不同pH值条件下悬浮载体SBR反应器处理污染河水的试验

研究了不同pH值条件下悬浮载体SBR反应器处理污染河水的脱氮性能和微生物活性。结果表明,初始pH为7.0时,悬浮载体SBR反应器处理污染河水的脱氮性能最好,NH4^＋-N和TN去除率分别为100%和36.6%。在初始pH 7.0时,悬浮相和附着相污泥亚硝化活性均达到最高,分别为6.81 mgNH4＋/（gMLVSS.h）和5.42 mgNH4^＋/（gMLVSS.h） 悬浮相污泥在pH 9.0时硝化性能最好,达到2.31 mgNO2^-/（gMLVSS.h）,而附着相污泥在pH 8.0时硝化性能达到最佳状态,为1.03 mgNO2^-/（gMLVSS.h） 在pH 8.0时,悬浮相和附着相污泥反硝化活性最强,分别到达13.98mg NO3^-/（gMLVSS.h）和12.72 mgNO3^-/（gMLVSS.h）。     

两相厌氧消化工艺处理有机废水的进展和应用

两相厌氧消化工艺是近年来发展很快的一种处理有机废水的新技术.本文介绍了该技术的微生物学原理和基本特点,总结了国内外的研究和应用现状,简要分析了该技术的研究动态.     

两相厌氧发酵互花米草的特性

利用两相(固态水解酸化相+湿式发酵产甲烷相)发酵互花米草,通过尿素的添加来调整厌氧发酵互花米草的碳氮比,考察两相厌氧发酵互花米草的特性;并利用FTIR考察水解发酵前后互花米草结构的变化.研究结果表明,由于固态水解渗滤液对尿素的淋滤,产生高浓度的氨氮溶液,抑制了湿式发酵产甲烷反应器中的甲烷菌;通过53 d的两相发酵互花米草,单位挥发性固体(VS)累积产气量仅为98.6 mL.g-1(0℃),转化率是理论产气量的17.5%;游离性氨(FA)浓度超过55 mg.L-1,就会严重抑制高温甲烷菌;红外光谱分析表明,石灰堆沤预处理对互花米草结构改变较小;只有大幅度的强化预处理,才能显著提高互花米草发酵的产气量.     

小球藻表面疏水性的研究

用烃水两相体系对小球藻的表面疏水性及其随环境条件变化进行探讨的．结果表明,二甲苯水两相体系适于用来研究小球藻的表面疏水性．受培养时间,光照条件和温度、营养条件,ｃ（Ｈｇ２＋ ） 和ρ（Ｃ６Ｃｌ６） 等环境污染物胁迫的影响,小球藻的表面疏水性发生性质不同的变化．对小球藻表面疏水性发生变化的物质基础及其生态学意义进行了讨论．     

近地面大气层硫酸盐污染的研究

对天津地区城市、郊区及野外沿海的大气二氧化硫转化为硫酸盐的问题做了研究。以主成份分析方法对数据做处理,求得转化速率约为2—2.8％h~(-1),均相反应和非均相反应对二氧化硫转化都有贡献,过渡金属对其转化有一定的促进作用,硫酸盐对大气污染的程度受气象因素和化学因素的控制。指出应注意我国的硫酸盐酸化环境的特征。     

硫酸盐还原菌对酸性废水中重金属的生物沉淀作用研究

在小型连续搅拌槽式反应器（CSTR）中,研究了持续低pH条件下,硫酸盐还原菌的生物沉淀作用对人工配制酸性重金属废水的处理效果。试验设置反应器进水pH值依次为4-3,3．5和2．6三个处理,进水中Cu^2＋、Zn^2＋和Cr^3＋含量分别为65、36和10mg·L^-1,SO4^2-含量约为6200mg·L^-1,接种物为经耐酸驯化的混合硫酸盐还原菌,试验时控制水力停留时间为36h,通过定期测定反应器出水pH、氧化还原电位（ORP）、碱度、SO4^2、S^2-以及重金属含量变化等指标来考察废水生物沉淀的处理效果。研究结果表明：对于进水pH值为2．6～4.3的酸性重金属废水,硫酸盐还原菌的生物沉淀作用均有较好的处理效果。处理后,反应器出水pH值大幅升至6．5～8．0,碱度由起始的300～2000mg·L^-1增至7500-4600mg·L^-1,废水中S041-还原率达72％～80％,Cu^2＋和Zn^2＋的去除（沉淀）率达99．9％,Cr^3＋去除率达99．1％。此外,随着进水pH值由413降至2．6,反应器出水pH和碱度均呈现逐步下降的趋势,而S04}的生物还原和重金属的去除效果变化不大。从反应器运行稳定性考虑,控制酸性重金属废水的进水pH值为3．5较适宜今后的实际应用。     

