甲基汞和腐殖质在污泥堆肥过程中的变化特征及其相互关系

好氧堆肥-土地利用是实现污泥资源化处置的主要方式,但污泥中重金属的环境健康风险是限制污泥土地利用的重要因素。通过观测北方某工程规模的污泥好氧堆肥过程汞、甲基汞的变化,并基于三维荧光光谱区域积分分析,研究好氧堆肥过程甲基汞的变化特征及其与有机物中腐殖质变化关系。结果表明,堆肥前后,汞与甲基汞质量分数未发生明显变化,但通过质量衡算发现,堆肥结束后堆体中汞总量从(272.56±25.71) g下降到(211.10±12.97) g,出现22.5%的汞散失,而甲基汞质量从0.37 g下降至0.28 g,24.3%的甲基汞可能发生去甲基化而形态转变。在堆肥过程中,甲基汞质量与荧光区域Ⅲ（富里酸）体积积分呈显著负相关(r=−0.897,p<0.05),与荧光区域Ⅳ（微生物代谢副产物）体积积分呈显著正相关(r=0.933,p<0.01)。基于堆肥过程甲基汞和汞质量的动态变化,在堆肥前10 d的有机物快速腐熟化阶段发生了甲基汞的去甲基化,而后随好氧堆肥过程翻堆、曝气发生了汞的蒸发散失。本研究结果可为评价污泥好氧堆肥后对汞、甲基汞健康风险提供参考。     

Mercury exposure in the freshwater tilapia Oreochromis niloticus

Mercury (Hg) can be strongly accumulated and biomagnified along aquatic food chain, but the exposure pathway remains little studied. In this study, we quantified the uptake and elimination of both inorganic mercury [as Hg(II)] and methylmercury (as MeHg) in an important farmed freshwater fish, the tilapia Oreochromis niloticus, using ²⁰³Hg radiotracer technique. The dissolved uptake rates of both mercury species increased linearly with Hg concentration (tested at ng/L levels), and the uptake rate constant of MeHg was 4 times higher than that of Hg(II). Dissolved uptake of mercury was highly dependent on the water pH and dissolved organic carbon concentration. The dietborne assimilation efficiency of MeHg was 3.7-7.2 times higher than that of Hg(II), while the efflux rate constant of MeHg was 7.1 times lower. The biokinetic modeling results showed that MeHg was the greater contributor to the overall mercury bioaccumulation and dietary exposure was the predominant pathway.     

Characteristics of mercury speciation in Minnesota rivers and streams

Patterns of mercury (Hg) speciation were examined in four Minnesota streams ranging from the main-stem Mississippi River to small tributaries in the basin. Filtered phase concentrations of methylmercury (MeHg), inorganic Hg (IHg), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were higher in all streams during a major summertime runoff event, and DOC was enriched with MeHg but not with IHg. Particulate-phase MeHg and IHg concentrations generally increased with total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations but the event data did not diverge greatly from the non-event data, suggesting that sources of suspended sediments in these streams did not vary significantly between event and non-event samplings. The dissolved fractions (filtered concentration/unfiltered concentration) of both MeHg and IHg increased with increasing DOC concentrations, but varied inversely with TSS concentrations. While MeHg typically constitutes only a minor portion of the total Hg (THg) in these streams, this contribution is not constant and can vary greatly over time in response to watershed inputs.     

活性污泥中细微沙浓度的预测模型

悬浮在污泥混合液中的细微沙会导致活性污泥混合液挥发性悬浮固体与混合液悬浮固体比值（ratio of mixed liquor volatile suspended solids to mixed liquor suspended solids,MLVSS/MLSS）降低。通过向生化池进水中连续投加体积平均粒径分别为14、33、50、66和107 μm的石英砂,研究不同粒径细微沙对活性污泥MLVSS/MLSS的影响,探讨不同粒径细微沙的悬浮特性,构建活性污泥中细微沙浓度的预测模型,以为污水厂运行调控提供理论基础。研究结果表明,细微沙粒径越小,悬浮比（悬浮在污泥混合液中的细微沙占生化池进水中细微沙总量的比例）越大,悬浮比与细微沙粒径呈显著的相关关系。通过预测模型得到的细微沙浓度的预测值与实测值差异较小,说明构建的活性污泥中细微沙浓度的预测模型是合理的。污水厂可在维持活性污泥MLVSS稳定的条件下,结合活性污泥中细微沙的浓度,调控污泥MLSS,保证污水处理系统的稳定运行。     

