掺杂过渡金属离子的纳米二氧化钛光催化氧化对氯苯酚的研究

以掺杂过渡金属离子Fe^ 的纳米Ti02为光催化剂，以高压汞灯为光源，研究了对氯苯酚在水悬浮溶液中的降解，考察了对氯苯酚的初始浓度、气相氧浓度、催化剂投加量、光强对对氯苯酚光解速率的影响。通过试验发现，光强、气相氧浓度以及催化剂投加量是影响光催化氧化反应的关键因素。采用掺杂过渡金属粒子Fe^3 的纳米TiO2为光催化剂比采用纯纳米TiO2为光催化剂对氯苯酚降解率提高了近1．4倍。     

Bi2WO6催化剂的合成和表征及其光催化活性

以Bi（NO3）3和Na2WO4为原料,采用水热法合成了可见光催化剂Bi2WO6,并采用X射线衍射仪和BET法对其进行了表征。考察了合成温度、Bi2WO6加入量、邻氯苯酚（2-CP）浓度、溶液pH等对2-CP光催化降解效果的影响。实验结果表明：在加入140℃下合成的Bi2WO6催化剂1g／L、原始pH（pH=5．85）、可见光光照210min的条件下,对质量浓度为20mg／L的2-CP溶液进行处理,2-CP去除率最高为97．2％;添加少量H2O2对2-CP的降解有促进作用。     

仿酶型磁性Fe~0-Fe_3O_4复合催化剂的制备及其催化性能

采用原位氧化沉淀法制备出仿酶型磁性Fe0-Fe_3O_4复合催化剂,并将其作为非均相类Fenton催化剂用于溶液中对硝基苯酚的降解;采用SEM和XRD等技术对催化剂进行了表征。表征结果显示,Fe_3O_4与Fe0结合牢固,有利于Fe0的分散。实验结果表明:Fe0-Fe_3O_4对对硝基苯酚的降解为拟一级反应;在Fe0与Fe_3O_4的质量比为0.75、Fe0-Fe_3O_4投加量为1.2 g/L、初始H_2O_2浓度为10 mmol/L、初始溶液p H为3、反应温度为30℃的条件下反应90min,反应速率常数为0.067 min-1,COD去除率为77.28%,Fe溶出量为2.12 mg/L;在对硝基苯酚的降解过程中,pH先增大后减小,Fe溶出量先降低后升高;Fe0-Fe_3O_4是一种稳定的催化剂,可再生使用。     

超声光催化降解酸性粒子元青染料的研究

对超声波作用下的纳米TiO2光催化氧化法降角酸性粒子元青染料进行了研究。结果表明，超声波的引入提高了纳米TiO2光催化降解酸性粒子元青染料的降解率；降解率受反应时间、坡声波功率、空气流量的影响；添加少量的H2O2能够明显地提高酸性粒子元青染料的降解率。     

TiO2-SiO2纳米复合粉体的制备、改性及其光催化性能

采用超声辅助水解法制备了TiO2-SiO2纳米复合粉体。通过XRD和紫外-可见漫反射光谱分析发现,复合粉体TiO2-SiO2-2(n(Si)∶n(Ti)=10%)的光吸收带边发生明显蓝移。光催化降解甲基橙的实验结果表明:加入SiO2可明显提高复合粉体的光催化活性,且随着SiO2含量的增加,复合粉体的光催化活性逐渐提高;但SiO2含量过高会使光催化剂中TiO2光催化活性组分的质量分数减少,使光催化剂的活性下降;TiO2-SiO2-2光催化活性最高。采用浸渍法对复合粉体进行酸化改性得到的SO42-/TiO2-SiO2催化剂具有超强酸结构。酸化后催化剂的光催化活性提高,SO42-/TiO2-SiO2-2催化剂的光催化活性最高。     