一株中度嗜盐硫酸盐还原菌的分离及生理特性研究

本文从四川自贡盐厂卤水污泥中，分离出一株中度嗜盐硫酸盐还原菌。菌体为短杆状，０．９－１．１×２．０－２．５μｍ，革兰氏染色阴性，形成芽孢，不含脱硫孤菌素。固体培养基上无Ｆｅ２＋时，菌落为半透明状；有Ｆｅ２＋时菌落为黑色，直径为１－３ｍｍ。利用乳酸盐作为碳源，利用乙酸盐时必须添加生长因子。能在５％－２５％（Ｗ／Ｖ）Ｎａｃｌ浓度范围内生长，最适生长浓度为９％－１３％（Ｗ／Ｖ）。最适生长温度为３５℃。最适生长ｐＨ值为７．０．根据形态和生理生化特征，该菌为脱硫肠状菌属，但与该属已报导的硫酸盐还原菌在嗜盐、碳源利用、最适生长温度以及其它一些特征上均有不同，因此可能是个新种。该菌是目前已报道的嗜盐浓度最高的硫酸盐还原菌。     

氧化亚钴复合材料催化降解三溴苯酚

本论文利用具有可见光催化性能的氧化亚钴/石墨烯(CoO/石墨烯)复合材料降解2,4,6-三溴苯酚(2,4,6-tribromophenol, TBP),探究其光催化降解效能与反应机理.研究发现,在光催化降解阶段,CoO/石墨烯复合材料光照120 min后,日光比可见光具有更强的降解效率,将TBP总去除率从21.8%提升至51.4%,日光中的紫外部分容易被材料利用来降解TBP.将光催化与高级氧化技术联用,构建CoO/石墨烯复合材料活化两种过硫酸盐PS与PMS的光芬顿体系.研究可知,单独光照活化过硫酸盐效果不佳,CoO/石墨烯-过硫酸盐类芬顿体系较Co~(2+)-过硫酸盐均相体系TBP降解效率更高,反应更彻底.加入光照后,光照-CoO/石墨烯-过硫酸盐光芬顿体系具有较高的污染物降解率和TOC矿化度,反应速率常数进一步提高,在日光照射下,TOC去除率达到98.9%.     

硫酸盐还原菌介导针铁矿表面硫的转化及镉固定脱毒效应

土壤重金属镉(Cd)污染问题日益严重,已对农产品及人类健康造成严重威胁,研究Cd污染土壤修复技术具有重要环境意义。微生物修复技术,如硫酸盐还原菌(sulfate reducing bacteria,SRB)介导下重金属的固定技术,是土壤Cd污染控制修复的主要途径。而土壤中硫和铁均具有较高的地球化学活性,与重金属的脱毒转化密切相关。然而,目前关于铁物种、铁氧化物和SRB共存的情况下,重金属还原固定行为还缺乏深入的研究。文章通过构建"SRB-针铁矿-重金属"的交互反应体系,研究体系中硫的转化、铁还原、重金属镉的环境行为以及矿物物相变化,并对其作用机制进行初步探讨。结果表明,纯化学(针铁矿+FeCl_2+CdCl_2)培养条件下,体系并未发生明显的铁还原和硫酸盐还原过程,90%以上的重金属Cd以游离态形式存在;在SRB作用下(针铁矿+SRB),体系中硫酸盐和针铁矿均被迅速还原,在反应30 d时,66.34%硫酸盐被还原,同时生成2.17 mmol·L~(-1) Fe(Ⅱ);添加Cd Cl_2(针铁矿+CdCl_2+SRB),抑制了硫酸盐还原和铁还原过程,反应30 d后,体系中62.21%硫酸盐被还原,约50.65%的游离态的Cd(Ⅱ)可被吸附固定到矿物中。然而,外加FeCl_2可加速SRB对硫酸盐和针铁矿的还原,同时也可进一步促进游离态的Cd(Ⅱ)固定脱毒,其去除率可达66.89%(针铁矿+FeCl_2+CdCl_2+SRB)。矿物形貌和结构的表征显示,在SRB介导硫酸盐还原过程中,矿物的物相仍以针铁矿为主,另有Cd S固体生成。以上研究结果可为深入理解土壤中重金属的环境行为,研发高效的重金属脱毒技术提供科学依据。     