Effects of nano-copper(II) oxide and nanomagnesium oxide particles on activated sludge

Effects of nano-copper(II) oxide (nano-CuO) and nanomagnesium oxide (nano-MgO) particles on activated sludge endogenous respiration (aerobic digestion), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) biodegradation, and nitrification were investigated through respiration rate measurement. For comparison, the effects of Cu(II) and Mg(II) ions on activated sludge were also studied. Results indicated that soluble Cu(II) has half maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 19, 5.5, 53, and 117 mg Cu/L for endogenous respiration, BOD biodegradation, ammonium oxidation, and nitrite oxidation, respectively. However, nano-CuO only inhibited BOD biodegradation at 240 mg Cu/L or more, and its associated toxicity was primarily caused by soluble Cu(II). In contrast, soluble Mg(II) was not toxic to activated sludge in the experimental concentration range, but nano-MgO inhibited BOD biodegradation and nitrification with IC50 values of 70 and 143 mg Mg/L, respectively. Further study indicated that the toxicity of nano-MgO resulted primarily from increased pH following MgO hydrolysis.     

Chromium species behaviour in the activated sludge process

The purpose of this research was to compare trivalent chromium (Cr(III)) and hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) removal by activated sludge and to investigate whether Cr(VI) reduction and/or Cr(III) oxidation occurs in a wastewater treatment system. Chromium removal by sludge harvested from sequencing batch reactors, determined by a series of batch experiments, generally followed a Freundlich isotherm model. Almost 90% of Cr(III) was adsorbed on the suspended solids while the rest was precipitated at pH 7.0. On the contrary, removal of Cr(VI) was minor and did not exceed 15% in all experiments under the same conditions. Increase of sludge age reduces Cr(III) removal, possibly because of Cr(III) sorption on slime polymers. Moreover, the decrease of suspended solids concentration and the acclimatization of biomass to Cr(VI) reduced the removal efficiency of Cr(III). Batch experiments showed that Cr(III) cannot be oxidized to Cr(VI) by activated sludge. On the contrary, Cr(VI) reduction is possible and is affected mainly by the initial concentration of organic substrate, which acts as electron donor for Cr(VI) reduction. Initial organic substrate concentration equal to or higher than 1000 mgl(-1) chemical oxygen demand permitted the nearly complete reduction of 5 mgl(-1) Cr(VI) in a 24-h batch experiment. Moreover, higher Cr(VI) reduction rates were obtained with higher Cr(VI) initial concentrations, expressed in mg Cr(VI) g(-1) VSS, while decrease of suspended solids concentration enhanced the specific Cr(VI) reduction rate.     

CuONPs短期暴露对SBR水处理效果的影响

研究了不同浓度氧化铜纳米颗粒(CuO NPs)对序批式活性污泥工艺(SBR)中化学需氧量、氨氮、总磷、硝态氮和亚硝态氮去除率的影响.实验结果表明,当环境中浓度为1 mg/L和10 mg/L的CuO NPs短期暴露时(1 d),其对活性污泥生存能力和周期内有机物去除、脱氮除磷都没有造成急性影响.经过20 d的短期运行,对SBR系统出水COD、氨氮、总磷、硝态氮和亚硝态氮也没有造成明显的影响.活性污泥呼吸抑制实验结果显示,CuO NPs对活性污泥的呼吸抑制作用与浓度呈正相关性,浓度越高呼吸抑制现象越明显,低浓度CuO NPs对活性污泥活性并没有明显的抑制作用.     

压力环境下活性污泥的耐盐驯化过程

通过逐步提高盐浓度的梯度盐度方法驯化耐盐活性污泥,采用加压-常压对比实验,探讨活性污泥耐盐驯化过程中,0.3 MPa的压力环境对有机物降解规律、污泥脱氢酶活性及胞外聚合物（EPS）含量的影响。结果表明,经耐盐驯化的活性污泥在5%的高盐度环境下仍可达到75%以上的有机物去除率;当驯化盐度达3.5%及以上,加压耐盐活性污泥有机物去除率及污泥脱氢酶活性均高于常压,其优势更为突出。耐盐驯化过程中活性污泥胞外聚合物（EPS）含量较稳定,加压系统EPS含量低于常压,这可能是加压活性污泥法可以实现原位污泥减量的重要原因之一。     

