哈龙替代技术的现状分析与展望

本文先简要介绍了哈龙对臭氧层的危害，接着阐述了目前主要的哈龙替代物、替代物必须满足的条件以及哈龙替代物的发展趋势。重点分析了作为哈龙替代技术的细水雾、气溶胶、非挥发性哈龙替代物、泡沫等灭火技术的发展前景和应用范围，并比较它们的有效性和局限性，希望能为开发新型清洁高效的哈龙替代技术提供一定的参考。     

哈龙替代产品与哈龙灭火系统替代技术的思考

哈龙替代产品和哈龙灭火系统替代技术在消防保卫工作中发挥了积极的作用,但我国现阶段由于在哈龙替代产品和哈龙系统替代技术上存在不少问题,使某些场所设置的灭火系统存在不少亟待改进的不足,应加强对哈龙替代产品和哈龙灭火系统替代技术的进一步研究,以避免留下新的不安全因素.     

哈龙固定灭火系统替代技术

介绍了哈龙固定灭火系统淘汰背景,哈龙灭火系统替代技术发展现状。结合消除建审工作经验,阐述了作为哈龙替代系统且目前在国内工程实践中应用的CO2灭火系统、INERGEN灭火系统、FM-200灭火系统及EBM灭火系统主要性能及与哈龙系统的差异,探讨哈龙替代系统技术发展趋势,对气体灭火系统设计选型有一定参考价值。     

哈龙替代产品的开发及其应用

介绍了哈龙替代产品的灭火机理、优点、缺点以及适用场所.重点分析了细水雾灭火剂的应用范围和发展前景,为开发新型清洁高效的哈龙替代技术提供一定的参考.     

民用飞机固定灭火系统哈龙替代技术现状与展望

面对目前民用飞机固定管网灭火系统主要使用的哈龙1301灭火剂即将淘汰而理想替代品缺失的局面,本文详细调研了不同型号民用飞机中哈龙灭火剂的配置状况,并从灭火性能、环保性能、安全性能、腐蚀性能、输放性能5个方面梳理了理想哈龙替代灭火剂应满足的性能指标,并预测民用飞机固定灭火系统中哈龙替代灭火剂的发展方向,为研发具有应用潜力的机载灭火技术提供参考。     

哈龙替代产品的研究现状及发展趋势

针对国内目前已使用的哈龙替代产品现状，包括卤代烃灭火剂，惰性气体灭火剂，气溶胶灭火剂，细水雾灭火剂，易安龙灭火剂等，分析了各种灭火剂的灭火机理，优，缺点以及适用场所，总结了目前哈龙替代产品的研究发展趋势，既所研制的灭火剂的性能向清洁，对人无毒害，灭火性能好，投资少的方向发展。     

英国发布气体灭火系统新指南

英国防损委员会、英国承保人协会和英国消防协会近日联合出台了《气体消防灭火系统新指南》 ,其服务对象是承保人、特别指定人员及终端用户。根据最新的欧洲哈龙替代命令草案 ,除个别特殊情况外 ,哈龙都应在 2 0 0 2年 12月以前完全禁止使用。本指南旨在帮助消防工业及其用户废止哈龙做好准备。但是 ,作为灭火剂的哈龙在英国的使用范围还相当广泛。在以前发表的文献中 ,包括现行的ＢＦＰＳＡ规范和ＩＳＯ标准草稿 ,都提供了关于哈龙替代系统安装方面的信息 ,但是它们针对的都是消防工业内部的哈龙替代系统。而此次新指南则首次针对这个复杂…     

哈龙替代气体灭火剂的综合性能分析及应用

随着哈龙灭火剂的淘汰,逐步开发出了多种哈龙替代气体灭火剂.如何选择既经济环保,又与保护目标相适应的灭火剂成为每个设计人员和每个工程必须面对的问题.本文通过对目前常用的二氧化碳(CO2)、七氟丙烷(FM-200)、烟烙尽(IG-541)、气溶胶等四种哈龙替代气体灭火剂各项性能综合分析,对灭火系统进行了对比,讨论了气体灭火系统的适用场所及应用,使我们对它们有一个较全面的认识,为气体灭火系统的选用和设计提供一些参考.     

