达标处理钻井废弃物对植物生长的影响

以"钻井废弃物不落地达标处理技术"处理后泥饼作为土壤资源进行植物种植试验,利用DPS统计软件,对不同泥浆土比例下的多种植物的生长状况进行统计分析。结果表明,泥浆土对植物的生长影响差异不显著,钻井废弃物可作为资源再回收利用。     

成都市大气消光系数及PM2.5质量浓度在不同湿度条件下的关系研究

大气消光系数可以表征污染程度的大小,其本身与相对湿度密切相关。对2013年6月~2014年5月的逐小时地面观测的大气消光系数、相对湿度和PM2.5质量浓度数据进行统计与相关分析,以了解成都市大气污染的时间分布特征以及相对湿度和PM2.5质量浓度对其影响,在此基础上分析细颗粒物的吸湿增长特性。结果表明:(1)成都市消光系数具有明显的季节特征,消光系数大小依次为冬季秋季夏季春季。消光系数日变化在不同季节表现出不同的变化趋势。(2)当相对湿度小于80%时,PM2.5浓度与消光系数显著正相关,可直接利用污染物浓度代表污染的严重程度。(3)平均单位质量消光系数随相对湿度的变化表现出随机性,但整体呈现正相关。就平均而言,相对湿度每增加一个单位,平均单位质量消光系数增加0.013%。(4)由于成都市相对湿度对消光系数影响较大,因此在评定污染程度时用空气质量指数进行评定比用能见度评定更具科学性。     

土壤锑污染对桑树的影响初探

运用盆栽实验和实验分析方法,研究了土壤锑(Sb)污染对桑叶品质的影响,揭示了桑树对土壤锑的耐性机制。在土壤中分别添加三价锑15mg/kg、40mg/kg、80mg/kg、120mg/kg、160mg/kg和300mg/kg,以植物生长指标及生理指标为测试指标,实验周期60d。实验结果表明,低浓度Sb处理(<40mg/kg)对桑树生长有促进作用;随着土壤Sb浓度增高(40—300mg/kg),它对桑树产生抑制效应。但当土壤锑浓度不超过160mg/kg时,桑树对土壤锑污染有一定的耐性,其耐性指数>0.8。土壤锑污染对桑叶叶绿素含量、淀粉含量和可溶性糖含量影响不显著,桑叶中的锑含量随土壤锑含量的增加而增多。     

水花生生长抑制剂与防治技术研究

针对外来入侵植物水花生对农林渔业生产造成的严重影响,采用植物对某种营养元素的敏感性原理,筛选出水花生敏感的物质,结合叶面喷施肥配置出A、B、C三种水花生生长抑制剂配方;再采用水溶液喷施的方式对水花生进行不同浓度处理,观察测定水花生的生理指标,筛选出最佳的防治水花生配方及处理浓度。研究结果表明,随着处理浓度的升高,生长抑制剂对水花生的生物量、叶绿素含量的影响逐渐增加,A、B配方的防治效果较好,且最佳处理浓度为2%。     

酸雨胁迫对白兰花(Michelia alba DC．)抗氧化酶活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响

本文以长势良好且树龄相同的木兰科植物白兰花(Michelia alba.DC)为实验材料,采用盆栽方式,用模拟酸雨的处理方法,研究了其在模拟酸雨胁迫下的抗氧化酶系统和丙二醛(MDA)的变化规律。结果表明,pH2.0酸雨比pH3.0和pH4.0对白兰花的影响更大,到第六次喷施酸雨时,SOD、POD、CAT酶活性均低于对照;各处理MDA含量在第六次处理时达到最高值,且均与对照呈显著性差异(P0.05)。说明酸雨胁迫对白兰花的影响较大,白兰花在酸雨胁迫下抗逆性和耐受性较弱,其结果为酸雨控制区选择城市绿化植物提供重要的现实意义。     

