超净电袋复合除尘器在劣质煤大型机组的应用

以实现烟尘超低排放的河南平顶山发电分公司2×1030MW机组配套的超净电袋复合除尘器为研究对象,分析了超净电袋复合除尘技术的原理和措施,并介绍了该工程具体的工艺方案,通过现场实测及CEMS在线数据分析,系统验证了超净电袋复合除尘技术在燃烧劣质煤的大型机组上应用的可行性和稳定性,以及实现烟尘超低排放工艺技术的可行性。     

大型超净电袋复合除尘技术在土耳其的应用

以出口首台实现烟尘超低排放的土耳其泽塔斯三期2×660MW机组超净电袋复合除尘器为研究对象,分析超净电袋复合除尘技术的原理和措施,并介绍了该工程的工艺方案,通过运行情况、测试结果及电厂反馈,证明超净电袋复合除尘技术大型化出口应用的可行性和稳定性。     

超净电袋复合除尘技术对劣质煤的适应性分析

阐述了我国劣质煤发电在新形势下的发展趋势,分析了劣质煤机组实现烟尘超低排放的技术及工艺路线的研究现状,针对其存在的问题提出技术经济性更优的超净电袋复合除尘技术路线,并从技术角度全面分析了超净电袋复合除尘技术对劣质煤机组超低排放的适应性,通过工程案例验证了该技术在燃烧劣质煤的大型机组上应用的可行性和稳定性。     

高温超净电袋复合除尘器在废液焚烧炉的应用

文章简述了高温超净电袋复合除尘器的技术原理及特点,并重点介绍了山东某化工股份有限公司皂化废碱液焚烧炉静电除尘器技术改造采用高温超净电袋复合除尘器的工程案例,性能测试结果表明,改造后除尘器出口排放浓度小于5mg/Nm³,达到超低排放要求。该项目的成功应用,为皂化废碱液焚烧炉尾气实现超低排放提供了全新的技术路线。     

高温超净电袋复合除尘器在氧化铝行业的应用

文章对比了在超低排放背景下的各种除尘技术对氢氧化铝〔Al(OH)_3〕焙烧炉烟气净化的适应性,提出了其最佳可行技术,即高温超净电袋复合除尘技术,阐述了该技术的原理及特点,重点介绍了山东某厂1#炉3000t/d Al(OH)_3焙烧炉项目电除尘器改造配套采用高温超净电袋复合除尘器技术方案,性能测试结果表明经改造出口颗粒物的排放浓度小于5mg/Nm~3,达到超低排放的要求。该技术的成功应用,验证了其除尘效率高、运行阻力小、维护费用低、无二次污染等优点,可大幅提高副产物回收率,降低除尘设备电耗,减少排污费,具有良好的经济效益和社会效益。     

电袋除尘器的发展与机理研究

随着国家对细微颗粒物的排放标准要求日趋严格,除尘技术也在不断发展与改进。电袋除尘器是将静电除尘器和布袋除尘器有机结合起来的新型除尘设备,能有效提高除尘效率,降低压力损失。文章对电袋除尘器的发展历程进行了回顾,对其工作原理及除尘机理进行了分析研究,旨在为电袋除尘器的发展及推广提供一定参考。     

电袋复合除尘器在燃煤锅炉大型机组上的应用

近年来,电袋复合除尘技术在燃煤锅炉烟气除尘行业的应用取得了快速发展,并实现了600MW、1000MW大型机组的突破。电袋复合除尘器已成为继电除尘器、袋式除尘器之后的新一代高效除尘设备。应用实践表明,电袋复合除尘器对煤种变化的适应性强,可长期保持低排放,并具有运行阻力低、占地面积小等优点。介绍了世界上首台1000MW机组电袋复合除尘器的开发和应用情况。     

低低温电除尘器与电袋除尘器的技术经济对比分析

低低温电除尘和电袋除尘是燃煤电厂两种典型的颗粒物超低排放技术.文章综述了低低温电除尘器和电袋除尘器的研究进展,并进行了技术对比.另外,以某660MW机组为例,将低低温电除尘与电袋除尘的烟气净化系统进行经济性比较.结果表明,各烟气工况下满足除尘器出口粉尘浓度低于15mg/m3的设计要求时,低低温电除尘(包括烟冷器和电除尘...     

新型燃煤烟气干式超净技术的开发及应用

介绍了新型DSC-M燃煤烟气干式超净技术,该技术通过循环流化床双段式吸收塔和超净布袋除尘器的有机结合,可实现脱硫、脱硝、除尘及多污染物协同治理,且没有废水产生、烟囱排烟温度高、烟囱无需防腐、排烟透明无视觉污染,真正实现燃煤烟气的超净排放要求。该技术已在包括20多台套300MW等级机组在内的上百台套燃煤机组上成功运用,并达到预期的超净排放目标,是新形势下烟气多污染物协同超净排放控制工艺的最佳可行技术之一。     

大型电除尘器与电袋除尘器技术经济比较

以某300MW火电机组配套除尘设备为例,从一次性投资、维护费用和运行费用等方面对电除尘器和电袋除尘器进行了技术经济比较,结果表明,当粉尘排放浓度≤50mg/Nm3时,选用电除尘器较适宜,但对更加严格的排放标准,选用电袋除尘器更好。     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