太阳光催化降解阿特拉津的研究

利用太阳光作光源,用含在颗粒活性炭中的TiO2(TiO2／GAC)作光催化剂,在流动循环系统中考察了阿特拉津的光催化降解效果。在阿特拉津初始质量浓度27．18mg／L、液体循环流量6L／h、液体总体积400mL、平均辐照度2．64mW／cm^2、液体温度40℃、TiO2／GAC质量浓度7g／L、3％H2o2用量240μL,光催化反应时间1．65h的条件下,阿特拉津去除率达92．8％,TOC去除率接近70％。通过测定光催化降解过程中TOC的变化、紫外吸收光谱吸收峰的变化和质谱图对阿特拉津的降解途径和降解程度进行了分析。     

光催化氧化法降解废气中苯系物的研究

采用溶胶-凝胶工艺制备以多孔泡沫镍为载体的TiO2薄膜，并用其光催化氧化降解挥发性苯系物(苯、甲苯和二甲苯)。考察了催化剂粒径、反应时间、苯系物的初始浓度、体系的相对湿度和反应温度等因素对苯系物去除率的影响。结果表明，以粒径20．7nm的TiO2为催化剂、甲苯初始质量浓度为200mg/m^3、体系的相对湿度为5％、反应温度为20—50℃、反应时间为60min条件下，甲苯的去除率达76％以上。     

微波-改性活性炭-Fenton试剂氧化法降解水中2,4-二氯酚

以经Fe2（SO4）3溶液浸渍改性的活性炭作催化剂、Fenton试剂作氧化剂,采用微波-改性活性炭-Fenton试剂氧化法降解水中的2,4-二氯酚。考察了改性活性炭加入量、H2O2与Fe^2＋摩尔比、Fenton试剂加入量、微波功率和2,4-二氯酚溶液初始pH对2,4-二氯酚降解效果的影响。在改性活性炭加入量1．0g／L、n（H2O2）：n（Fe^2＋）=16．7（H2O2加入量6．0mmol／L、Fe^2＋加入量0．36mmol／L）、Fenton试剂加入量为6．36mmol／L、微波功率600W、微波辐射时间10min、2,4-二氯酚溶液初始pH为6．0的条件下,2,4-二氯酚降解率和TOC去除率分别可达98．7％和84．0％。     

膨胀珍珠岩负载Eu3+-TiO2催化剂的制备及其催化性能

以膨胀珍珠岩(EP)为载体,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了Eu3+-TiO2/EP催化剂.通过XRD和SEM等方法对催化剂进行了表征,以对硝基苯酚溶液为目标物,进行了催化剂活性的研究.实验结果表明,Eu3+的掺杂有效抑制了TiO2晶粒的增长,减小了晶粒尺寸,提高了晶粒的分散性,明显提高了催化剂的活性.在Eu3+掺杂量(Eu3+与Ti的摩尔比)1.0％、焙烧温度500℃、催化剂加入量6 g/L的最佳条件下,对硝基苯酚去除率达87％.     

二氧化钛对活性艳红X-3B的光催化降解研究

以TiO2作为光催化剂,研究了TiO2对活性艳红X-3B的光催化氧化降解行为。结果表明,以锐钛矿为主的混晶型Ti02的催化活性最好;X-3B的光催化降解动力学符合Langmuir-Hinshelwood动力学模式,并求出其动力学参数女(表观反应速率常数)为0．5921,KA(吸附平衡常数)为0．1725;温度对X-3B的降解影响很小,其活化能仅为6．04kJ／mol;溶液中盐度的增加会不断降低TiO2对X-3B的光催化降解速率。     

Distribution of Cd,Ck, Pb and Zn in Soil and Vegetation Compartments in Stands of Five Boreal Tree Species in N.E. Sweden