昆明城区颗粒物质量浓度变化特征及驱动因素研究

为探究颗粒物对昆明城区环境空气质量的影响，基于2015～2020年颗粒物质量浓度数据，利用Spearman相关性分析、冗余分析方法对颗粒物质量浓度时空变化特征及其驱动因素进行深入研究。结果表明：2015～2020年期间，可吸入颗粒物(PM₁₀)、细颗粒物(PM_2.5)质量浓度均呈现显著下降的变化趋势，年内旱季整体高于雨季，日内呈“双峰双谷”波动变化趋势且夜间显著高于白天；颗粒物质量浓度的主要影响因素是风速，并与降水量、相对湿度、气温呈现显著负相关，但也受到区域传输、人类活动等多种因素影响。未来，应分区域、分时段(旱季和雨季、昼间和夜间)制定差异化的污染管控措施，重点控制PM₁₀质量浓度并使PM_2.5质量浓度持续下降，为持续提升昆明城区环境空气质量水平提供科学依据。     

植物生长调节剂对格药柃硬枝扦插繁殖的影响

研究了NAA、IBA对格药柃硬枝扦插繁殖的影响.结果表明,选择适当浓度的外源植物生长调节物质可显著提高格药柃硬枝扦插繁殖效果.其中用1000mg/L质量浓度的吲哚丁酸溶液速浸5min插穗,其生根率可达76.67%.     

大庆油田废钻井液对农作物的影响

为了阐明废钻井液对农作物的生物效应，以大庆油田典型的水基废钻井坡进行了玉米、大豆种子发芽率试验及大豆盆栽试验。试验结果表明：各浓度组玉米、大豆种子发芽率均在93％以上，废钻井液未对种子幼芽产生毒害作用；对盆栽大豆籽实中金属及有机污染指标未造成影响；对大豆中营养指标─—蛋白质含量有增加的趋势，其淀粉含量有显著增加效应，脂肪含量无影响；对大豆株高增效明显，相对平均增高21．03％，各浓度组千粒重无明显区别。     

增塑剂生产废水处理工程设计

某增塑剂企业生产废水的产生量为300m~3/d,该废水具有COD_(Cr)浓度高、可生化性较差、污染物质相对分子量大、结构复杂等特点。工程设计采用以气浮、水解酸化、UASB、CASS为主体的处理工艺,文章介绍了各处理单元主体构筑物的设计参数。在进水COD_(Cr)、NH_3-N平均质量浓度为8775.5mg/L和115.5mg/L的情况下,经过该工艺处理后,出水COD_(Cr)、NH_3-N平均质量浓度为438.3mg/L和17.7mg/L,稳定达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)三级标准要求。     

基于响应面优化条件下氨基化MCM-41对砷的吸附研究

本研究使用氨基改性的MCM-41(即NH2-MCM-41)介孔分子筛作为吸附剂处理水溶液中的As(Ⅲ)离子。采用中心复合设计(CCD)响应面优化实验对NH2-MCM-41吸附As(Ⅲ)的影响因素(pH、金属离子初始浓度、温度和吸附剂用量)进行优化,建立去除率与各因素之间的二次多项式模型。结果显示：pH、金属离子初始浓度、温度和吸附剂用量对吸附过程均有显著影响(P<0.05),在pH 5.62,As(Ⅲ)的初始浓度为5.00 mg/L,温度为20℃,吸附剂用量为5.00g/L的最优条件下As(Ⅲ)的去除率实测值达75.6%。     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Using Paleo Reconstructions to Improve Streamflow Forecast Lead Time in the Western United States

In water stressed regions, water managers are exploring new horizons that would help in long‐range streamflow forecasts. Oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence streamflow variability. In this study, long‐lead time streamflow forecasts are made using a multiclass kernel‐based data‐driven support vector machine (SVM) model. The extended streamflow records based on tree ring reconstructions were used to provide a longer time series data. Reconstructed data were used from 1658 to 1952 and the instrumental record was used from 1953 to 2007. Reconstructions for oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations included the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Streamflow forecasts using all four oscillations were made with one‐year to five‐year lead times for 21 gages in the western United States. This is the first study that uses both instrumental and reconstructed data of oscillations in SVM model to improve streamflow forecast lead time. SVM model was able to provide “satisfactory” to “very good” forecasts with one‐ to five‐year lead time for the selected gages. The use of all the oscillation indices helped in achieving better predictability compared to using individual oscillations. The SVM modeling results are better when compared with multiple linear regression model forecasts. The findings are statistical in nature and are expected to be useful for long‐term water resources planning and management.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

MANGANESE CYCLE IN IMPOUNDMENT WATER

Manganese entering impounded water will undergo a cyclic transformation. Oxidation precipitates manganese from top waters. At the bottom of the lake, biological activity will render manganese soluble by both intracellular as well as extracellular activity. The study was made to demonstrate that biological reduction and transformation, organometallic complexation, together with the presence of carbon dioxide and the lowering of pH all have some effect on the solubility of manganese. Dissolved manganese may be brought back to top waters during the lake overturn and therefore deteriorates the water quality.     