惰性气体灭火系统

根据《关于消耗臭氧物质的蒙特利尔协议书》，破坏大气臭氧层的哈龙灭火剂将逐渐被淘汰。为了开发能够替代哈龙的新型气体灭火技术，世界各国的消防科研机构和公司纷纷投入人力物力进行了大量的研究，并开发出一批具有实用价值的新技术。惰性气体灭火系统就是其中之一。 我们知道，惰性气体的物理、化学性质都很稳定，对人体和环境无毒无害，在高温下既不会燃烧、也不会助燃或与其它物质发生化学反应。因此，用惰性气体来灭火，对环境不会造成任何污染。惰性气体灭火系统就是这一前提下开发出来的。 惰性气体灭火系统的灭火原理是这样的：当…     

浅议“备压式”七氟丙烷灭火系统应用

"备压式"七氟丙烷是一种环保型、高效型的灭火系统。该系统所采用的"备压式"驱动灭火剂形式很好的解决了灭火剂的远距离输送的问题;并且由于该系统与替代哈龙灭火系统工作参数相近是一种很适宜的哈龙灭火系统的替代系统。本文就针对该系统的特点对备压式七氟丙烷灭火系统的应用做一阐述。     

Antecedents and outcomes of employee perceptions of intra‐organizational mobility channels

Employees' beliefs about how promotions are awarded within their organizations can have important consequences. We conducted two studies that focus on perceptions of the criteria used to make promotion decisions. In Study 1, we identified two types of perceived promotion criteria, performance‐based and nonperformance‐based. Then we use justice and social exchange theories to develop a model linking employee perceptions of promotion criteria to performance via their relationships with promotional justice and organizational commitment. In a sample of 305 employee–supervisor pairs, we found that both promotional justice and organizational commitment mediated between perceptions of promotion criteria and supervisor rated in‐role and extra‐role performance, and that having received a promotion in the past predicted attributions that promotions were based relatively more on performance or nonperformance criteria. Study 2 further examined the role of promotions themselves in the formation of perceptions of promotion criteria. Drawing from image and attribution theories, we hypothesized that the relationship between having received a promotion or not and perceptions of promotion criteria depends on ego defensiveness. In a sample of 145 employees, we found that those who scored high on ego defensiveness and who had not been promoted were especially likely to attribute promotion decisions to nonperformance criteria. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

化工过程定量风险评价进展及风险准则比较分析

为了研究化工过程定量风险评价进展以及对风险准则进行比较分析,通过梳理定量风险评价的发展历程,从方法来源、法律法规进展以及软件技术发展3个方面,逐一分析各国的发展情况,并结合英国、荷兰、美国与中国个人和社会可接受风险准则的比较结果,分析各国风险准则的异同。此外,阐述了德国和日本化工过程安全控制的准则内容。结果表明:我国定量风险评价技术起步相对较晚,但实施导则、风险准则的制定以及评价软件的开发,标志着我国定量风险评价方法理论体系的发展较为完备。     

基于GAHP-BOCR解决瓦斯隧道安全施工决策问题

施工单位依据实践经验提出了不同于《铁路瓦斯隧道技术规范》的施工措施,为了评价不同施工措施的优劣性,选用灰色层次分析法和利益-机会-代价-风险模型。首先建立瓦斯隧道安全施工评价准则体系,运用灰色理论处理数据,得到准则和子准则对于瓦斯隧道安全施工的权重影响值;其次评价每个子准则对于BOCR属性值,得到BOCR对于总目标的影响程度,并对每个施工措施的B、O、C、R进行评价得出综合计算结果;最后对不同施工措施提出相应的意见。     

Intervention strategies for accident-involved drivers: An experimental evaluation of current California policy and alternatives

This project was designed to evaluate current and alternative strategies for selecting and treating accident-involved drivers in California. The current accident-based selection criteria were contrasted with an expanded selection strategy that included convictions as well as accidents as criteria for selection. The standard diagnostic reexamination treatment was compared to two alternative behavior modification treatments—an accident avoidance session and a mailed educational pamphlet/self-administered test. Interaction between treatments and selection criteria revealed that accident-involved drivers with minimum conviction histories were amenable to treatment intervention, while accident-involved drivers with more extensive conviction histories were not. Treatment effects were statistically significant (p < .02), with each of the treatment groups having posttreatment accident means in excess of 20% lower than comparable control groups.     

Discordance between age- and size-based criteria of child passenger restraint appropriateness

Objectives: In this study, we sought to accomplish the following objectives: to (1) calculate the percentage of children considered appropriately restrained across 8 criteria of increasing restrictiveness; (2) examine agreement between age- and size-based appropriateness criteria; (3) assess for changes in the percentage of children considered appropriately restrained by the 8 criteria between 2011 (shortly after updates to U.S. guidelines) and 2015.

