聚氯乙烯生产中的废水综合利用

介绍了新疆天业化工园区聚氯乙烯生产中废水的处理技术和综合利用情况,包括乙炔上清液的回收、含汞废液处理及聚合母液水的处理回收利用。利用节水技术,每年可回用水近580万t,氯化氢气体5万t,产生经济效益5380万元。     

盈创公司PET再生利用走出循环经济新道路

每年回收处理废弃PET瓶5万t,制造可用于再生PET瓶的材料2．5万t,亚洲首家再生食品级PET切片生产企业——盈创再生资源有限公司通过引进国际先进技术和再循环模式,每年可再生利用的PET瓶总量高达北京废弃总量的40％。     

奥运垃圾处理引入近红外分选技术

2008年8月11日,“年处理6万t电子废弃物项目”一期工程正式投产。“年处理6万t电子废弃物项目”位于辛集市新城清洁工业园内。该项目被列为2006年省重点建设项目及河北省“十一五”规划纲要五大循环经济示范基地项目之一。据了解,项目由石家庄晶莹黄金开采技术股份有限公司投资,总投资5亿元,是目前国内最大的电子废弃物处理项目。工程分三期,一期项目生产能力年处理各类电子废弃物1万t,年回收黄金1t、白银5t,以及大量的阴极铜、铝、铁等金属,年产值可达3亿元,利税1亿元。项目全部建成后,生产规模为年处理电子废弃物6万t,年可回收生产黄金4．8t、白银198t、     

废旧聚酯瓶的回收利用

聚酯(PET)瓶的透明度高、强度好、质量轻、阻隔性能优异，因而广泛用于包装碳酸饮料、矿泉水、调味品、化妆品、医药和农药等方面，而且其应用领域正在扩大，其废旧品的回收利用问题亦变得日趋严重。1998年美国销售PET瓶34.3万t，回收10.2万t，回收率为29.7%；1999年销售量为36.1万t，回收12.9万t，回收率为35.7%。而我国年需PET瓶约达2亿只，回收利用率几乎为零。这 不仅浪费原料，对环境亦造成不良影响。因此，回收利用废旧PET瓶，既有利于保护环境，亦可节约原料，有助于缓解PET切片市场紧张状况。     

废旧涤纶纺织品的回收利用技术

我国是纺织服装最大的生产国和消费国,纺织品的年废弃量超过2 600万t,未妥善处置会造成严重的资源和环境问题。国家十分重视废旧纺织品绿色循环体系的建立,已形成多种回收利用途径并实现了产业化。涤纶在化纤中占比最大,发展废旧涤纶纺织品循环利用技术对建立废旧纺织品循环利用体系尤为重要。废旧涤纶纺织品的回收利用方式主要有物理回收、化学回收、生物回收和物理化学回收等。综述了废旧涤纶纺织品的回收利用技术,并介绍了企业实际案例,期望为建立绿色健全的废旧纺织品循环体系提供支撑。     

顾国新在“‘互联网+’时代 再生资源产业创新发展论坛”致辞

<正>首先,热烈祝贺"2015再生资源创新发展论坛"隆重召开!再生资源是供销社的传统优势业务。从20世纪50年代至今,全国供销社系统回收的废旧物资超过13亿t。现在,供销社共有再生资源回收利用企业3 000多家,回收网点17万个,提供就业岗位700多万人,主要品种年回收量3 000万t,年回收额2 200亿元,约占全社会回收额的三分之一强。再生资源的回收利用,关系到突破资源环境约束的国家资源战略,也关系到农村废弃物的减量化和资源化进     

流化床富氧焚烧含油污泥技术经济性分析

介绍了流化床富氧焚烧含油污泥技术的流程和优势,计算了富氧焚烧含油污泥系统主要设备的电耗和技术经济指标。流化床富氧焚烧含油污泥技术可实现烟气及其他污染物零排放,产生的蒸汽可直接供应油田生产和生活使用,产生的液态CO2可直接用于油井驱油,烟气中的SO2和NOx可转化为硫酸和硝酸。采用日处理200 t含油污泥的流化床锅炉年处理含油污泥量约73 kt,每年减少排污费7 300万元;锅炉年产蒸汽量约177 kt,每年节约蒸汽费用1 380.6万元,合计每年节约成本8 680.6万元。回收得到质量分数为40%的稀硫酸5.56 t/d,质量分数为37%的硝酸0.708 t/d,年回收CO2约99 kt。     

葛洲坝环嘉2983 kW(4000马力)废钢铁破碎线竣工投产

正20127年10月16日,葛洲坝环嘉包头分公司2 983 kW(4 000马力)废钢铁破碎线正式在包头铝业园区竣工投产。据悉,葛洲坝环嘉包头分公司于2017年年6月正式签约落户包头铝业园区。项目投资1亿元,投产后废钢铁回收利用规模可达100万t,废铝回收利用规模可达10万t,预计可实现年产值30亿元、利税3亿元,带动就业岗位300个。     

中国首个动力电池回收国标已制定

正近年来,随着国家对新能源汽车产业的推动,新能源汽车的产量和保有量不断攀升。而随之而来的是动力电池将在2020年左右达到一个12~17万t的报废高峰,这些报废电池如何处理已经成为一个不容小觑的问题。不少业内人士认为,考虑到未来电动车的发展趋势及环境问题,将带来动力电池的回收利用的蓝海。但事实上动力电池的回收利用实际操作工序上仍然存在大量的问题,专业性不强、安全性差、拆解不规范等问题突出,行业亟待标准的规范。     

电子废弃物中塑料回收利用技术现状

综述了国内外电子废弃物中塑料回收利用技术（机械处理技术、化学处理技术、热处理技术）,分析了现有技术存在的主要问题和面,临的机遇,提出了电子废弃物中塑料回收处理技术在今后的发展趋势。     

Determination of the Thermal Efficiency of Pre-boilover Burning of a Slick of Oil on Water

The burning rate of a slick of oil on a water bed is calculated by a simple expression derived from a one-dimensional heat conduction equation. Heat feedback from the flame to the surface is assumed to be a constant fraction of the total energy released by the combustion reaction. The constant fraction (χ) is named the burning efficiency and represents an important tool in assessing the potential of in situ burning as a counter-measure to an oil-spill. The total heat release, as a function of the pool diameter, is obtained from an existing correlation. It is assumed that radiative heat is absorbed close to the fuel surface, that conduction is the dominant mode of heat transfer in the liquid phase and that the fuel boiling temperature remains constant. By matching the characteristic thermal penetration length scale for the fuel/water system and an equivalent single layer system, a combined thermal diffusivity can be calculated and used to obtain an analytical solution for the burning rate. Theoretical expressions were correlated with crude oil and heating oil, for a number of pool diameters and initial fuel layer thickness. Experiments were also conducted with emulsified and weathered crude oil. The simple analytical expression describes well the effects of pool diameter and initial fuel layer thickness permitting a better observation of the effects of weathering, emulsification and net heat feedback to the fuel surface. Experiments showed that only a small fraction of the heat released by the flame is retained by the fuel layer and water bed (of the order of 1%). The effect of weathering on the burning rate decreases with the weathering period and that emulsification results in a linear decrease of the burning rate with water content.     

Calculation of carbon balances for evaluation of the biodegradability of polymers

Establishing carbon balances has been proven to be an applicable and powerful tool in testing biodegradability of polymers. In controlled degradation tests at a 4-L scale with the model polymer poly(-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), it was shown that the degree of degradation could not be determined with satisfactory accuracy from CO₂ release alone. Instead, the course of degradation was characterized by means of establishing carbon balances for the degradation of PHB withAcidovorax facilis and a mixed culture derived from compost. Different analytical methods for determining the different carbon fractions were adapted to the particular test conditions and compared. Quantitative determination of biomass and residual polymer were the main problems in establishing carbon balances. Amounts of biomass derived from protein measurements depend strongly on assumptions of the protein content of the biomass. Selective oxidation of biomass with hypochlorite was used as alternative, but here problems arose from insoluble metabolic products. Determination of soluble components with the method of chemical oxygen demand (COD) also includes empirical assumptions but seems acceptable if the dissolved carbon fraction is in the range of some 10% total carbon. Results confirm both analytical assays and theoretical approaches, in ending up at values very close to 100%, within an acceptable standard deviation range under test conditions comparable to standard test practice.Paper presented at the Bio/Environmentally Degradable Polymer Society—Third National Meeting, June 6–8, 1994, Boston, Massachusetts.     

