特尔斐—模糊综合比较法评价生态环境质量变化

根据生态系统的组成,利用特尔斐测定法选定影响环境的因子,确定其权重,现场监测调查实际资料,判定各因子的作用分值,采用模糊综合法计算出生态环境变化前后的综合分值,以判定生态环境质量变化前后的好坏。     

城市环境质量多级模糊综合评价

文章将模糊聚类与层次分析相结合,提出了城市环境质量多级模糊综合评价法,并将该方法应用于宣州市环境质量综合评价,结果表明,该方法克服了综合指数法受人为因素影响大的缺点,较好地反映了环境质量分级界限的模糊性,并且较好地解决了权值分配问题,使评价结论更合理,可靠,是一种有价值的城市环境质量综合评价方法。     

英国环境变化监测网络简介

英国环境变化监测网络是国际上重要的生态系统研究和监测网络之一。该文简要介绍了该网络的目标、组织结构和监测内容与指标。     

新形势下县级生态环境监测站工作现状与发展研究

环保系统"垂改"和政府机构改革后,县级生态环境监测站工作职能与履职环境发生重大调整.新形势下,为切实做好基层环境监测工作,更好地为环境执法和环境管理服务,针对目前县级生态环境监测工作所面临的几大矛盾,提出了应厘清各级环保部门所属监测机构的监测事权,加强基层人员队伍建设,积极提升监测能力,完善执法与监测协同机制,持续提升...     

化学战剂在环境污染中的作用,对策及监测

化学战剂属于毒性最大的有毒化学品,具有大规模杀伤力和破坏性,使环境严重受污染,影响生态平衡,危害人体健康。本文对此提出了一些对策并简要介绍了现场可使用的某些主要化学战剂的简便、快速的监测方法。     

多层次模糊综合评判法在生态农业评价中的应用

本文运用多层次模糊综合评判法对山东省五莲县芙蓉庄村生态农业试点进行评价。结果表明,该方法具有简便易行、精确度高的特点,它把不同性质的因素(指标)有机地结合起来,为解决多因素综合评判权重与分配找到了一个有效途径。     

用模糊混合聚类法对重金属潜在毒性排序

本文采用模糊混合聚类方法,即最大矩阵元原理与模糊ISODATA聚类分析相结合的方法,在计算机上对51个重金属元素的物理、化学性质数据进行了分析,并用筛选出的十项与毒性有关的数据对重金属潜在毒性进行了计算、分类和排序。     

不同部门监测机构施行环境监测存在的主要问题及其协调和规范

环境监测具有执法权威性和科学公正性.由于环境监测管理体制未尽完善等原因,不同部门监测机构施行环境监测存在一些亟待解决的问题.其中,管理体制中有关环境保护监测机构的法律属性不够明确,监测工作交叉重复、缺乏统一的规定和口径,各部门监测机构采用的标准不统一、监测数据可比性差是长期以来较为突出的现象.针对这些普遍关注的焦点,尝试寻求解决措施.阐明赋予环境监测职能部门及其监测活动明确法律地位和健全环境监测协调机制、确立环境保护部门监测机构作为监测工作牵头骨干、统一监督管理地位的必要性,扼要提出各部门监测机构规范化管理的基本思路,强调建立健全环境监测标准体系的重要性.旨在协调、规范各部门监测机构开展环境监测工作,强化环境监督管理,推进节能减排.     

西洞庭湖自然保护区鸟类资源调查

为更好地调查了解西洞庭湖自然保护区的鸟类资源，保护和维持生态平衡，2003—2005年我们对西洞庭湖自然保护区的鸟类资源进行了观察和动态监测，共观察到和鉴定出湿地鸟类217种，隶属于15目58科．本文具体地报道了2003—2005年的鸟类资源调查和动态监测结果，鸟类资源所面临的威胁及其保护措施．     

生物监测及其在环境监测中的应用(Biological Monitoring and Its Application in Environmental Monitoring)

生物监测是近几十年来发展起来的应用于环境监测领域的一门新兴技术,是指利用生物个体、种群或群落对环境污染或变化所产生的反应,从生物学角度对环境污染状况进行监测和评价.作为环境监测的重要组成部分,生物监测具有敏感性、长期性、连续性、经济性、非破坏性和综合性等优势,有望在生态系统环境监测、总量控制、环境风险评价、环境污染早期预警、突发事件监测和环境标准制定等领域取得突破.在总结国内外相关研究的基础上,从目前在环境监测中应用的生物监测的原理、分类、特点、方法学和实际应用等方面进行综述.尽管生物监测还有不足之处,但可以肯定,其发展和应用将会对环境监测事业产生极大的推动作用,有着非常广阔的发展前景.     

Toxic substances: Measures and measurements†

The formulation of a sound policy for environmental protection and toxic substances control requires knowledge of the presence and concentration of environmental contaminants. For this reason monitoring programs have been set up in the Netherlands for water, drinking water, and air pollution. The Netherlands system for air pollution, monitoring of the substances SO2, NOχ, CO, O₃ is now fully automated. Some examples will be given to show the acquisition and management and interpretation of air pollution measurements.

Various smaller projects, supported by the Department of Health and Environmental Protection include measurement of indoor air‐contaminants, contaminants in soil and hazardous waste sites, and contaminants in biotic samples such as for instance PCB's in eels and seals and mussels. Moreover a Coordinating Committee regularly collects measurements from various sources in the Netherlands regarding pesticide residues and contaminants in food.

For cost‐effective monitoring the accuracy of the measurements must be chosen with regard to the biological effect concentration of the pollutant. The necessity of proper control measurements to establish background levels and the necessity of ring‐tests to increase interlaboratory reproducibility is discussed. In cost‐effective monitoring the minimum number of measurements, which are necessary to check the effect of environmental protection measures, must be defined through proper sampling.     

An integrated optimization and simulation approach for air pollution control under uncertainty in open-pit metal mine

Air Pollution Control model is developed for open-pit metal mines. Model will aid decision makers to select a cost-effective solution. Open-pit metal mines contribute toward air pollution and without effective control techniques manifests the risk of violation of environmental guidelines. This paper establishes a stochastic approach to conceptualize the air pollution control model to attain a sustainable solution. The model is formulated for decision makers to select the least costly treatment method using linear programming with a defined objective function and multi-constraints. Furthermore, an integrated fuzzy based risk assessment approach is applied to examine uncertainties and evaluate an ambient air quality systematically. The applicability of the optimized model is explored through an open-pit metal mine case study, in North America. This method also incorporates the meteorological data as input to accommodate the local conditions. The uncertainties in the inputs, and predicted concentration are accomplished by probabilistic analysis using Monte Carlo simulation method. The output results are obtained to select the cost-effective pollution control technologies for PM_2.5, PM₁₀, NO_x, SO₂ and greenhouse gases. The risk level is divided into three types (loose, medium and strict) using a triangular fuzzy membership approach based on different environmental guidelines. Fuzzy logic is then used to identify environmental risk through stochastic simulated cumulative distribution functions of pollutant concentration. Thus, an integrated modeling approach can be used as a decision tool for decision makers to select the cost-effective technology to control air pollution.     

天空蓝色饱和程度与城市空气质量等级的相关性

以大气散射理论为基础,结合颜色学、大气环境监测及城市空气质量日报等相关原理,从理论分析与实证研究2个方面证实了天空蓝色饱和程度与城市空气质量等级之间存在着显著的负相关性,即:天空蓝色饱和程度越低,空气污染等级越高,空气质量状况越差;天空蓝色饱和程度越高,空气污染等级较低,空气质量状况越好;通过相关及回归分析与检验,制得“城市空气质量等级目测色卡”,适用于晴朗天气肉眼观察天空颜色,进而目测估计空气质量等级状况,以采取必要防护措施。     

植物--实时富集大气持久性有机污染物的被动采样平台

对植物富集大气持久性有机污染物(POPs)的机理及其在大气POPs污染监测中的应用,主要是地衣、苔藓、树叶、树皮作为大气POPs的被动采样器在大气POPs监测中的应用做了介绍,指出树木“时间隧道”作为实时记录大气历史污染状况的又一“新标本”将在大气污染“历史监测”中发挥重要作用．     

天津市大港石化发展规划区大气SO2排放总量控制实例分析

污染物排放总量控制是控制环境污染、实现可持续发展的一项根本措施，本文在全面调查和监测天津市大港石化发展规划区大气ＳＯ２现状污染水平的基础上，分析和计算出该区域ＳＯ２排放控制总量。提出了在周围边缘重点大气污染源存在下对区域大气污染物排放总量方法的一种改进。     

Epiphytische Flechten im Wandel von Immissionen und Klima • Ergebnisse einer Vergleichskartierung 1989/2007 in Nordwestdeutschland

Epiphytic lichens as indicators for changes in air pollution and climate. Results of a comparative survey 1989/2007 in north-west Germany Background, aim, and scope Lichens growing on tree bark (epiphytic lichens) respond very sensitively to environmental effects such as chemical substances and air temperature. Therefore, they are used as biomonitors for atmospheric pollution in environmental assessments. Based on a survey of epiphytic lichens in 1989, a repetition was performed in an intensively-used agricultural area of north-west Germany in 2007. The objective of this study was to assess possible changes in air pollution and climate. Materials and methods The study is based on a comparative inventory of epiphytic lichens, growing on 335 trees at 45 monitoring sites. A simplified half quantitative survey technique of the first survey was used. Results Indeed, major changes to the epiphytic lichen flora were found. Overall, nearly all monitoring points showed an increase in the level of lichen species. A sharp decrease in acidophileous species and a sharp increase in basidophileous and nitrophileous species were detected. In addition, an increase in thermophileous species which are mainly inhabitants of southern European countries was observed, combined with decreases in boreo-montanic species. Discussion These trends correspond with supra-regional observations. They are primarily attributed to changes in air pollution involving a decrease in SO₂ and an increase in NH₃ concentrations. Clear effects from climate change are evident as well. Conclusions Changes to epiphytic lichens over a 18-year period could be demonstrated using a relatively low-cost investigation. They are relevant for assessing the changing environmental situation, which is of great importance for other organism groups and ecosystems. Recommendations and perspectives Using standardized techniques epiphytic lichens are suitable bioindicators for obtaining different types of information about the air pollution in urban areas and in intensively-used agricultural regions. Furthermore they are obviously good indicators of temperature changes in their environment. More research is needed about the suitability of epiphytic lichens for a biomonitoring of climate changes.     

Bayesian entropy for spatial sampling design of environmental data

We develop a spatial statistical methodology to design national air pollution monitoring networks with good predictive capabilities while minimizing the cost of monitoring. The underlying complexity of atmospheric processes and the urgent need to give credible assessments of environmental risk create problems requiring new statistical methodologies to meet these challenges. In this work, we present a new method of ranking various subnetworks taking both the environmental cost and the statistical information into account. A Bayesian algorithm is introduced to obtain an optimal subnetwork using an entropy framework. The final network and accuracy of the spatial predictions is heavily dependent on the underlying model of spatial correlation. Usually the simplifying assumption of stationarity, in the sense that the spatial dependency structure does not change location, is made for spatial prediction. However, it is not uncommon to find spatial data that show strong signs of nonstationary behavior. We build upon an existing approach that creates a nonstationary covariance by a mixture of a family of stationary processes, and we propose a Bayesian method of estimating the associated parameters using the technique of Reversible Jump Markov Chain Monte Carlo. We apply these methods for spatial prediction and network design to ambient ozone data from a monitoring network in the eastern US.     

广州市道路绿化模式环境效益分析

在广州市各主要交通道路上选择7个有代表性的道路绿化模式,分别监测它们对NOx、CO和TSP等大气污染物质的净化效果,分析其环境效益,结果表明,绿化模式对大气污染整体净化效果与绿化模式的植物配置方式密切相关,苦植物种类多、乔-灌-草立体结构明显、绿化带宽,则对大气污染的净化效果越显著。     

Bewertung der Luftqualität in Rheinland-Pflaz mittels verschiedener Luftqualitätsindizes

Goal and Scope

The constant increase of traffic and the rising energy and material consumption both in industry and trade as well as in private households mean a constant challenge to environmental protection and to the air pollution control. With the commencement of the Federal ambient pollution control act in April 1974, the legal basis for the monitoring of air pollution was created. In future, the limit values laid down in the Council Directive 1999/30/EG, 2000/69/EG and 96/62/EG, will be valid. In town and regional planning there is a great demand for a simple index to evaluate the air quality. From the available data of PM₁₀, NO₂, O₃, CO, SO₂, trends of the air quality will be derived.

Methods

The indices LQI and TLQ suggested by Mayer et al. (2002) were calculated for selected stations of the air pollution monitoring network (ZIMEN) in Rhineland-Palatine. All analysis are based on hourly recorded value, Mean values and frequency distributions are used for the interpretation. Furthermore, the characteristics and trends of the indices under different weather conditions were examined and discussed.

Results

The examination figures out that the air pollutions indices at all stations show similar patterns in the period between January 2001 and December 2002. Neither the LQI, nor the TLQ shows an annual variation. Existing variations are mainly controlled by the general weather situation and the air temperature. High values of the indices appear at extremely high or low mean daily air temperature. The absolute value of the air pollution index is determined by local pollution factors.

Outlook and Recommendations

Both indices are well suitable to evaluate the air quality and to assess the effects of state-aided measures for air pollutant control. Therefore, the indices TLQ and LQI should be published as an additional information in the world wide web.