent of the first major environmental legislation circa-1970, there has been substantial improvement in environmental performance at the mine sites of these firms, including a reduction in noxious air emissions, a decrease in levels of toxic contaminants in effluent discharges, and a major upgrading in land management. All of these improvements are directly attributed to a corporate abandonment of conventional, end-of-pipe apparatuses, and subsequent integration of cleaner technologies and strategies, including highly efficient environmental equipment, heavily retrofitted control systems, and comprehensive environmental management plans. Although hundreds of mining districts have already benefited from installing systems that foster pollution prevention and CP, in select instances, these have not proven to be realistic waste management remedies. Major barriers, particularly economic, technologic, and legislative ones, have both individually and collectively impeded the implementation of pollution prevention and CP strategies in such cases. Many of these barriers appear insurmountable but improved planning, employee education, and increased government intervention would spell continued success in an industry that has already made enormous strides in the arena of environmental management.     

液化天然气项目的清洁生产分析

清洁生产是中国实施可持续发展的主要举措,清洁生产分析评价也是环境影响评价中的重要组成部分。本文以陕北一液化天然气建设项目为例,主要从生产工艺与装备、资源与能源利用、产品、污染物产生、废物回收综合利用等五方面进行定性或定量分析,鉴于国内目前尚未制定液化天然气的清洁生产指标,本文仅通过分析得出项目是否符合清洁生产要求的明确结论,并提出项目改进清洁生产的实施方案建议,为环境影响评价中清洁生产的编写提供一些思路。     

燃煤火电厂清洁生产方案的选取与实施

依据燃煤火电厂清洁生产审核的实践经验，通过对影响燃煤电厂清洁生产方案产生和实施的因素的分析，指出清洁生产方案产生和实施过程中应把握的原则及工作方法，从而为清洁审核机构及燃煤电厂在审核工作中，方案的产生和实施提供有益的借鉴。     

清洁生产审核目标设置与Eviews模型

清洁生产审核中目标的设置是完成审核的重要环节之一,但是由于没有定量的手段往往会出现高低偏差,以至影响审核的效果。围绕此问题,本文探讨了借助计量经济软件Eviews对相关数据建立模型,以贵阳特殊钢有限责任公司一炼钢厂钢产量和电耗为例,预测未来电耗情况,结合相应清洁生产方案设置审核的目标。     

第三方环境审计制度在废弃电器电子产品基金审核的应用研究

《废弃电器电子产品处理基金征收使用管理办法》已于2012年起正式实施,办法已明确要求环境保护主管部门应当建立健全基金补贴审核制度,通过不同的审核方式,加强废弃电器电子产品拆解处理的环保核查和数量审核,防止补贴资金骗补行为的发生。因此,基金补贴及审核制度的建立使得各级环保部门面临着基金审核的新任务。本文根据上海市的实践,提出引入第三方环境审计制度,将环境管理的专业要求与审计方法进行优势互补,不仅可以提升废弃电器电子产品基金审核的水平,而且可以实现基金规范使用的管理目标。     

Environmental issues in Nepal and solving them using the cleaner production approach

Owing to rapid industrialisation, environmental problems in sectors such as water, air, waste, energy and forestry in Nepal are reaching a crisis point. Although the Nepalese government has been trying to solve these problems by various means, the main emphasis has been on end-of-pipe solutions. This paper investigates why Nepal needs to implement Cleaner Production concepts as a matter of urgency and provides several recommendations to the government as well as sectors such as waste, industry, energy and pesticide regarding the implementation of such concepts.