Factors influencing the total mercury and methyl mercury in the hair of the fishermen of Kuwait

Total and methyl mercury (MeHg) levels in the hair of fishermen are described anticipating that they represent the critical group for dietary exposure. One-hundred human hair samples were collected from fishermen (Egyptians: age range 25-60), living in Doha Fishing Village, Kuwait. Thirty-five additional samples were taken from a control group working in a local construction company (age range 26-35). Overall mean concentrations in the hair of the population of fishermen are 4.181+/-3.220 and 4.025+/-3.130 microg g(-1) for total and MeHg, respectively. The equivalent values for the control are 2.617+/-1.404 and 2.556+/-1.391 microg g(-1) for total and MeHg, respectively. MeHg concentrations are strongly correlated to those of total Hg ( [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] ) and MeHg concentrations in human hair are unrelated to age and duration of residence in Kuwait but show a positive correlation with the quantity of fish consumed. Levels of Hg in hair also show a tendency to increase in those who prefer to eat the entire fish, including the heads. In general, the concentrations of total and MeHg in fishermens' hair are twice the WHO 'normal' level (2.0 microg g(-1)) but are still less than the WHO threshold level (10.0 microg g(-1)). The results also show that grey hair contains undetectable amounts of Hg and therefore does not reflect individual exposure to this contaminant.     

Monitoring the toxicity of phenolic chemicals to activated sludge using a novel optical scanning respirometer.

This paper reports the development of optical scanning respirometer for determining the toxicity of chemicals to activated sludge. The respirometer is used to measure the dissolved oxygen concentration by monitoring the luminescence intensity of ruthenium dye immobilized in a polymer film in contact with the wastewater sample. The intensity is related to the extent of oxygen quenching of luminescence. The toxicity of chemicals can be evaluated by measuring the inhibition on respiration rate of microorganism using the scanning respirometer. The IC50 values (concentration of a chemical that exhibits 50% respiration inhibition) of various phenolic chemicals in activated sludge were determined. The performance of this method is compared with other toxicity methods. The experimental results indicate that the reproducibility and sensitivity of this respirometer are reasonably good.     

阳极添加三价铁离子对沉积型微生物燃料电池运行特性的影响

以剩余污泥为底物和接种物,借助电化学交流阻抗等电化学分析方法,研究了阳极投加三价铁离子对沉积型微生物燃料电池(sediment microbial fuel cell, SMFC)电能输出及内阻分布的影响.结果表明,500 mg/L铁离子可有效改善SMFC的运行特性,功率密度峰值、底物降解速率和阳极污泥絮体大小分别上升到103.09 mW/m2、35.68 mg VSS/(m3/h)和190.33 μm.电化学阻抗谱分析表明,阴极欧姆内阻及极化内阻随铁离子浓度增加而降低,阳极内阻则随铁离子浓度增加先降低后增加,当三价铁离子添加浓度为500 mg/L时,阳极欧姆内阻和活化内阻与对照组相比分别下降了45.28%和47.97%.     

雨季冲击条件下活性污泥呼吸图谱的变化

通过模型实验考察了雨季合流污水水量冲击以及冲击过后恢复初始状态过程中活性污泥的呼吸图谱变化规律。结果表明：雨季冲击下好氧池污泥浓度降幅较自、异养菌呼吸速率大;异养菌呼吸速率降幅较自养菌大。而COD去除率降幅小,NH4+-N去除率降幅大,与自养菌、异养菌呼吸速率的降幅不一致。表明异养菌虽受冲击影响较大,但因其所占污泥比例仍较大,COD处理的缓冲能力大;自养菌占污泥比例较小,虽受冲击的影响较小,但对NH4+-N处理的缓冲能力较小;另一方面,大雨冲击下自养菌呼吸比例上升10%,异养菌呼吸比例下降6%,表明在冲击过程中污泥中微生物结构有小幅变化。     

Occurrence and fate of heavy metals in the wastewater treatment process

The occurrence and the fate of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Mn, Cu, Zn, Fe and Ni) during the wastewater treatment process were investigated in the wastewater treatment plant (WTP) of the city of Thessaloniki, northern Greece, operating in the activated sludge mode. For this purpose, wastewater and sludge samples were collected from six different points of the plant, namely, the influent (raw wastewater, RW), the effluent of the primary sedimentation tank (primary sedimentation effluent, PSE), the effluent of the secondary sedimentation tank (secondary sedimentation effluent, SSE), sludge from the primary sedimentation tank (primary sludge, PS), activated sludge from the recirculation stream (activated sludge, AS), and the digested/dewatered sludge (final sludge, FS).

