The effect of coupling coagulation and flocculation with membrane filtration in water treatment： A review

Water supply and sanitation demands are foreseen to face enormous challenges over the coming decades to meet the fast growing needs in a global perspective. Significant growth in the industry is predicted and membrane separation technologies have been identified as one of the possible solutions to meet future demands. Application and implementation of membrane technology is expected both in production of potable water as well as in treatment of wastewater. In potable water production membranes are substituting conventional separation technologies due the superior performance, potential for less chemical use and sludge production, as well as the potential to fulfill hygienic barrier requirements. Membrane Bio-Reactor (MBR) technology is probably the membrane process which has had most success and has the best prospects for the future in wastewater treatment. Trends and developments indicate that this technology is becoming accepted and is rapidly becoming the best available technology (BAT) for many wastewater treatment applications. A major drawback of MBR systems is membrane fouling. Studies have shown that fouling mitigation in MBR systems can potentially be done by coupling coagulation and flocculation to the process.     

Particle properties in granular activated carbon filter during drinking water treatment

The elemental composition and bacteria attached in particles were investigated during granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration.The experimental results showed that trapped influent particles could form new,larger particles on GAC surface.The sloughing of individuals off GAC surface caused an increase in effluent particles in the size range from 5 to 25 μm.The selectivity for element removal in GAC filters caused an increasing proportion of metallic elements in the effluent particles.The distribution of molar ratio indicated a complicated composition for large particles,involving organic and inorganic substances.The organic proportion accounted for 40% of total carbon attached to the particles.Compared with dissolved carbon,there was potential for the formation of trihalomethanes by organic carbon attached to particles,especially for those with size larger than 10 μm.The pure carbon energy spectrum was found only in the GAC effluent and the size distribution of carbon fines was mainly above 10 μm.The larger carbon fines provided more space for bacterial colonization and stronger protection for attached bacteria against disinfection.The residual attached bacteria after chorine disinfection was increased to 10 2-10 3 CFU/mL within 24 hours at 25°C.     

水质对污水再生絮凝工艺中病原性原虫去除的影响

采用荧光微球模拟隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫(简称两虫),考察了有机物和颗粒物的浓度、组成等水质特性对污水再生处理絮凝工艺中两虫去除特性的影响.结果表明,腐殖酸浓度增加可提高水样中胶体浓度,从而提高对两虫的去除率;而酪氨酸虽然能改变胶体表面性质,但不参与絮凝过程,故对两虫的去除率无明显影响.水样初始浊度对两虫去除率影响较小;但水样中颗粒物的粒径分布,特别是1nm～100μm粒子的比例与对两虫去除效果间存在较好的相关关系.     

颗粒计数仪在水处理絮凝过程中的应用研究

以水中高岭土颗粒和腐殖酸有机物为去除对象,首次采用颗粒计数仪对铝盐絮体的动态絮凝变化过程进行了在线监测和分析。通过改变水力条件和投药量,分析了硫酸铝和聚合氯化铝(PAC)絮凝剂絮凝过程中各阶段的絮体颗粒粒径分布情况,在此基础上分析并确定絮凝反应的最佳条件。通过实验表明:颗粒计数仪能够较好地表现出絮凝过程的粒径分布变化,同时得出颗粒总数变化与絮凝效果的相关性很好,可以灵敏地表征絮凝效果的好坏,因而可以用来优化絮凝剂的投加量,提高出水水质和降低出水成本。可以预期,颗粒计数器在未来水处理中一定会得到广泛的应用。     

