Modeling depth filtration of activated sludge effluent using a compressible medium filter.

A new filter, using a compressible-filter medium, has been evaluated for the filtration of secondary effluent. The ability to adjust the properties of the filter medium by altering the degree of the medium compression is a significant departure from conventional depth-filtration technology. Unlike conventional filters, it is possible to optimize the performance of the compressible-medium filter (CMF) by adjusting the medium properties (i.e., collector size, porosity, and depth) to respond to the variations in influent quality. Because existing filter models cannot be used to predict the performance of the CMF, a new predictive model has been developed to describe the filtration performance of the CMF and the effect of medium-compression ratio. The model accounts for the fact that the properties of the filter medium change with time and depth. The model, developed for heterodisperse suspensions and variable influent total suspended solids concentrations, can be used to predict all possible phases of filtration (i.e., ripening, constant removal, and breakthrough). A hyperbolic-type, second-order, nonlinear, partial-differential equation was derived to model the CMF. The equation was solved using the finite-difference numerical method. The accuracy of the numerical method was tested by a sensitivity analysis and a convergence test. The model is first-order accurate with respect to medium depth and time. Field data were obtained for the filtration of settled secondary effluent using a CMF with a capacity of 1200 m3/d. Model predictions were compared with observed performance from filter runs conducted at medium-compression ratios between 15 and 40% and filtration rates from 410 to 820 L/m2 min. The difference between the observed and the predicted values was found to be within 0 to 15%.     

Effect of textile auxiliaries on the biodegradation of dyehouse effluent in activated sludge

The textile industry is confronted with serious environmental problems associated with its immense wastewater discharge, substantial pollution load, extremely high salinity, and alkaline, heavily coloured effluent. Particular sources of recalcitrance and toxicity in dyehouse effluent are two frequently used textile auxiliaries; i.e. dye carriers and biocidal finishing agents. The present experimental work reports the observation of scientific and practical significance related with the effect of two commercially important textile dye carriers and two biocidal finishing agents on biological activated sludge treatment at a textile preparation, dyeing and finishing plant in Istanbul. Respirometric measurements of the dyehouse effluent spiked with the selected textile chemicals were carried out for the assessment of the "readily biodegradable COD fraction" of the wastewater. The respirometric data obtained to visualize the effect of the selected textile auxiliaries on biomass activity was evaluated by an adopted activated sludge model. Results have indicated that the tested biocides did not exert any significant inhibitory effect on the treatment performance of the activated sludge reactor at the concentrations usually encountered in the final, total dyehouse effluent. The situation with the dye carriers was inherently different; one dye carrier appeared to be highly toxic and caused serious inhibition of the microbial respirometric activity, whereas the other dye carrier, also known as the more ecological alternative, i.e. the "Eco-Carrier", appeared to be biodegradable. Finally, the respirometric profile obtained for the Eco-Carrier was described by a simplified respirometric model.     

Toward long solids retention time of activated sludge processes: benefits in energy saving, effluent quality, and stability

The activated sludge process is the most common method of secondary municipal wastewater treatment; solids retention time (SRT) is the key control parameter for this process. Typically, operating at long SRT is considered only for nitrification, but there are additional benefits of high SRT operation. This paper presents experimental and literature evidence to demonstrate three major additional benefits of long SRT operation: increased oxygen transfer efficiency; improved biomass particle size distribution, which results in more efficient clarification with fewer effluent particles and suspended solids; and enhanced removal of many emerging contaminants such as pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and endocrine disrupting compounds. This paper presents experimental results from several treatment plants that showed increasing oxygen transfer efficiency and particle size with increasing SRT, and evidence documenting improved removal of emerging contaminants and biodegradable organic carbon. A long-term survey of three treatment plants concludes that operating at higher SRT is not as energy intensive as typically assumed.     

Filamentous scum bacteria in activated sludge plants: detection and identification quality by conventional activated sludge microscopy versus fluorescence in situ hybridization.

Detection of filamentous bacteria morphotypes involved in scum formation in activated sludge wastewater treatment plants by conventional sludge microscopy is often doomed to fail because of morphological and taxonomical variations. The aim of this study is to compare detection, identification, and quantification quality of filamentous "scum bacteria" found by conventional activated sludge microscopy and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). In the case of filamentous Microthrix parvicella and Eikelboom morphotypes 1863 and 1851, conventional activated sludge microscopy and FISH results correspond well. In contrast, conventional activated sludge microscopy overlooks nocardioform actinomycete and type 1863 single cells. On the other hand, FISH underestimates filamentous nocardioform actinomycetes and morphotypes 0041/0675 or 0092 because of insufficient cell wall permeability or because of their taxonomic variability, with a resulting inadequacy of previously published probes. Nostocoida limicola morphotype results are still inconclusive because of low bacteria numbers being available in situ and the enormous taxonomic variability within this group.     

泥区废液回流对污水处理系统出水水质特性的影响

研究了泥区废液回流对污水处理系统出水水质特性的影响,为污水再生与安全回用提供参考。通过模拟泥区废液回流SBR污水处理系统,分别对不同回流比出水的COD、UV2254、表观分子量分布以及三维荧光光谱特性进行检测分析。研究显示：虽然泥区废液回流污水处理系统一般不会引起处理系统出水COD的显著变化,但出水残留有机物的芳香性和...     