Concentrations and total quantity of cadmium (Cd), cupper (Cu),lead (Pb) and zink (Zn) were determined in biomass and soil compartments in a replicated tree species experiment with 27-yr-old stands growing on former farmland in N.E. Sweden. Sequentialextractions of soil samples were performed in order to estimate the exchangeable and an organically bound fraction of each element. The tree species included were Picea abies (L.)H. Karst., Pinus sylvestris L., Pinus contorta Dougl., Larix sibirica Ledeb., and Betula pendula Roth.Tree species influenced the rate of removal of Cu, Pb and Zn incase of stemwood harvesting, and of Cd, Cu and Zn in the case ofwhole-tree harvesting. B. pendula and P. abies had higher quantities and average concentrations of Zn in the biomass. For all species, >50% of the Zn in the stems was found in the bark. P. abies and L. sibirica had higher quantities of Cu in the biomass than the other species.P. abies and P. contorta had high quantities of Cd inthe biomass in relation to the other species. Branches and stembark contained high concentrations of Cd and Pb in relation to foliage and stemwood. Dead branches had especially high concentrations of Pb. The high accumulation rate of Zn in thebiomass of B. pendula was related to a low exchangeable amount of Zn in the A horizon. In the superficial centimeters ofthe A horizon, a depletion similar to that found for Zn was detected for Cu, whereas for Cd and Pb, no correlations were found between quantities of elements in the trees and element pools in the soil.     

Starch-plastic materials—Preparation,physical properties,and biodegradability (a review of recent USDA research)

Recent starch-plastic research at the National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research is reviewed and related worldwide efforts are noted. Properties of starch that influence its formulation and performance in plastics are discussed. Methods are given for preparation of starch-poly(methyl acrylate) graft copolymer, starch-poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid), and starch-poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid)-polyethylene plastics. Their physical properties are discussed, as is degradability by enzymes or amylolytic organisms from soil, ponds, and streams.The mention of firm names or trade products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the U.S. Department of Agriculture over other firms or similar products not mentioned.     

四氮唑废水处理工艺设计

高浓度、高盐分的四氮唑生产废水通过三效蒸发浓缩,馏出液经铁炭氧微电解和混凝预处理,再采用水解酸化一接触氧化一反应二沉主体组合工艺进行处理。研究了该工艺所需构筑物和设备的设计与选型。该工艺在正常运行条件下,处理后出水pH6～9,COD 302mg／L,BOD5 108mg／L,SS30mg／L,色度36倍,水质达到GB8978--1996（污水综合排放标准》三级标准。     

Application of Cellulose Microfibrils in Polymer Nanocomposites

Cellulose microfibrils obtained by the acid hydrolysis of cellulose fibers were added at low concentrations (2–10% w/w) to polymer gels and films as reinforcing agents. Significant changes in mechanical properties, especially maximum load and tensile strength, were obtained for fibrils derived from several cellulosic sources, including cotton, softwood, and bacterial cellulose. For extruded starch plastics, the addition of cotton-derived microfibrils at 10.3% (w/w) concentration increased Young’s modulus by 5-fold relative to a control sample with no cellulose reinforcement. Preliminary data suggests that shear alignment significantly improves tensile strength. Addition of microfibrils does not always change mechanical properties in a predictable direction. Whereas tensile strength and modulus were shown to increase during addition of microfibrils to an extruded starch thermoplastic and a cast latex film, these parameters decreased when microfibrils were added to a starch–pectin blend, implying that complex interactions are involved in the application of these reinforcing agents.     