AN APPLICATION RUNOFF MODEL STRATEGY FOR UNGAGED WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m²) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft³/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m³/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes.     

Sources and Transport of Phosphorus to Rivers in California and Adjacent States,U.S., as Determined by SPARROW Modeling

The SPARROW (SPAtially Referenced Regression on Watershed attributes) model was used to simulate annual phosphorus loads and concentrations in unmonitored stream reaches in California, U.S., and portions of Nevada and Oregon. The model was calibrated using de‐trended streamflow and phosphorus concentration data at 80 locations. The model explained 91% of the variability in loads and 51% of the variability in yields for a base year of 2002. Point sources, geological background, and cultivated land were significant sources. Variables used to explain delivery of phosphorus from land to water were precipitation and soil clay content. Aquatic loss of phosphorus was significant in streams of all sizes, with the greatest decay predicted in small‐ and intermediate‐sized streams. Geological sources, including volcanic rocks and shales, were the principal control on concentrations and loads in many regions. Some localized formations such as the Monterey shale of southern California are important sources of phosphorus and may contribute to elevated stream concentrations. Many of the larger point source facilities were located in downstream areas, near the ocean, and do not affect inland streams except for a few locations. Large areas of cultivated land result in phosphorus load increases, but do not necessarily increase the loads above those of geological background in some cases because of local hydrology, which limits the potential of phosphorus transport from land to streams.     

Surface applied water treatment residuals affect bioavailable phosphorus losses in Florida sands

Water treatment residuals (WTR) can reduce runoff P loss and surface co-application of P-sources and WTR is a practical way of land applying the residuals. In a rainfall simulation study, we evaluated the effects of surface co-applied P-sources and an Al-WTR on runoff and leacheate bioavailable P (BAP) losses from a Florida sand. Four P-sources, namely poultry manure, Boca Raton biosolids (high water-soluble P), Pompano biosolids (moderate water-soluble P), and triple super phosphate (TSP) were surface applied at 56 and 224kgPha(-1) (by weight) to represent low and high soil P loads typical of P- and N-based amendments rates. The treatments further received surface applied WTR at 0 or 10gWTRkg(-1) soil. BAP loss masses were greater in leachate (16.4-536mg) than in runoff (0.91-46mg), but were reduced in runoff and leachate by surface applied WTR. Masses of total BAP lost in the presence of surface applied WTR were less than approximately 75% of BAP losses in the absence of WTR. Total BAP losses from each of the organic sources applied at N-based rates were not greater than P loss from TSP applied at a P-based rate. The BAP loss at the N-based rate of moderate water-soluble P-source (Pompano biosolids) was not greater than BAP losses at the P-based rates of other organic sources tested. The hazards of excess P from applying organic P-sources at N-based rates are not greater than observed at P-based rates of mineral fertilizer. Results suggest that management of the environmental P hazards associated with N-based rates of organic materials in Florida sands is possible by either applying P-sources with WTR or using a moderate water-soluble P-source.     

Animal Consciousness and Ethics in Asia and the Pacific

The interactions between humans, animals and the environment have shaped human values and ethics, not only the genes that we are made of. The animal rights movement challenges human beings to reconsider interactions between humans and other animals, and maybe connected to the environmental movement that begs us to recognize the fact that there are symbiotic relationships between humans and all other organisms. The first part of this paper looks at types of bioethics, the implications of autonomy and the value of being alive. Then the level of consciousness of these relationships are explored in survey results from Asia and the Pacific, especially in the 1993 International Bioethics Survey conducted in Australia, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, The Philippines, Russia, Singapore and Thailand. Very few mentioned animal consciousness in the survey, but there were more biocentric comments in Australia and Japan; and more comments with the idea of harmony including humans in Thailand. Comparisons between questions and surveys will also be made, in an attempt to describe what people imagine animal consciousness to be, and whether this relates to human ethics of the relationships. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.