云南大理洱海流域农业面源污染防治和生态补偿实践

洱海是大理人民赖以生存和发展的＂母亲湖＂,保护洱海是全州实现可持续发展的前提和基础,保护洱海就是保护大理发展的根基。＂治湖先治污,治污先治源＂。近年来大理州委、州政府及流域各级农业部门高度重视洱海农业面源污染防治及生态补偿工作,总结、提炼了一些成功的生态补偿经验和做法,特别是在种养结构调整、测土配方施肥、畜禽粪便资源化利用、农产品质量安全、稻田养殖生态鱼等方面实施了大量的以项目形式的生态补偿实践,同时在生态补偿的理论、政策、措施,补偿对象、补偿方式、补偿资金等方面作了初步探索,取得了明显成效,洱海流域农业面源污染控制初步实现了＂控源、减排、循环、利用＂的目标。本文通过总结大理州近年来以项目形式实施的农业生态补偿机制体制的经验,旨在为保护高原湖泊实施农业生态补偿提供科技支撑。     

云南省洱海北部地区农田面源污染现状及控制的补偿政策

农田面源污染是洱海富营养化的重要原因之一。本文利用在洱海北部地区收集的实地调研数据,从化肥施用与流失和秸秆利用情况,分析了该地区的农田面源污染现状。结果表明：该地区的农田面源污染主要来源于大蒜田与玉米田的氮磷流失,以及大蒜秸秆与玉米秸秆的焚烧或丢弃。从补偿对象与主体、补偿标准、补偿环节与方式、配套政策四个方面,探讨了农田面源污染控制的补偿政策,并结合在洱海北部地区的实地调研资料,分析了测土配方施肥和秸秆还田两种农田面源污染控制技术采纳的补偿政策案例;提出政府应在基础设施建设、技术指导、教育培训、＂无公害＂农产品市场建设等方面给予政策支持。     

成都市居民生活与第三产业污染源调查分析

居民生活与第三产业污染源是影响城市大气环境质量的重要因素之一。本文对居民生活与第三产业污染源进行了调查分析。了解其对成都市大气环境的影响程度，为成都市大气环境质量控制策略提供依据。     

城市公园湖泊污染治理实践

城市公园湖泊水体保护和水污染治理越来越受到人们的重视。公园内水体往往补充水源不足,自净能力脆弱,当受到污染,湖水会变黑发臭,破坏公园美景。深圳市东湖公园人工湖污染治理过程中结合了水利防洪、环境保护、园林绿化等措施进行综合治理,通过截污、清淤、补充水、湖泊堤岸及拦水橡胶坝的恢复等措施,使湖泊水质得到彻底改善。合理的设计使人工湖具有滞洪防洪功能,还可对公园内地下水起到调节和补充作用,清澈的湖水又使人工湖成为公园内秀丽的景点。该项目为城市公园湖泊污染综合治理进行了一次探索和实践。     

Eco-Environmental Evolution, Control, and Adjustment for Aibi Lake Catchment

Aibi Lake in north Xinjiang is a typical lake of the arid area, but with a peculiar wetland–arid area ecosystem. Due to the climate becoming drier and the disturbance of human activities, the eco-environment of Aibi Lake catchment has degraded. It was found in our study that there were spatial–temporal changes of vegetation cover, plant species, and soil physical and chemical properties in the catchment. In the upper section of alluvial–fluvial plains, the desertified steppe of Stipa and Artemisia spp. is developed with vegetation cover of some 50%. Haloxylon ammodendron desert occupies the lower section with vegetation cover of some 60%. In these regions with an intensive human disturbance, vegetation has degraded into herb vegetation of annual plant complexes. On the margins of the alluvial–fluvial fans, the lakeshore, and the surrounding regions where the river mouths join the lake, different azonal vegetation—Phragmites communis marsh, Phragmites communis meadow, and Tamarix shrubs—have developed with a vegetation cover of some 80%. On heavier, salinized land, succulent halophyte desert vegetation dominated by Halocnemum strobilaceum has formed with a fractional canopy cover of 10–15%. Haloxylon persicum, Aristida pennata, and other species with a vegetation cover of 30–50% grow in the sand desert zone on the periphery in the lake. In contrast with the 1950s, the vegetation cover around the lakebed and at the river deltas has slightly increased; however, the vegetation cover around the periphery of the lake has decreased and the plant species have still degraded. The surface soils on the windward area and the dried lakebed that have lost vegetation protection have become coarser, whereas the land on the leeward side of the lake has accumulated fine particles. In contrast with the 1980s, soil organic matter has declined markedly. The analyses of climatic data show that the number of days of drifting dust in Jinghe County and Bole City increased in the last 20 years. In the investigation, we found that intensively developed land, the bare lakebed, and abandoned cultivated land provided a great deal of material for drifting dust. In conclusion, we consider the eco-environmental degradation resulting from the inappropriate human activities and put forward recommendations for land-use adjustment and dust control.     