富拉尔基发电总厂200MW机组除尘器改造

对富拉尔基发电总厂5号炉的设计条件进行了分析，针对燃用低硫煤，飞灰比电阻高，场地较小，除尘效率要求高的情况，在电除尘器的设计上采取有效措施，达到了排放要求。     

Review of the kinetics of alkaline degradation of cellulose in view of its relevance for safety assessment of radioactive waste repositories

The degradation of cellulose (a substantial component of low- and intermediate-level radioactive waste) under alkaline conditions occurs via two main processes: a peeling-off reaction and a basecatalyzed cleavage of glycosidic bonds (hydrolysis). Both processes show pseudo-first-order kinetics. At ambient temperature, the peeling-off process is the dominant degradation mechanism, resulting in the formation of mainly isosaccharinic acid. The degradation depends strongly on the degree of polymerization (DP) and on the number of reducing end groups present in cellulose. Beyond pH 12.5, the OH^- concentration has only a minor effect on the degradation rate. It was estimated that under repository conditions (alkaline environment, pH 13.3-12.5) about 10% of the cellulosic materials (average DP = 1000-2000) will degrade in the first stage (up to 10⁵ years) by the peeling-off reaction and will cause an ingrowth of isosaccharinic acid in the interstitial cement pore water. In the second stage (10⁵-10⁶ years), alkaline hydrolysis will control the further degradation of the cellulose. The potential role of microorganisms in the degradation of cellulose under alkaline conditions could not be evaluated. Proper assessment of the effect of cellulose degradation on the mobilization of radionuclides basically requires knowing the concentration of isosaccharinic acid in the pore water. This concentration, however, depends on several factors such as the stability of ISA under alkaline conditions, sorption of ISA on cement, formation of sparingly soluble ISA-salts, etc. A discussion of all the relevant processes involved, however, is far beyond the scope of the presented overview.     

Study of Aging Characteristics of Ternary Blends of Polyethylenes—II

Six film samples of low-density polypropylene (LDPE)/linear LDPE (LLDPE)/high-density polypropylene (HDPE) with varying ratios of LDPE (20–45 ... wt%) and LLDPE (25–50 wt%) having a fixed amount of HDPE at 30 wt% were prepared by blown film extrusion technique. The samples were aged at four different temperatures, 55°, 70°, 85°, and 100°C, for four different time periods in the interval of between 150 hours and up to 600 hours. The change in the structure of various constituents and the formation of various oxygenated (peroxy and hydroperoxy) and unsaturated groups during thermo-oxidative degradation was discussed by infrared spectroscopy. The visiosity-average molecular weight was found to have decreased slowly in the initial aging hours and temperatures, whereas it decreased by 10% with its previous value tensile strength that is, 100°C when aged for 600 hours. The tensile strength of the sample first increased by 67% at 55°C and 89% at 70°C up to 450 hours, whereas the values increased by 52.5% at 85°C and 33.9% at 100°C when aged for 150 hours and then decreased. The percentage elongation at break increased by 2.7% at 55°C and 10.7% at 70°C for 150 and 300 hours of aging, respectively, whereas the percentage decreased when aged at 85°C and 100°C for up to 600 hours of aging. The values of gel content (percent) increased and initial degradation temperature decreased with aging time and temperature.     

Selection of adsorbents for treatment of leachate: batch studies of simultaneous adsorption of heavy metals

The simultaneous adsorption of copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb) ions from spiked deionized water and spiked leachate onto natural materials (peat A and B), by-product or waste materials (carbon-containing ash, paper pellets, pine bark, and semi-coke), and synthetic materials (based on urea-formaldehyde resins, called blue and red adsorbents) or mixtures thereof was investigated. The adsorbents that gave the highest metal removal efficiencies were peat A, a mixture of peat B and carbon-containing ash, and a mixture of peat A and blue. At an initial concentration of 5 mg/l for each metal, the removal of each species of metal ion from spiked water and spiked leachate solutions was very good (>90%) and good (>75%), respectively. When the initial concentration of each metal in the solutions was twenty times higher (100 mg/l), there was a noticeable decrease in the removal efficiency of Cu²⁺, Cd²⁺, and Ni²⁺, but not of Pb²⁺. Langmuir monolayer adsorption capacities, q_m, on peat A were found to be 0.57, 0.37, and 0.36 mmol/g for Pb²⁺, Cd²⁺, and Ni²⁺, respectively. The order of metal adsorption capacity on peat A was the same in the case of competitive multimetal adsorption conditions as it was for single-element adsorption, namely Pb²⁺ > Cd²⁺ ≥ Ni²⁺. The results show that peat alone (an inexpensive adsorbent) is a good adsorbent for heavy metal ions.     