Methods: Data from 2 cross-sectional surveys of 928 parents of children younger than 12 years old (n = 591 in 2011, n = 337 in 2015) were analyzed in 2017. Child age, weight, and height were measured at an emergency department visit and used to determine whether the parent-reported child passenger restraint was considered appropriate according to 8 criteria. Age-based criteria were derived from Michigan law and U.S. guidelines. Weight, height, and size-based criteria were derived from typical restraints available in the United States in 2007 and 2011. The percentage appropriate restraint use was calculated for each criterion. The kappa statistic was used to measure agreement between criteria. Change in appropriateness from 2011 to 2015 was assessed with chi-square statistics.

Results: Percentage appropriate restraint use varied from a low of 19% for higher weight limits in 2011 to a high of 91% for Michigan law in 2015. Agreement between criteria was slight to moderate. The lowest kappa was for Michigan law and higher weight limits in 2011 (κ = 0.06) and highest for U.S. guidelines and lower weight limits in 2011 (κ = 0.60). Percentage appropriate restraint use was higher in 2015 than 2011 for the following criteria: U.S. guidelines (74 vs. 58%, P < .001), lower weight (57 vs. 47%, P = .005), higher weight (25 vs. 19%, P = .03), greater height (39 vs. 26%, P < .001), and greater size (42 vs. 30%, P = .001).

Conclusions: The percentage of children considered to be using an appropriate restraint varied substantially across criteria. Aligning the definition of appropriate restraint use with current U.S. guidelines would increase consistency in reporting results from studies of child passenger safety in the United States. Potential explanations for the increased percentage of children considered appropriately restrained between 2011 and 2015 include adoption of the updated U.S. guidelines and the use of child passenger restraints with higher weight and height limits.     

一种新型的区域定量风险评估模型及应用

为了综合评估区域风险可接受性,深度挖掘潜在风险,优化风险决策,从死亡及受伤风险2方面研究了化工行业的死亡及受伤风险可接受标准（以下简称“双标准”）,提出基于“双标准”的新型区域定量风险评估模型。以1 000 m³柴油罐池火灾事故为对象,通过池火事故后果模型、概率模型及可接受风险模型的创新性使用,对其在油罐区域定量风险评估中的初步运用进行研究。结果表明:该装置在池火事故下的个人死亡风险和社会受伤风险未能达到标准要求,综合评估结果为风险不可接受;“双标准”综合评估法在区域定量风险评估中的应用具有可行性和一定参考价值 。     

中外大型游乐设施束缚装置选型比较研究

束缚装置选型是新版中国标准中增加的一项重要内容,中国标准借鉴了美国标准和欧盟标准,但并未完全采用.因此,进行中国标准、美国标准和欧盟标准的比较研究非常重要.本文从人体坐标系、加速度区域和束缚装置准则三个方面对中国标准、美国标准和欧盟标准中的相关内容进行了全面对比,分析了各自的优缺点.在人体坐标系方面,中国标准定义较为合...     

容检规中非圆形缺陷可接受准则的安全裕度

文章以国内典型压力容器用材245R为例，采用GB／T19624~断裂力学评价方法对于《压力容器定期检验规程》表5、表6中的超标非圆形缺陷可接受准则的安全裕度进行评价，评价结果表明其中可接受准则的部分规定不够保守，就此作者给出相关的修改建议。     

中石油企业可接受风险标准初步研究

本文根据可接受风险标准的确定方法和制定原则,提出了中石油企业可接受风险标准,包括员工个人可接受风险标准和员工社会可接受风险标准。     

Multilevel learning from accidents – Case studies in transport

Substantial efforts have been devoted to accident investigations, but do we gain a reasonable benefit from these efforts? The current study explores multilevel (individual, company, sector/trade, authorities) learning from major accidents and serious incidents. Specifically, this involves identifying a set of learning criteria, i.e. factors or indicators that potentially support and contribute to multilevel learning processes. Identifying such criteria is based on: (i) the accident investigation process, (ii) the follow-up efforts, and (iii) contextual aspects. Three Norwegian accident investigations in transportation (aviation, marine, rail) represent the empirical foundation for the study. Learning criteria were derived by both document analyses from the accidents (e.g. investigation reports) and literature reviews on organizational learning. These were the basis for a workshop regarding learning from accidents, with participants from the aviation, marine, and rail sector. Key results from this workshop are presented and discussed. The study concludes by presenting a set of criteria for learning from accidents.