Policy, Principle, and Practice in Industrial Pollution Control: Views from the Regulatory Interface

There has been much criticism of the system for the control of industrial pollution, but not much is known about the views of the regulators and the industry. The objective of this study was to explore the attitudes at this regulatory interface towards the current and proposed regulatory system and make recommendations for improvements. The methodology involved a questionnaire survey sent to over 700 key personnel. Statistical analysis revealed similarities and significant differences between the views of industry and the regulator on the effectiveness of the current regime. Weaknesses related to the derivation and enforcement of standards were identified. The Environmental Quality Standards system was acknowledged to be flawed by both operators and regulators who agreed it should be improved by the expansion of listed chemicals, the introduction of sediment environmental quality standards and direct toxicity assessment of effluents. This paper concludes that these measures should be incorporated into the regulatory system, together with more rigorous enforcement of environmental performance standards including serious sanctions for non-compliance. In the longer term, a reappraisal of the regulatory system is required in order to establish an appropriate framework to ensure that environmental policy commitments are implemented.     

Modified GDP Through Health Cost Analysis of Air Pollution: The Case of Turkey

10 and SO₂ levels to the WHO guideline would have resulted in a total of 48.309 × 10¹⁰ and 153.38 × 10¹⁰ Turkish lira savings in 1990 and 1993, respectively. These correspond to 0.12% and 0.08% of 1990 and 1993 GDPs, respectively.     

广东省近岸海域环境污染现状及防治

介绍广东省近岸海域的污染现状和发展趋势以及近岸海域的污染途径,主要污染物及污染特性,并对近岸海域环境污染原因进行了分析,提出了近岸海域环境污染的防治对策和要进行的具体研究工作。     

Comparing Environmental Conditions Using Indicators of Pollution Hazard

/ Land use/land cover classifications for 1973 and 1991, derived from the interpretation of satellite imagery, are quantified on the basis of biophysical land units in a study area in southeastern Australia. Nutrient export potentials are estimated for each land unit based on their composition of land use/land cover classes. Spatial and temporal comparisons are made of the land units based on the calculated pollution hazard indicators to provide an insight into changes in the state of the environment and the regional significance of land use changes. For example, one ecosystem, unique to the study, showed a large increase in pollution hazard over the study period as a manifestation of an 11-fold rise in cleared area and an expansion of cropping activities. The benefits to environmental management in general are discussed.KEY WORDS: Land cover change; Nutrient export; Environmental condition; Pollution hazard; Agricultural pollution; Nonpoint source pollution; Diffuse pollution; Environmental degradation     

四川省农村环境空气污染源分布及其对自动监测点位设置影响的研究

将四川省农村地区分成平原和浅丘区、小起伏山地和高丘区、高山峡谷区三种类型区域。利用GIS软件,将四川省划分网格,分别统计每个网格中的工业废气污染点源数量和主要交通线路长度,得出四川省工业废气污染点源密度分级图和四川省主要公路密度分布图,以及结合农村污染面源的情况分析,总结出农村区域的主要污染密度分布类型。结果表明,在一定区域范围内,农村平原和浅丘区的工业源、交通源、农村面源分布均匀;高丘区、小起伏山区、高山峡谷区的污染源分布均具有明显的地理分布特性,山间平地和山谷台地的污染源分布密度高;根据四川省污染源分布规律给农村空气自动监测布点提供了指导。     

用影响负荷分析法研究峨眉山风景保护区大气污染控制的对策

传统的大气污染评价方法是以Pi/Pio为基础,用于特殊环境的大气污染控制存在一定的缺陷,本文提出影响负荷分析法,是建立在大气污染物输送扩散的基础上的,并用以研究峨眉山风景保护区大气污染控制的对策,其结论更为科学合理。     

三江源区黄南州环境污染现状与治理建议

通过实地调查和监测分析,介绍了地处三江源区的青海省黄南州环境污染现状,分析了其污染分布特点.污染类型以水质污染和固体废物污染为主,其中水质污染已经成为最主要的污染类型,并有进一步恶化的趋势.结合黄南州经济发展和环境保护的要求,从环保宣传、严格监管和加强必要基础设施建设等方面对污染治理提出了可行性建议.     

环太湖地区水污染灾害综合防治能力评价

以水污染灾害为研究对象,从水污染驱动力、污染状态、人类响应3个方面构建水污染灾害综合防治能力评价指标体系,运用物元可拓评价模型,使用熵权法确定权重,计算出环太湖地区的综合关联度并进行分析,结果表明:2014～2018年环太湖地区水污染灾害综合防治能力总体上在不断提升,综合防治能力最好的为无锡,其次为常州、苏州和湖州,嘉...     