液相色谱/离子阱质谱和飞行时间质谱分析橄榄油中的特丁津除草剂

本文摘要介绍了液相色谱／离子阱质谱和液相／飞行时间质谱对橄榄油中特丁津的定性定量分析．详细介绍了样品处理,包括液-液萃取和以氨基硅胶为基质分散的固相萃取法．样品的净化采用Florisil硅土小柱,用乙腈洗脱溶质．液相色谱／离子阱质谱的MS／MS模式采集特征离子m／z174．而利用液相／飞行时间质谱进行精确质量数分析（[M＋H]^＋,m／z230）,同时得到碎片的精确质量数和特征同位素分布．对于飞行时间质谱测得的质量精度小于ppm．此方法具有高灵敏度、线性好及精度高的优点．液相／离子阱质谱和飞行时间质谱可以作为橄榄油中特丁津的常规方法．[编者按]     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Human Influence and Classical Biogeographic Predictors of Rare Species Occurrence

Biogeographic theory predicts that rare species occur more often in larger, less‐isolated habitat patches and suggests that patch size and connectivity are positive predictors of patch quality for conservation. However, in areas substantially modified by humans, rare species may be relegated to the most isolated patches. We used data from plant surveys of 81 meadow patches in the Georgia Basin of Canada and the United States to show that presence of threatened and endangered plants was positively predicted for patches that were isolated on small islands surrounded by ocean and for patches that were isolated by surrounding forest. Neither patch size nor connectivity were positive predictors of rare species occurrence. Thus, in our study area, human influence, presumably due to disturbance or introduction of competitive non‐native species, appears to have overwhelmed classical predictors of rare species distribution, such that greater patch isolation appeared to favor presence of rare species. We suggest conservation planners consider the potential advantages of protecting geographically isolated patches in human‐modified landscapes because such patches may represent the only habitats in which rare species are likely to persist. Influencia Humana y Predictores Biogeográficos Clásicos de la Ocurrencia de Especies Raras     

Seasonal dynamics of macro-algae in the South Lake of Tunis

The macro-algae communities observed in the south lake of Tunis are characterized by the predominance of nitrophilous algae which are in the order of biomass importance:Ulva, Cladophora andEnteromorpha. We have noted seasonal changes of alga distribution. The wind appears to be one of the most important factors influencing this distribution. The total biomass reaches a maximum in the spring. Rapid decomposition of the biomass leads to a severe ecological imbalance, resulting in crises of anoxia and fish death. A restoration project has already started. It aims at removal of contaminated muds and the introduction of a new circulation system. The main objectives of this work were to collect information on the distribution and biomass of the phytobenthic communities as a first step in the constitution of a database for further comparison.     

Patterns and biases of climate change threats in the IUCN Red List

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments rely on published data and expert inputs, and biases can be introduced where underlying definitions and concepts are ambiguous. Consideration of climate change threat is no exception, and recently numerous approaches to assessing the threat of climate change to species have been developed. We explored IUCN Red List assessments of amphibians and birds to determine whether species listed as threatened by climate change display distinct patterns in terms of habitat occupied and additional nonclimatic threats faced. We compared IUCN Red List data with a published data set of species’ biological and ecological traits believed to infer high vulnerability to climate change and determined whether distributions of climate change‐threatened species on the IUCN Red List concur with those of climate change‐threatened species identified with the trait‐based approach and whether species possessing these traits are more likely to have climate change listed as a threat on the IUCN Red List. Species in some ecosystems (e.g., grassland, shrubland) and subject to particular threats (e.g., invasive species) were more likely to have climate change as a listed threat. Geographical patterns of climate change‐threatened amphibians and birds on the IUCN Red List were incongruent with patterns of global species richness and patterns identified using trait‐based approaches. Certain traits were linked to increases or decreases in the likelihood of a species being threatened by climate change. Broad temperature tolerance of a species was consistently related to an increased likelihood of climate change threat, indicating counterintuitive relationships in IUCN assessments. To improve the robustness of species assessments of the vulnerability or extinction risk associated with climate change, we suggest IUCN adopt a more cohesive approach whereby specific traits highlighted by our results are considered in Red List assessments. To achieve this and to strengthen the climate change‐vulnerability assessments approach, it is necessary to identify and implement logical avenues for further research into traits that make species vulnerable to climate change (including population‐level threats).     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture