环境决策的伦理向度

环境决策是指决策在环境领域中的具体应用,即依据需求、偏好和价值观等一系列因素对开发、利用和保护环境等多项行为进行思考和评估,进而选择出最优决策方案的过程。相比一般的公共政策决策,环境决策表现出高度的不确定性、在时间和空间维度上的延展性以及广泛的社会性等特点。其实质是解决利益冲突问题,实现经济、社会与环境利益的协调平衡与可持续发展。它的深层根源在于人与人以及人与环境之间的价值冲突,而化解这些多元价值冲突离不开伦理判断。在实际环境决策中,主要有功利主义、道义论和美德伦理三种伦理形式作为支撑,但是作为一种人际伦理,它们在处理环境决策问题时都表现出不同程度的局限与束缚。环境伦理是对人际伦理的一种深度融合,它关注人与自然、人与社会以及自然与社会等多个层次的关系,主张环境正义、代际平等、尊重自然和环境协同等多项原则。其优势在于,它纳入了对动物、植物、整个生态系统的道德关怀,力图通过对自然内在价值的确立去消除传统的主客二元对立,从而更能为化解多元价值冲突提供合理有效的判断标准和衡量尺度。因此,从人际伦理走向环境伦理,是应对环境决策困境的应然之路,也是其最终伦理归宿。环境决策需要环境伦理的指导,而环境伦理也必然要对当前的环境决策困境做出回应。     

可持续发展研究新方向:家庭可持续消费研究

可持续的家庭消费问题已经成为国际上的热点问题。本文首先对可持续家庭消费的研究进行了综述，再结合当前中国家庭的能源消费、水资源消费和垃圾排放的环境影响，提出了在中国进行可持续家庭消费研究的重要意义。     

传统的超越与反思：可持续发展普世伦理的构建

本文认为可持续发展本涉及的是普世伦理问题,可持续发展目标的实现有赖于普适伦理规范的建立。在此基础上,本文初步分析了普世伦理的前提和原则,较详细地探讨了人与自然的伦理关系。     

推进我国可持续消费政策探析

2003年，我国的能源供应已全面吃紧，全国化学需氧量和二氧化硫排放量已超出环境容量，且二氧化硫排放量与国内生产总值显现出9％的同一增长速度。据估算，水污染造成的经济损失相当于GDP1．5％～3％，空气污染导致的公众健康和环境损害可能占GDP的7％。当前资源和环境的瓶颈约束加剧及现阶段我国经济持续高速增长态势使得经济增长方式上存在的高投入、高消耗、高排放、低效率等问题日益突显，可持续发展实现难度很大。     

可持续发展下环境伦理与原则

可持续发展理论与实践促进了环境伦理学的发展。环境伦理也从人类中心主义的环境伦理与非人类中心主义的环境伦理的分野走向人类中心主义的环境伦理、非人类中心主义环境伦理和可持续发展的环境伦理的鼎足。可持续发展的环境伦理是合理吸收人类中心主义环境伦理和非人类中心主义环境伦理并着眼于可持续发展的环境伦理 ,它要求人们在对待环境的行为中必须善待自然、关注未来和规范行为     

国际可持续消费实践与政策启示

可持续消费的目标是利用最少的资源实现效益最优化,提高人类生活质量,即在产品的整个生命周期内,减少环境恶化、废弃物和污染物,使用更少的资源生产和提供更多更好的产品和服务,达到"效率提升、事半功倍"的效果,同时改善所有人的生活质量。本文总结了可持续消费的国际政策措施,各国积极制定可持续消费战略与行动计划,从国家层面采取监管类、经济类、信息化类、自愿协议类等政策措施,国际组织还提出了"消费和生产方式变化核心指标体系"和"可持续消费指标框架"以评价可持续消费与生产实践。综合各国的可持续消费政策,其内涵包括通过进一步促进资源与能源效率提高,推动可持续基础设施建设;通过扶持可持续创业活动、调整现有消费模式实现可持续生活方式的转变,进而推动建立可持续生产模式,最终实现经济发展与环境恶化脱钩。可持续消费能够促进资源节约型与环境友好型技术创新与社会创新,对发展中国家避免发展中的低效率和高污染陷阱,更加具有借鉴意义和现实价值。因此,通过回顾与比较欧洲、北美洲和拉丁美洲及加勒比海地区的可持续消费政策措施,得出了可持续消费国际实践带给中国的政策启示:为推动中国实现可持续消费,需要明确可持续消费战略定位,制定可持续消费战略与行动计划;结合中国实际情况,建立可持续消费和生产评价指标体系,指导中国可持续消费与生产的具体实践;由于政府、企业、公众的共同参与对于推动可持续消费具有重大作用,应鼓励企业投资和加强公众参与。     