濑溪河泸县段流域水环境污染现状评价

本文对沱江泸州段一级支流——濑溪河泸县段流域的水环境及排放状况进行了调查,选取pH、DO、COD等为监测项目。监测结果表明该流域全年内水质无法完全达到国家地表水环境质量标准（GB3838-2002）中Ⅲ类水域水质要求。本文还对该流域污染防治进行了分析,为当地水资源的可持续利用和解决环境污染与工农业可持续发展的矛盾提供依据。     

浅谈阿克苏地区工业污染源排放现状及环境管理工作中存在的问题和对策

根据阿克苏地区工业污染源排放现状及特点,分析了阿克苏地区环境监督管理工作中存在的问题,从提高环境监管力度、"三同时"制度管理水平、在线监控能力、优化产业结构等方面提出了相应的对策和建议。     

微生物在环境污染治理中的应用

本文介绍了近年来微生物在气体污染、水污染的处理等方面的应用。     

太湖一级保护区水污染成因及控制对策研究

江苏省太湖流域一级保护区综合整治是治理太湖的重点工作,直接关系太湖湖体水环境质量。本文对一级保护区存在的污染问题进行全面分析,提出了严格控制建设用地规模、调整工业结构、优化城乡布局、调整人口结构等减小生态压力的途径,通过提高城镇污水处理能力、加快城镇管网建设、实施污水处理厂脱氮除磷提标改造、推进中水回用和污泥安全处置、完善城镇及乡村垃圾收运系统、治理内源污染等方法进行综合整治,为全面治理太湖水污染提供理论依据。     

An Assessment of Oil Pollution in the Coastal Zone of Patagonia,Argentina

The Patagonian coast is considered a relatively pristine environment. However, studies conducted along coastal Patagonia have showed hydrocarbon pollution mostly concentrated at ports that have fishing, oil loading, general merchant, and/or tourist activities. A high value of total aliphatic hydrocarbons (TAH) was found at the Rawson fishing port (741 μg/g dw). In other ports with and without petroleum-related activities, hydrocarbon values were approximately 100 μg/g dw. The highest values for TAH and total aromatic hydrocarbons (TArH) were found in Faro Aristizábal, north of San Jorge gulf (1304 and 737 μg/g dw, respectively). This is very likely the result of petroleum-related activities at the Comodoro Rivadavia, Caleta Cordova, and Caleta Olivia ports located within this gulf. In other coastal areas away from potential anthropogenic sources, hydrocarbon values were less than 2 and 3 μg/g dw for TAH and TArH, respectively. This review of published and unpublished information suggests that ports are important oil pollution sources in the Patagonian coast. More detailed studies are needed to evaluate the area affected by port activities, to understand the mechanisms of hydrocarbon distribution in surrounding environments, and to assess bioaccumulation in marine organisms. Despite that some regulations exist to control oil pollution derived from port and docked vessel activities, new and stricter management guidelines should be implemented.     

国控重点污染源监督性监测质控抽测工作的思考

简述了开展国控重点污染源监督性监测质控抽测的内容。指出,目前国控重点污染源监督性监测中尚存在的问题,部分采样平台和监测断面设置不符合技术规范,监测仪器与监测方法不统一,监测数据的可比性不强,监测能力建设没有完全到位,现场仪器使用导致监测结果偏差。提出,加强手工监测全过程质控工作,配备精度较高的污染源现场监测仪器,加强污染源现场监测技术和仪器设备技术标准的研究,加强企业排污口规范化建设,加强污染源监测数据可信度评分办法等的研究,进一步推动污染源监测工作,使得污染源监测数据更好地反映污染源排放的实际情况,为管理部门提供准确的监测数据。     

深圳市工业废水的等标污染负荷分析

结合第一次全国污染源普查的统计数据,本文利用等标污染负荷法对深圳市35个二级行业排放的12种污染物进行评价,结果表明,深圳市54．90％的工业污染源分布在通信设备、计算机及其他电子设备制造业,金属制品业,塑料制品业,专用设备制造业,电气机械及器材制造业这5个行业中;深圳市二级行业的等标污染负荷最大的5个行业为：金属制品业〉通信设备、计算机及其他电子设备制造业〉电气机械及器材制造业〉塑料制品业〉仪器仪表及文化、办公用机械制造业,这5个行业中最严重的污染物均为氰化物;工业污染源排放的12种污染物中,最严重的5种污染物为：氰化物〉六价铬〉总铬〉汞〉铅,其中氰化物、六价铬、总铬这3种污染物中最严重的污染行业均为金属制品业,汞、铅这两种污染物中最严重的污染行业均为通信设备、计算机及其他电子设备制造业。