The distribution of metals between the aqueous and the solid phase of wastewater was investigated. Good exponential correlation was found between the metal partition coefficient, logK_p, and the suspended solids concentration. The mass balance of heavy metals in the primary, secondary and the whole treatment process showed good closures for all metal species. The relative distribution of individual heavy metals in the treated effluent and the sludge streams indicated that Mn and Cu are primarily (>70%) accumulated in the sludge, while 47–63% of Cd, Cr, Pb, Fe, Ni and Zn remain in the treated effluent.     

活性污泥包埋颗粒的制备及其氨氮处理性能

脱氮是污水治理的重要目标之一。在实际污水处理中,由于起主要脱氮作用的硝化菌生殖代谢速率慢,易受冲击,且易流失,以致活性污泥的脱氮能力在运行过程中易受影响,因此,利用微生物固定化技术将硝化菌截留在生化池中具有重要意义。经聚氧化丙烯三醇(polyoxypropylene triol, PPT)改性后的聚乙烯醇(polyvinyl alcohol, PVA)凝胶颗粒可以有效将活性污泥进行固定化并用于污水处理中。结果表明：改性后的凝胶球具有热稳定性好、孔隙分布均匀、比表面积较大、总孔容较大等优点,用改性聚乙烯醇凝胶颗粒包埋驯化后的活性污泥,经过活性恢复处理后,与初始污泥相比,氨氧化速率提升18.28%,呼吸速率降低2.01%,且由于形成较好的厌氧、缺氧、好氧环境,微生物种群多样性、物种丰富度及群落均匀性均升高,并有较好的氨氮去除性能,在低浓度废水治理中,氨氮去除率达到70%。上述研究中分析了改性凝胶颗粒的性能以及包埋活性污泥中微生物菌群和活性的变化,可为凝胶包埋活性污泥技术在氨氮废水治理的研究提供参考。     

硫酸活化市政污泥吸附Pb2+

以城市污水厂脱水剩余污泥为原材料,采用硫酸活化法制备活化剩余污泥,讨论了溶液初始pH、铅离子的浓度、接触时间和吸附剂投加量等因素对处理含铅废水效能影响,探讨了其吸附动力学特征.结果表明,活化剩余污泥对铅离子有较好吸附效果,10 min内吸附率达到75%,45 min内吸附基本达到平衡,在偏酸性或中性条件下,吸附容量随着初始pH增大而增大.采用4种动力学方程(准一级吸附动力学方程、准二级吸附动力学方程、颗粒扩散吸附动力学方程、Elovich动力学方程)对其吸附数据进行吸附动力学拟合,通过分析得出,准二级吸附动力学方程能较好地反映该吸附过程,其相关系数R2均达到0.999以上.     

Accumulation, subcellular distribution and toxicity of inorganic mercury and methylmercury in marine phytoplankton

We examined the accumulation, subcellular distribution, and toxicity of Hg(II) and MeHg in three marine phytoplankton (the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana, the green alga Chlorella autotrophica, and the flagellate Isochrysis galbana). For MeHg, the inter-species toxic difference could be best interpreted by the total cellular or intracellular accumulation. For Hg(II), both I.?galbana and T.?pseudonana exhibited similar sensitivity, but they each accumulated a different level of Hg(II). A higher percentage of Hg(II) was bound to the cellular debris fraction in T.?pseudonana than in I.?galbana, implying that the cellular debris may play an important role in Hg(II) detoxification. Furthermore, heat-stable proteins were a major binding pool for MeHg, while the cellular debris was an important binding pool for Hg(II). Elucidating the different subcellular fates of Hg(II) and MeHg may help us understand their toxicity in marine phytoplankton at the bottom of aquatic food chains.     