Bioassessment of silvicultural impacts in streams and wetlands of the Eastern United States

Bioassessment is a useful tool to determine the impact of logging practices on the biological integrity of streams and wetlands. Measuring biota directly has an intuitive appeal for impact assessment, and biota can be superior indicators to physical or chemical characteristics because they can reflect cumulative impacts over time. Logging can affect stream and wetland biota by increasing sedimentation rates, altering hydrologic, thermal, and chemical regimes, and changing the base of food webs. Biotic impacts of logging on streams compared to wetlands probably differ, and in this paper we review some of those differences. In streams, invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, algae, and macrophytes have been used as indicators of logging impacts. In wetlands, bioassessment is just beginning to be used, and plants and birds are the most promising indicator taxa. Various best management practices (BMPs) have been developed to reduce the impacts of logging on stream and wetland biota, and we review quantitative studies that have evaluated the efficacy of some of these techniques in streams and wetlands in the eastern United States. Remarkably few studies that address the overall efficacy of BMPs in limiting biotic changes in streams and wetlands after BMP implementation have been published in scientific journals, although some work exists in reports or is unpublished. We review these works, and compile conclusions about BMP efficacy for biota from this body of research.     

Characterization of air emissions and residual ash from open burning of electronic wastes during simulated rudimentary recycling operations

Air emissions and residual ash samples were collected and analyzed during experiments of open, uncontrolled combustion of electronic waste (e-waste), simulating practices associated with rudimentary e-waste recycling operations. Circuit boards and insulated wires were handled separately to simulate processes associated with metal recovery. The average emissions of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDFs) were 92 ng toxic equivalency (TEQ)/kg [n = 2, relative standard deviation (RSD) = 98%] and 11 900 ng TEQ/kg (n = 3, RSD = 50%) of the initial mass of the circuit boards and insulated wire, respectively. The value for the insulated wire is about 100 times higher than that for backyard barrel burning of domestic waste. The emission concentrations of polybrominated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/PBDFs) from the combustion of circuit boards were 100 times higher than for their polychlorinated counterparts. Particulate matter (PM) sampling of the fly ash emissions indicated PM emission factors of approximately 15 and 17 g/kg of the initial mass for the circuit boards and insulated wire, respectively. Fly ash samples from both types of e-waste contained considerable amounts of several metallic elements and halogens; lead concentrations were more than 200 times the United States regulatory limits for municipal waste combustors and 20 times those for secondary lead smelters. Leaching tests of the residual bottom ash showed that lead concentrations exceeded U.S. Environmental Protection Agency landfill limits, designating this ash as a hazardous waste.     

Does Soil Acidification Affect Spruce Needle Chemical Composition and Tree Growth?

In 1994, a large survey of soil chemistry was undertaken in thecounty of Värmland in central Sweden (Lundström et al., 1998).The southern part of the county was affected by soilacidification whereas there were no such indications in thenorthern part. To investigate the influence of soil chemistryon the trees at the specific sites, the survey was continued byan analysis of needle chemistry (Norway spruce) which wasundertaken at 150 of the 180 sites, and of tree growth at 65 ofthe 180 sites. Growth was expressed as a ratio between expectedgrowth, estimated with a national, empirical growth model, andthe growth observed in the field. In statistical analyses,using rank correlation, PCA and PLS, there were only weakindications of an influence of soil chemistry on needlechemistry and on tree growth. A moderate correlation betweennitrogen and sulphur in needles was found, which wasinterpreted as an effect of deposition and of processes in thetree canopy. No obvious regional pattern of the growth ratiowas found, in contrast to the clear pattern of soilacidification. The statistical analysis could not with anycertainty point out any of the soil chemistry variables asespecially important for the tree growth ratio.     

Solubility and Potential Mobility of Heavy Metals in Two Contaminated Urban Soils from Stockholm,Sweden