MOFs在水处理应用领域研究的文献计量学分析

金属有机框架（MOFs）材料具有比表面积大、孔隙率高,结构和功能可调等优异特性,在水处理领域应用广泛。为深入了解MOFs在水处理应用领域的研究热点和发展趋势,采用文献计量学方法,利用VOSviewer软件对Web of Science^TM核心合集数据库中MOFs在水处理应用领域相关文献进行定量分析。结果表明：1995—2021年MOFs在水处理应用领域研究发文量共1 281篇,发文量总体呈逐年递增的趋势;中国是该研究领域发文量和总被引次数最高的国家,发文量达800篇,但篇均被引次数相对较低;Jhung S H是该领域最富有成效的作者,其发表的14篇论文总被引次数为1 657次。该领域研究热点为使用MOFs改性复合升级材料（如MOFs衍生碳、MOFs膜等）及运用吸附去除、催化降解等方式处理水中的染料、重金属离子等典型污染物,未来应注重低廉高效合成方法的探索,材料稳定性和可重复性的提升以及改性方式和污染物结构特性的构效关系,复合物或衍生物的作用机制等方面的研究。

     

Optical monitoring of particle aggregates

Methods for monitoring particle aggregation are briefly reviewed. Most of the techniques are based on some form of light scattering and may be greatly dependent on the optical properties of aggregates, which are not generally known. As fractal aggregates grow larger their density can become very low and this has important practical consequences for light scattering. For instance, the scattering coe cient may be much less than for solid objects, which means that the aggregates can appear much smaller than their actual size by a light transmission method. Also, for low-density objects, a high proportion of the scattered light energy is within a small angle of the incident beam, which may also be relevant for measurements with aggregates. Using the “turbidity fluctuation” technique as an example, it is shown how the apparent size of hydroxide flocs depends mainly on the included impurity particles, rather than the hydroxide precipitate itself. Results using clay suspensions with hydrolyzing coagulants and polymeric flocculants under di erent string conditions are discussed.     

生物处理与混凝处理除去水源水中致突变污染物的比较研究

对宁波市梅林水厂生物接触氧化处理系统和传统的混凝沉淀处理系统各净水工艺出水进行了致突变性比较研究．结果表明，生物接触氧化处理系统除水源水中的致突变物效果明显优越于传统混凝处理系统．     

壳聚糖处理模拟原水的实时监测技术及效果

以天然高分子壳聚糖为混凝剂,采用新型光电耦合装置对混凝过程进行光学在线监测,考察p H值、壳聚糖投加量、水力条件以及沉降时间等操作因素对混凝过程的影响。结果表明,当原水颗粒悬浮物浓度分别为100,500,1 000 mg/L时,在p H为8,壳聚糖投加量为5 mg/L,150 r/min混合5 min,70 r/min混凝20 min的条件下,分别沉降25,20,15 min后,去浊率为可达90.7%、94.4%和98.0%。     

聚合氯化铝絮凝剂的性能研究生活污水中的应用

聚合氯化铝（PAC）是一种新型、高效的无机高分子絮凝剂,具有形成絮体速度快、矾花大、除浊效果好等优点。PAC对生活污水具有良好的去浊、除色效果。研究内容包括：最佳投药量、PH值影响和搅拌速度的影响以及高分子絮凝剂作用机理的研究,通过正交实验确定了pH值和聚合氯化铝投加量与CODcr、浊度去除率之间的关系。实验表明：PAC的最佳投药量为750mg/l,pH适宜范围在7.0-9.0之间;在最佳条件下,PAC对生活污水的浊度去除率为98.75%,CODcr的去除率为83.67%。     

水环境监测质量控制相关措施的探讨

随着人们生活水平的提高,水环境监测数据越来越受到人们的重视,这就要求我们严把水环境监测质量关,保证监测数据的准确性。文章主要介绍了水环境监测质量控制的相关措施。     

附着硅藻指数在河流水质监测中的适用性技术研究

对广西龙江和柳江中段共18个样点进行了附着硅藻的采样调查,并采用相关分析法、主成分分析法、最优分割分类法、箱须图法、逐步判别分析法和双向指示种分类法等数学方法研究分析了16个硅藻指数在龙江与柳江中段水质监测中的适用性.结果表明,3次4组不同水质类别中,IPS(Specific Pollution Sensitivity Index)和TDI(Trophic Diatom Index)指数与样点的箱须图都表现出合理的趋势,而且IPS和TDI间、及与环境因子及其他硅藻指数间的相关性显著.表明IPS和TDI适合进行龙江与柳江中段的水质生物监测评价,而本文提出的硅藻指数适用性技术也具有一定的推广价值.     