环境伦理:对人与自然和谐发展的伦理观照

环境伦理将人类之间的伦理关系延伸到了人与自然,认为人既依赖于自然,又作用于自然。人对自然界的依赖,是人与自然关系的基础;人对自然界的作用,是人与自然关系的核心。本文从环境伦理重塑人与自然的关系入手,提出环境伦理原则的确立,是人类对人与自然关系的理性判断,环境伦理是对人与自然和谐发展的伦理观照。     

生产剩余与消费剩余：人与自然和谐的探索

人与自然的和谐是人类社会可持续发展的实践基础和核心议题。本文着重从“生产剩余”和“消费剩余”新的认识视觉 ,通过构建物流循环结构和剖析人与自然的相依关系 ,探索两者之间物质、能量转化的协同机理与和谐准则 ,进而提出了相应的实践对策。     

生态伦理:可持续发展理论架构的基础

生态伦理作为可持续发展的基础理论构架的根据．主要体现在：从自然内在价值论与自然权利论的角度出发为可持续发展价值观提供了合理性证明：通过对人与自然间伦理关系的确定、道德原则规范的制定及对人类道德境界的全新诠释,为人类可持续发展提供了新的道德观支持;通过对“环境公正”理论的深入阐发．丰富和完善了“公正”这一可持续发展的核心理念。     

江苏农村地区能源消费与可持续发展

江苏是中国经济发展较为迅速的省份 ,为了研究农村地区经济发展过程中能源消费的变化规律 ,本文在大量调查数据分析的基础上 ,对江苏农村地区乡镇工业、农村生活和农业生产能源消费水平和结构及其发展变化进行了研究 ,提出了农村地区能源问题的可持续发展战略     

Three Dimensions of Social Media Messaging Success by Environmental NGOs

Studies show that NGOs persist in using social media to impart unidirectional messages rather than taking advantage of the participatory nature of networked media. Fear of a loss of message control may be at the heart of NGOs’ desire to keep social media messages on track. The current study examines the success of an environmental NGO in keeping its social media messages under control using quantitative content analysis of an NGO-promoted hashtag, #climatemarch, during a United Nations conference on climate change in 2015. Three dimensions of social media message success – volume, topic/valence, and participants – are proposed.     

Production, Consumption and the World Summit on Sustainable Development

At the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD), world leaders agreed that eliminating unsustainable production and consumption is one of the three overriding objectives of sustainable development. Achieving that objective should have been a major priority for the WSSD Plan of Implementation. Increases in consumption and production over the past decade were largely responsible for the worsening environmental and social trends. Unfortunately, the negotiators of the Plan paid insufficient attention to the lessons from 10 years of discussions about the concepts, the available policies and tools and their effectiveness, the impacts of those policies on developing countries, and the political commitment of countries in an era of globalization. Despite a promising proposal for a new ten-year work programme aimed at bridging the gap implementing the Agenda 21 commitments from Rio, Summit negotiators produced barely more than a muted echo of recommendations from the past which have yet to be taken seriously enough by the world's leaders in a comprehensive intergovernmental strategy. In the ten-year review of progress to achieve sustainable production and consumption (SPAC), governments quickly skipped past the critical work of examining why things are getting worse, avoiding the task of identifying the obstacles (which in some cases were themselves) and in turn avoiding the commitment to time-bound measurable targets. If nothing else, the WSSD demonstrated that a global strategy to achieve SPAC will come not from a UN consensus of world leaders but from a strategic alliance of responsible governments, civil society and others with a vision beyond the next election cycle.     

Three Critical Issues in Sustainable Development Studies and the Transition Development of China

The core issue for China transition development in the next 30 years is to shift from the quantity growth model to the quality improvement model. The paper introduces the research progress in three key areas of sustainable development studies since the 1990s. It is pointed out that there is a well-being thresh-old at which the margin utility of economic growth for human well-being will decline, that there is an ecological limit beyond which more economic growth in terms of physical scale will be impossible, and that the creation of human well-being is related not only to the amount but also to the structure and efficiency of public expenditure from government. After an in-depth discussion on facts, origins and policy implications of each issue, some theory and policy thinking with long-lasting significance are raised for the transition development of China.     