The solubility and potential mobility of heavy metals (Cd, Cu,Hg, Pb and Zn) in two urban soils were studied by sequential andleaching extractions (rainwater). Compared to rural (arable) soils on similar parent material, the urban soils were highlycontaminated with Hg and Pb and to a lesser extent also with Cd,Cu and Zn. Metal concentrations in rainwater leachates were related to sequential extractions and metal levels reported fromStockholm groundwater. Cadmium and Zn in the soils were mainly recovered in easily extractable fractions, whereas Cu and Pb were complex bound. Concentrations of Pb in the residual fractionwere between two- and eightfold those in arable soils, indicatingthat the sequential extraction scheme did not reflect the solidphases affected by anthropogenic inputs. Cadmium and Zn conc. inthe rainwater leachates were within the range detected in Stockholm groundwater, while Cu and Pb conc. were higher, whichsuggests that Cu and Pb released from the surface soil were immobilised in deeper soil layers. In a soil highly contaminatedwith Hg, the Hg conc. in the leachate was above the median concentration, but still 50 times lower than the max concentration found in groundwater, indicating the possibilityof other sources. In conclusion, it proved difficult to quantitatively predict the mobility of metals in soils by sequential extractions.     

High Immobilization of NH4+ in Danish Heath Soil Related to Succession,Soil and Nutrients: Implications for Critical Loads of N

During recent decades heathlands havechanged into grasslands in regions with high atmosphericnitrogen deposition. In regions with intermediatedeposition level (e.g., Denmark) changes have been lesspronounced which may be due to delay or decrease inresponse of the ecosystem. The mor layer (O horizon) mayplay an important role for this delay due to high sinkstrength for N. In this study, the capacity for netNH₄ ⁺ immobilization and mineralization wasstudied during short- and long-term incubations (2–36 days)of mor samples from Danish dry inland heaths. High short-term capacity for net NH₄ ⁺ immobilization wasfound to be a general characteristic of Danish heath morlayers both under heather (Calluna vulgaris) andcrowberry (Empetrum nigrum ssp nigrum), the latterdominating late stages in heathland succession. The netNH₄ ⁺ immobilization was higher under youngcompared to old or dead vegetation, and higher on lessnutrient poor soils than on extremely nutrient poor soils.The addition of N, P and C stimulated CO₂ productionand net NH₄ ⁺ immobilization, but not net Nmineralization. The immobilization of ¹⁵NH₄ ⁺caused release of dissolved organic N, increased N anddecreased C/N ratio in the microbial biomass, and indicatedgrowth of microorganisms with other metabolic abilitiesthan the indigenous population. No evidence was obtained ofstabilization of immobilized ¹⁵NH₄ ⁺ intosoil organic matter during the experiment. On background ofthe results and current knowledge it was concluded that therecognition of the high capacity for net NH₄ ⁺immobilization in mor layers does not allow for a raiseof critical loads for N for northern dry inland heaths.     

Biodegradation of Injection Molded Starch-Poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) Blends in a Natural Compost Environment

Injection molded specimens were prepared by blending poly (hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate) (PHBV) with cornstarch. Blended formulations incorporated 30% or 50% starch in the presence or absence of poly-(ethylene oxide) (PEO), which enhances the adherence of starch granules to PHBV. These formulations were evaluated for their biodegradability in natural compost by measuring changes in physical and chemical properties over a period of 125 days. The degradation of plastic material, as evidenced by weight loss and deterioration in tensile properties, correlated with the amount of starch present in the blends (neat PHBV < 30% starch < 50% starch). Incorporation of PEO into starch-PHBV blends had little or no effect on the rate of weight loss. Starch in blends degraded faster than PHBV and it accelerated PHBV degradation. Also, PHBV did not retard starch degradation. After 125 days of exposure to compost, neat PHBV lost 7% of its weight (0.056% weight loss/day), while the PHBV component of a 50% starch blend lost 41% of its weight (0.328% weight loss/day). PHB and PHV moieties within the copolymer degraded at similar rates, regardless of the presence of starch, as determined by ¹H-NMR spectroscopy. GPC analyses revealed that, while the number average molecular weight (Mn) of PHBV in all exposed samples decreased, there was no significant difference in this decrease between neat PHBV as opposed to PHBV blended with starch. SEM showed homogeneously distributed starch granules embedded in a PHBV matrix, typical of a filler material. Starch granules were rapidly depleted during exposure to compost, increasing the surface area of the PHBV matrix.