用革新技术改善水处理厂运行性能

由于60％以上的城市饮用水源受到不同程度的污染,采用常规处理工艺的水厂在处理受污染原水时,效果不显著,效率低,尤其对于重度污染的原水只有采用深度处理工艺,如臭氧化、生物活性炭和膜分离等技术才能有效地处理、然而,多年的研究、探索和工程实践证明,在处理轻度污染原水时,由传统工艺的改善和革新形成的革新技术,比传统处理工艺更为高效,比深度处理技术投资更经济和合理．在对微涡旋絮凝池以及小间距斜板强化沉淀池同传统处理工艺作了比较后发现,传统絮凝池和沉淀池的水力负荷为 7m³（m²·h）,絮凝和沉淀时间分别为 20～25min和 60～80min,出水浊度为7～15NTU,色度为 15～25PtCU;而革新絮凝池和沉淀池,在水力负荷为 12～13m³/（m²·h）时,絮凝和沉淀时间分别为12～15min和40～50min,出水水质优于传统工艺,浊度为1～4NTU,色度为3～8TtCU．     

水环境的生物监测方法及其应用

近年来,水环境污染造成的危害事件频频发生,对水环境进行监测是科学进行水污染防治的基础。相对于传统的理化监测技术,生物监测方法具有敏感性、稳定性、多样性及长期性等优势,可直接、有效地反映水环境面临的生态风险。总结了生物监测方法的重要性、优势及主要监测生物类型;基于国内外大量文献,综述了水环境生物监测的主要生物类型——微生物、浮游植物、浮游动物、着生生物、底栖动物、高等水生植物和鱼类等监测方法的研究进展;对生物监测方法国内外的实践和应用进行了探讨,对生物监测方法未来的发展进行了展望。     

微涡流絮凝工艺处理高浊水的数值模拟与响应面优化试验

针对微涡流絮凝工艺处理高浊水开展连续性工艺优化研究,采用计算流体力学（CFD）数值模拟软件,探究不同流量（流速）下絮凝区液流状态变化,确定最佳絮凝时间;应用响应面Box-Behnken设计方法,研究流量、混凝剂投加量与回流比及其交互作用对微涡流絮凝工艺处理高浊水效果的影响。结果表明：随着流量（流速）增大,絮凝区内湍动能、有效能耗、速度梯度及其变化率逐渐增大,但流速过大会导致絮凝时间不足,最佳流量为4.2~7.0 m³/h（最佳流速为0.41~0.67 m/s）;回流比是微涡流絮凝工艺的极显著影响因素,其次是混凝剂投加量,最后是流量,三者间具有协同作用;微涡流絮凝工艺处理高浊水的最佳工艺参数,流量为5.9 m³/h,混凝剂投加量为34.8 mg/L,回流比为0.8,浊度、UV₂₅₄、COD_Mn去除率分别可达99.23%、95.03%、71.42%。优化后的微涡流絮凝工艺为高浊水处理提供了新途径,具有一定的应用前景。     

碱改性净水污泥对水中氨氮的吸附效能研究

采用氢氧化钠浸渍法改性净水污泥,研究了碱改性净水污泥对水中NH+4的去除性能.同时,考察了模拟废水pH、吸附剂投加量、NH+4初始浓度、吸附温度及吸附时间对吸附性能的影响.结果表明,当pH为弱酸性或中性,投加碱改性净水污泥20 g·L-1时,在室温下对初始浓度为50 mg·L-1的NH+4模拟废水振荡吸附120 min,可达到氨氮排放二级标准.将实验数据分别用吸附等温模型和动力学模型进行拟合,发现净水污泥对NH+4的吸附符合Langmuir模型和二级动力学模型,且净水污泥对氨氮的吸附包括静电吸引和离子交换两种作用机理.     