袋式除尘器气流分布数值计算研究

采用结构化/非结构化混合网格技术、多孔介质模型及k-ε两方程湍流模型,对某袋式除尘器及进出口管道内的气体流场进行了数值计算.计算结果表明,合理布置导流板后,袋式除尘器两箱体流量偏差为1.8％;除尘器下游滤袋单元处理气量偏大,中游滤袋单元处理气量较小,最大流量与最小流量偏差为22.3％;靠近除尘器进口处灰斗内存在气流回流特性,易造成粉尘的二次附着现象.     

Kinetics of Hydrolytic Degradation of PLA

The chemical recycling of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) to its monomer is crucial to reduce both the consumption of renewable resources for the monomer synthesis and the environmental impact related to its production and disposal. In particular, the production of lactic acid from PLA wastes, rather than from virgin raw materials, it is also possible to achieve considerable primary energy savings. The focus of this work is to analyse deeply the PLA hydrolytic decomposition by means of a kinetic model based on two reactions mechanism. To this end, new experimental data have been gathered in order to investigate a wider temperature range (from 140 to 180 °C) and to extend the water/PLA ratio up to 50 % of PLA by weight. The reported results clearly highlight that more than 95 % of PLA is hydrolyzed to water-soluble lactic acid within 120 min, when it is hydrolyzed within 160–180 °C. Furthermore, the kinetic constant is highly influenced by reaction temperature. The proposed “two reactions” kinetic mechanism complies satisfactorily with the experimental data under analysis.     

Determination of the Burning Characteristics of a Slick of Oil on Water

The burning rate of a slick of oil on a water bed is characterized by three distinct processes, ignition, flame spread and burning rate. Although all three processes are important, ignition and burning rate are critical. The former, because it defines the potential to burn and the latter because of the inherent possibility of boilover. Burning rate is calculated by a simple expression derived from a one-dimensional heat conduction equation. Heat feedback from the flame to the surface is assumed to be a constant fraction of the total energy released by the combustion reaction. The constant fraction (χ) is named the burning efficiency and represents an important tool in assessing the potential of in situ burning as a counter-measure to an oil spill. By matching the characteristic thermal penetration length scale for the fuel/water system and an equivalent single layer system, a combined thermal diffusivity can be calculated and used to obtain an analytical solution for the burning rate. Theoretical expressions were correlated with crude oil and heating oil, for a number of pool diameters and initial fuel layer thickness. Experiments were also conducted with emulsified and weathered crude oil. The simple analytical expression describes well the effects of pool diameter and initial fuel layer thickness permitting a better observation of the effects of weathering, emulsification and net heat feedback to the fuel surface. Experiments showed that only a small fraction of the heat released by the flame is retained by the fuel layer and water bed (of the order of 1%). Ignition has been studied to provide a tool that will serve to assess a fuels ease to ignite under conditions that are representative of oil spills. Two different techniques are used, piloted ignition when the fuel is exposed to a radiant heat flux and flash point as measured by the ASTM D56 Tag Closed Cup Test. Two different crude oils were used for these experiments, ANS and Cook Inlet. Crude oils were tested in their natural state and at different levels of weathering, showing that piloted ignition and flash point are strong functions of weathering level.     

废旧冰箱塑料回收再生利用技术研究

目前我国的废旧冰箱已进入了一个报废高峰期,且大量废旧冰箱塑料的处理问题已成为当今地球环境保护的热点问题,而我国又是一个人均资源占有量很低的国家,因此,对废旧冰箱塑料进行回收与再生利用则具有极其重要的意义.介绍了废旧冰箱塑料的物理再生利用、化学再生利用、生物降解、能源回收利用的技术和方法.