Elasticity Ratio of Resource Consumption and the Resource Consumption

Today the resources are becoming scarcer, which should not be regarded as unexhausted any more. Correspondingly, the production would be constrained by the scarcity of resources clearly. Then the economic researchers would pay much more attention to reducing the consumption of natural resources in the future. Therefore this paper brings foreword the conception of elasticity ratio of resource consumption based on the concept of elasticity and analyzes the relationship between the parameters. For the certain relationships between the elasticity ratio of resource consumption and resource consumption, this paper will try to reveal, to keep economy growing while resource consumption reducing, what conditions should be met as to the relationships among resource productivity, its growth rate, energy saving efficiency, economic growth rate and elasticity ratio of resource consumption. This paper proves the relationship between the China＇s energy consumption and economy growth using statistic data from 1978 to 2003.     

Policy Options for Sustainable Development in Urban Transport: Analysis of Energy Consumption and Environmental Benefit Influenced by Different Transport Policies in Beijing

Transportation is a sector with high energy consumption as well as high emissions. Generally speaking, economic growth will inevitably lead to the increase of travel demand and vehicle population, which in turn results into the augmentation of environmental and social costs. For metropolis like Beijing under rapid development, there exist various possibilities and options for transport development policy instruments. But there is no guarantee that they will be suitable for Beijing, although they are effective in their local places. This article assesses what kind of policy can most effectively improve the traffic conditions in Beijing in the future. After literature reviews on the practices of foreign policy and we established several feasible scenarios. Then, we used the Long Range Energy Alternatives Planning System (LREAP) analyzed their corresponding results of reduced energy consumption and emissions. Finally, by simulating and computing the realistic Beijing transportation scenarios, this paper scientifically assesses what kind of policy can most effectively improve the traffic condition in Beijing in the coming decade.     

不同消费模式下虚拟水消费比较

水资源是产品生产的基本、必要的投入,不同的产品消费模式对水资源剥用有着很大的影响,分析和度量这种影响作用对于水资源的可持续利用及可持续消费模式的构建等都有着重要的意义.以甘肃省1992-2005年虚拟水消费量为例,分析消费模式对虚拟水消费量的影响作用之后,通过设定3种消费模式调整方案,并分别核算和比较了3种调整方案的虚拟水节约情况.研究结果表明:在这14年中人均虚拟水消费量在减少,与1992年相比,2005年人均消费量减少了43%;消费项目中粮食产品虚拟水消费量减少最显著,而奶类增加幅度最大;人口数据对环境影响有放大的作用,控制虚拟水人均消费量是减少虚拟水消费的关键所在;以产品链中位置低的产晶替代位置高的产品,可以减少当前消费模式下的虚拟水消费量.     

资源消费弹性系数与降低经济增长中的资源消耗

在能源危机、资源短缺的今天,产出水平进一步提高将曩益明显地表现出受制予自然资源稀缺性的特征。因此。经济理论在今后所关注的问题将是如何降低自然资源的消费。为此,本文借鉴弹性的定义提出了资源消费弹性的概念,进而分析了资源弹性系数中各数值之间的关系。由于资源消费弹性系数和资源消费的必然联系,本文又试图揭示在经济保持增长而又能烽低资源消费时。资源生产率及其增长速度、节能率、经济增长速度和资源消费弹性之间的关系;其后利用1978-2003年的中国数据进行了验证。资源消费弹性是一个分析资源消费变化的有用指标。     

基于协调性的国家实验区可持续发展预警分析

本文针对可持续发展预警指标体系的构建原则及其组成进行探讨,在此基础上分析了经济社会子系统发展和环境资源子系统承受度之间的协调关系,并确定了可持续发展预警指数及预警界限。按照这种可持续发展预警分析思路,文章对横店镇、钟祥市等12个国家可持续发展实验区进行了实证研究。     

水源保护 绿色发展 生态富民 统筹城乡 潍坊峡山国家可持续发展实验区

潍坊市峡山生态经济发展区位于山东半岛中部,全区总面积491 km2,辖4个街道,277个行政村,人口23万。峡山区交通便利,胶济铁路和济青高速公路横贯东西,潍胶路环区而过。拥有山东省最大的水库——峡山水库,水域面积144 km2,库容14.05亿m3,是     

灵山秀水 林海果园 枣庄市山亭区国家可持续发展实验区

枣庄市山亭区位于山东省南部,面积1018 km2,人口50万人。山亭区是历史文明区,是距今2 800多年春秋早期小邾国的国都,是中华民族倪氏、颜氏的发源地;山亭是革命老区,山东省第一个县级红色政权、山东第一所军政大学所在地、八路军115师在山东主根据地,铁道游击队大后方;山亭区更是生态文明区,境内有山峰