超声灭活饮用水中隐孢子虫研究

为研究超声对饮用水中隐孢子虫(Cryptosporidium parvum)的灭活情况,考察了超声频率、功率、pH值和温度对灭活率的影响,通过形态学观察初步探讨了超声灭活隐孢子虫的机制,并进行了灭活动力学分析.结果表明,低频有利于隐孢子虫灭活,19.8kHz, pH7.2,温度(20±1)℃条件下超声15min灭活率可达92.5%,频率升高灭活率反而下降.在本实验条件下,超声功率103W对隐孢子虫的灭活效果与151W的相近,pH值对超声灭活隐孢子虫的影响不大,36℃超声灭活15min灭活率为95.6%,而在9℃下超声15min灭活率为88.3%,水温升高有利于灭活.灭活前后的形态学变化表明超声空化作用导致细胞膜破坏,细胞质流出从而起到灭活孢囊的效果.超声灭活隐孢子虫遵循假一级反应动力学,灭活隐孢子虫以低频率高功率的效果最好,可认为隐孢子虫的灭活以超声空化的强度为主.     

Phosphorus limitation in biofiltration for drinking water treatment

Bacterial growth potential(BGP) method and two parallel pilot-scale biofilters were used to investigate phosphorus limitation and its effect on the removal of organic matters in biofiltration for drinking water treatment. Addition of phosphorus can substantially increase the BGPs of the samples. Its effect was equivalent to that of addition of a mixture of various inorganic nutrients including phosphorus.The biofllter with phosphate added into its influent performed a higher biological stability of the effluent and a higher CODM, removal than the control filter. Thesere sults suggested that phosphorus was the limiting nutrient in the biofiltration and the removal efficiency of organic matters could be improved by adding phosphate into the influent.     

Test of membrane bioreactor for waste water treatment in a petrochemical complex

Membrane bioreactor (MBR) used in water and waste water treatment is a developing technique for water pollution control and water reuse. This paper describes a membrane-bioreactor for treatment of waste water in a petrochemical complex. The experimental MBR was a lab scale one composed of an activated sludge bioreactor unit and an ultrafiltration membrane unit. The relationship of COD removal with MLSS and HRT in this MBR was studied. The effects of crossflow velocity, backwash interval and volume of flush liquid on the flux were discussed. The results showed that average removal of COD, oil, SS and turbidity in petrochemical waste water by the MBR was 91%, 86%, 92% and 99% respectively. The average removal of NH3-N and total phosphorous was 85% and 82%. A coefficient of COD removal, k, was 0.017-0.080 L/(mg.d). The membrane flux maintained higher than 60 L/hm2 bar for 34 days without chemical cleaning when the velocity of crossflow was 3.5-3.9 m/s and the backwash interval was 30 minutes and backwash duration at 20 seconds. The results indicated that it is feasible for MBR technology to be used in petrochemical waste water treatment. The treated water could be considered as a source used to make up water for industrial cooling system or to be reused for other purposes.     

气浮-·OH强氧化组合工艺处理高藻水的研究

以库区天然水培养的二形栅藻(Scenedesmus dimorphus)为研究对象,利用大气压强电场电离放电产生羟基自由基(·OH),结合压力溶气气浮前处理工艺处理高藻水.实验结果表明,对于藻密度为65.6×10~4 cells/mL,浊度为10.8NTU,COD_(Mn)为6.74mg/L的高藻水,在总氧化剂TRO浓度为1.03 mg/L时,藻类去除效率达到100%;总细菌,总大肠菌群和大肠埃希氏菌均未检出;出水COD_(Mn)由1.43 mg/L降至1.25mg/L,降低了10%;浊度由0.66NTU降至0.54NTU,降低了12.59在排放高藻水的主管路中·OH杀藻的接触反应时间仅为6s.因此汽浮-·OH强氧化组合工艺可高效快速地处理高藻水,为保障水源水的供水安全探索了一种新的思路.     

强化混凝与优化混凝在常规水处理中的运用

通过对强化混凝及优化混凝的机理、影响因素和研究实践情况的讨论综述,提出在常规水处理中强化及优化混凝环节是既能提高出水水质,又较为经济合理适合国情的方案。同时提出在水厂实际生产中实现强化／优化混凝需考虑进行的几方面的工作。