Patterns of metals and arsenic poisoning in Vibrio fischeri bacteria

The Microtox bioassay was used to establish dose-response curves for some toxic elements in aqueous solutions, namely, Zn(II), Pb(II), Cu(II), Hg(II), Ag(I), Co(II), Cd(II), Cr(VI), As(V) and As(III). Experiments were carried out at either pH 6.0 or pH 7.0 to indicate that pH may influence the measured toxicity of some elements due to pH-related changes of their chemical speciation. EC20 values, which represent a measurable threshold of toxicity, were determined for each element and were found to rank as Pb(II)>Ag(I)>Hg(II) approximately Cu(II)>Zn(II)>As(V)>Cd(II) approximately Co(II)>As(III)>Cr(VI). These values were compared to the limit concentrations allowed in industrial wastewater according to the official regulations in Catalonia (Spain). It appears that the Microtox test is sensitive enough for detecting some of the tested elements with respect to official regulations of Catalonia (Spain) dealing with pollution control, with the exception of cadmium, mercury, arsenate, arsenite and chromate.     

Tissue distribution of inorganic mercury, methylmercury and cadmium in the Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea) in relation to the contamination levels of the water column and sediment

The comparative experimental study of inorganic mercury (HgII), methylmercury (MeHg) and cadmium (Cd) bioaccumulation in the Asiatic clam Corbicula fluminea was based on a 14 days' exposure to the water column or sediment compartments, as initial contamination sources. For each contaminant and exposure source, a five-point concentration range was set up in order to quantify the relationships between the contamination pressure and bioaccumulation capacity, at the whole soft body level and in five organs: gills, mantle, visceral mass, kidney and foot. Hg and Cd bioaccumulation at the whole organism level was proportional to the metal concentrations in the water column or sediment. For similar exposure conditions, the average ratios between the metal concentrations in the bivalves - [MeHg]/[HgII] and [MeHg]/[Cd] - were close to 10 and 5 for the sediment source and 8 and 15 for the water column source. Metal distribution in the five organs revealed strong specificities, according to the different contamination modalities studied: kidney and gills were clearly associated with Cd exposure, mantle and foot with MeHg exposure and the visceral mass with inorganic Hg exposure.     

Mercury accumulation in marine bivalves: influences of biodynamics and feeding niche

Differences in the accumulation of mercury (Hg) in five species of marine bivalves, including scallops Chlamys nobilis, clams Ruditapes philippinarum, oysters Saccostrea cucullata, green mussels Perna viridis, and black mussels Septifer virgatus, were investigated. The bivalves displayed different patterns of Hg accumulation in terms of the body concentrations of methylmercury (MeHg) and total Hg (THg), as well as the ratio of MeHg to THg. Parameters of the biodynamics of the accumulation of Hg(II) and MeHg could reflect the species-dependent Hg concentrations in the bivalves. With the exception of black mussels, we found a significant relationship between the efflux rates of Hg(II) and the THg concentrations in the bivalves. The interspecific variations in the MeHg to THg ratio were largely controlled by the relative difference between the elimination rates of Hg(II) and MeHg. Stable isotope (δ¹³C) analysis indicated that the five bivalve species had contrasting feeding niches, which may also affect the Hg accumulation.     

Mercury levels in surface waters of the Carson River-Lahontan Reservoir system, Nevada: Influence of historic mining activities

Total mercury (HgT), methylmercury (MeHg), and other operationally defined Hg species were determined on water samples collected from a river-reservoir system impacted by historic mine wastes. Simultaneously, a comprehensive study was undertaken to determine the influence of some major physico-chemical parameters on the fate of Hg within the system. Total Hg levels showed an increase from background concentrations of 4 ng liter(-1) upstream of mining activity, to peak values of 1500-2100 ng liter(-1) downstream of Hg contaminated mine tailings piles. MeHg concentrations varied from 0.1 to 7 ng liter(-1) in surface waters. In both cases, peak values were associated with the highest concentrations of total suspended solids (TSS). Particulate Hg (HgP) was typically >50% of HgT and increased downstream. The dissolved fraction of MeHg (MeHgD) always constituted a large portion of total methylmercury (MeHgT). The [MeHgT]/[HgT] ratio decreased downstream suggesting either a high percentage of inorganic Hg input from point sources, or low specific rates of MeHg production within the aquatic system. The latter could be due to the combined effects on microbial populations of both high levels of Hg concentrations found in water and sediments, and other factors related to the aqueous geochemistry of the system. Concentrations of HgT in the water column appeared to be enhanced by inputs of contaminated particles from the watershed during spring snow melt. In the reservoir, significant losses of Hg from the water column were observed. In addition to losses of Hg bound to particles by sedimentation, the removal through volatilization of dissolved gaseous Hg could be an important pathway.