用污泥生物指数评价活性污泥的运转效能

污泥生物指数(SBI)由对活性污泥混合液中微型动物群落结构的分析得出,用于评价活性污泥的运转效能。SBI为0~10的生物指数,分为4个质量等级,为一客观的指数。此方法的优点在于通过对微型动物的日常检验,就能对活性污泥的运行状况给出一量化且客观的评价。     

用污泥生物指数评价活性污泥的运转效能

污泥生物指数（SBI）由对活性污泥混合液中微型动物群落结构的分析得出,用于评价活性污泥的运转效能.SBI为0～10的生物指数,分为4个质量等级,为一客观的指数.此方法的优点在于通过对微型动物的日常检验,就能对活性污泥的运行状况给出一量化且客观的评价.     

Chemically reduced excess sludge production in the activated sludge process

Excess sludge production from wastewater biological treatment process is highly, and the disposal of excess sludge will be forbidden in a near future, thus increased attention has been turned to look into potential technology for sludge reduction. Recently, some novel sludge reduction techniques have been developed based on chemical oxidation and metabolic uncoupling. This paper attempts to review those chemical-assisted sludge reduction processes, including sludge alkaline-thermal treatment, activated sludge-ozonation process, chlorination-combined activated sludge process, sludge reduction by metabolic uncouplers and high dissolved oxygen activated sludge process. In these combined activated sludge processes, excess sludge production can be reduced up to 100% without significant effect on process efficiency and stability. This paper would be useful when one is looking for appropriate environmentally and economically acceptable solutions for reducing or minimizing excess sludge production from wastewater biological treatment process.     

活性污泥处理系统的计算机模拟

介绍了以活性污泥1号模型(ASMI)和固体通量沉淀模型为基础．结合反应器原理．用VB6．0计算机语言建立城市污水活性污泥模拟器的方法,探讨了生物反应器和二沉池的模拟工艺流程、各组分的物料平衡关系和欧拉法数值积分的步长选取等问题。模拟器的校准结果表明,该模拟器建立的思路和方法是可靠的．可以用于城市污水生物处理系统的模拟和预测。     

活性污泥的耐盐驯化培养

以某污水处理厂二沉池好氧污泥为接种污泥,采用逐步提高盐度和稳定盐度2种方法对活性污泥进行耐盐性驯化培养,考察驯化结果表明,前一种方法更有利于耐盐菌的培养。对比不同盐度情况下各项指标的去除效果得出:本实验污泥适宜盐度为1%。使用稳定进水盐度的方法,出水指标及各指标的去除率均低于逐步提高盐度法,且镜检结果表明大量微生物死亡。     

Mutagenicity evaluation of industrial sludge from common effluent treatment plant

Sludge from common effluent treatment plant (CETP) receiving effluents from textile industries at Mandia Road, Pali, was analyzed to assess the level of mutagenicity. Mutagenicity assay using Salmonella typhimurium tester strains TA 98 and TA 100 gave positive results, thus suggesting presence of genotoxic contaminants in the samples investigated. Further, mutagenic activity of chemical sludge was found to be lesser than that of biological sludge. This result is very surprising and unexpected as it is indicating that some mutagenic compounds are either being formed or certain promutagenic compounds are being converted into stable mutagenic metabolites during the biological treatment of the wastewater effluents. There have been no previous reports giving similar or contrary results. Most of the previous studies have reported effects of single combined sludge.     

不同泥龄对活性污泥絮凝特性的影响

为了揭示不同污泥龄活性污泥的絮凝特性及作用机制,采用序批式反应器,考察污泥龄（solid retention time,SRT）对絮体EPS（extra-micro colony polymeric substances,EMPS）和菌胶团EPS（extra-cellular polymeric substances,ECPS）2种EPS组分的影响,通过扩展的DLVO理论和EPS组分解析不同污泥龄的絮凝性能。研究结果表明,随着SRT的增大,活性污泥的相互作用能曲线存在明显的势垒和势垒值逐渐减少,EMPS和ECPS含量逐渐减少,且相对于ECPS的变化,EMPS含量随泥龄的变化更加明显,其中蛋白质与腐殖质含量逐渐降低,污泥絮凝性能变好。这表明,较高的污泥相互作用能势垒和EMPS组分含量是污泥絮凝性能低的内在机制,且EMPS中蛋白质和腐殖质含量的变化是不同污泥龄污泥絮凝性能差异的主要原因。     

活性污泥中温与高温絮凝特性

为了揭示中温与高温活性污泥的絮凝特性及其作用机制,本研究采用序批式反应器,分别在35℃及55℃条件下培养了中温与高温活性污泥,考查了2种活性污泥的相互作用能与胞外聚合物的特性。研究结果表明：高温污泥系统出水浊度为（145±22．9）NTU,是中温污泥系统的近50倍。中温污泥的相互作用能曲线存在明显的势垒（313．4×10^-20J）,而高温污泥不存在明显势垒;高温污泥的松散型胞外聚合物与紧致型胞外聚合物的含量分别为中温污泥的12倍及3．5倍,且胞外聚合物中蛋白质、多糖、腐殖酸和DNA的含量均高于中温污泥的含量。这表明,尽管高温污泥相互作用能势垒低,但其胞外聚合物,尤其是松散型胞外聚合物含量过高,是高温污泥絮凝性能低的内在机制,而胞外聚合物组成特征不是中温和高温污泥絮凝性能差异的主要原因。