AN APPLICATION RUNOFF MODEL STRATEGY FOR UNGAGED WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m²) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft³/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m³/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Using Paleo Reconstructions to Improve Streamflow Forecast Lead Time in the Western United States

In water stressed regions, water managers are exploring new horizons that would help in long‐range streamflow forecasts. Oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence streamflow variability. In this study, long‐lead time streamflow forecasts are made using a multiclass kernel‐based data‐driven support vector machine (SVM) model. The extended streamflow records based on tree ring reconstructions were used to provide a longer time series data. Reconstructed data were used from 1658 to 1952 and the instrumental record was used from 1953 to 2007. Reconstructions for oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations included the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Streamflow forecasts using all four oscillations were made with one‐year to five‐year lead times for 21 gages in the western United States. This is the first study that uses both instrumental and reconstructed data of oscillations in SVM model to improve streamflow forecast lead time. SVM model was able to provide “satisfactory” to “very good” forecasts with one‐ to five‐year lead time for the selected gages. The use of all the oscillation indices helped in achieving better predictability compared to using individual oscillations. The SVM modeling results are better when compared with multiple linear regression model forecasts. The findings are statistical in nature and are expected to be useful for long‐term water resources planning and management.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

MANGANESE CYCLE IN IMPOUNDMENT WATER

Manganese entering impounded water will undergo a cyclic transformation. Oxidation precipitates manganese from top waters. At the bottom of the lake, biological activity will render manganese soluble by both intracellular as well as extracellular activity. The study was made to demonstrate that biological reduction and transformation, organometallic complexation, together with the presence of carbon dioxide and the lowering of pH all have some effect on the solubility of manganese. Dissolved manganese may be brought back to top waters during the lake overturn and therefore deteriorates the water quality.     

Biodiversity and biotechnology

The maintenance of biodiversity is urged from many quarters and on grounds ranging from aesthetic considerations to its usefulness, particularly for biotechnology. But regardless of the grounds for preserving biodiversity, writers are generally in agreement that it should be preserved. But, in examining the various references biodiversity, such as species diversity, genetic diversity, and habitat diversity, it is apparent that we cannot aim to preserve biodiversityas such, since there are a number of conflicts in any such undertaking. In preserving one aspect of biodiversity, we damage another aspect. Five arguments which attempt to ground our moral concern for biodiversity are reviewed and critiqued, not only for their consistency but also for their power to move us to action. The final section of the paper shows how conflicts in the values of personal and environmental health can impair ethical action and especially policy formation.An earlier version of this paper was read at the conference on Agriculture, Food, and Human Values: Tradition and Change, Orlando, Florida, October 7–9, 1987.     

Surface applied water treatment residuals affect bioavailable phosphorus losses in Florida sands

Water treatment residuals (WTR) can reduce runoff P loss and surface co-application of P-sources and WTR is a practical way of land applying the residuals. In a rainfall simulation study, we evaluated the effects of surface co-applied P-sources and an Al-WTR on runoff and leacheate bioavailable P (BAP) losses from a Florida sand. Four P-sources, namely poultry manure, Boca Raton biosolids (high water-soluble P), Pompano biosolids (moderate water-soluble P), and triple super phosphate (TSP) were surface applied at 56 and 224kgPha(-1) (by weight) to represent low and high soil P loads typical of P- and N-based amendments rates. The treatments further received surface applied WTR at 0 or 10gWTRkg(-1) soil. BAP loss masses were greater in leachate (16.4-536mg) than in runoff (0.91-46mg), but were reduced in runoff and leachate by surface applied WTR. Masses of total BAP lost in the presence of surface applied WTR were less than approximately 75% of BAP losses in the absence of WTR. Total BAP losses from each of the organic sources applied at N-based rates were not greater than P loss from TSP applied at a P-based rate. The BAP loss at the N-based rate of moderate water-soluble P-source (Pompano biosolids) was not greater than BAP losses at the P-based rates of other organic sources tested. The hazards of excess P from applying organic P-sources at N-based rates are not greater than observed at P-based rates of mineral fertilizer. Results suggest that management of the environmental P hazards associated with N-based rates of organic materials in Florida sands is possible by either applying P-sources with WTR or using a moderate water-soluble P-source.     

Sources and Transport of Phosphorus to Rivers in California and Adjacent States,U.S., as Determined by SPARROW Modeling

The SPARROW (SPAtially Referenced Regression on Watershed attributes) model was used to simulate annual phosphorus loads and concentrations in unmonitored stream reaches in California, U.S., and portions of Nevada and Oregon. The model was calibrated using de‐trended streamflow and phosphorus concentration data at 80 locations. The model explained 91% of the variability in loads and 51% of the variability in yields for a base year of 2002. Point sources, geological background, and cultivated land were significant sources. Variables used to explain delivery of phosphorus from land to water were precipitation and soil clay content. Aquatic loss of phosphorus was significant in streams of all sizes, with the greatest decay predicted in small‐ and intermediate‐sized streams. Geological sources, including volcanic rocks and shales, were the principal control on concentrations and loads in many regions. Some localized formations such as the Monterey shale of southern California are important sources of phosphorus and may contribute to elevated stream concentrations. Many of the larger point source facilities were located in downstream areas, near the ocean, and do not affect inland streams except for a few locations. Large areas of cultivated land result in phosphorus load increases, but do not necessarily increase the loads above those of geological background in some cases because of local hydrology, which limits the potential of phosphorus transport from land to streams.