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A baseline for a project consists of estimates of annual emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) for a given time period without implementing the project. A general three-step process for determining the baseline is suggested. The emission reduction of the project is given by the difference between the baseline and the monitored annual emissions. A preferred method, direct measurement of the emission reduction, is possible for some types of projects. Methods for estimating the annual baseline emissions are not necessary for the latter category, and a definition of this project category is suggested. IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories categorise the emission sources so that only direct emissions from consumption of fuel and feedstock are calculated. There are thus no emission factors for indirect emissions (e.g. electricity consumption or km transported) or emission factors that depend on technology only, independent of consumption of fuel and feedstock. Technology-dependent emission factors may thus need to be developed for estimating indirect emissions and multi-project baselines. Consistency should be sought with the IPCC Guidelines when estimating annual baseline emissions and in monitoring project emissions to ensure comparability with the National Inventories. 相似文献
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Tran Minh Tuyen Axel Michaelowa 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2006,11(3):723-740
For projects under the UNFCCC Kyoto Protocol Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), a baseline has to be set to allow calculation
of the greenhouse gas emissions reductions achieved. An important obstacle to CDM project development is the lack of data
for baseline definition; often project developers do not have access to data and therefore incur high transaction costs to
collect them. The government of Vietnam has set up all necessary institutions for CDM, wants to promote CDM projects and thus
is interested to reduce transaction costs. We calculate emission factors of the Vietnam electricity grid according to the
rules defined by the CDM Executive Board for small scale projects and for large renewable electricity generation projects.
The emission factors lie between 365 and 899 g CO2/kWh depending on the specification. The weighted operating and build margin reaches 600 g for 2003, while grid average reaches
399 g. Using three-year averages, a combined build and operating margin of 705 g is calculated. We hope that these data facilitate
CDM project development in the electricity supply and energy efficiency improvement in Vietnam. 相似文献
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Alexander Golub Jos Cozijnsen Annie Petsonk 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2009,14(5):433-453
This article examines possibilities for linkage between the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) and Russia, with
a view to enhancing cooperation on a broader scale than the project-based approaches that have been tested thus far. Three
paths for possible EU-Russia linkage are presented by which the Russian Assigned Amount under the Kyoto Protocol can be greened
in order to stimulate emissions trading: 1. Joint implementation—reductions earned via individual projects in Russia; 2. Greened
allowances or green investment schemes; and 3. Linked cap-and-trade systems, in which a Russian domestic emissions trading
system would link with the European Union Emissions Trading System. The authors conclude that the third option, emissions
trading through linked domestic emissions trading systems, offers the best opportunities at the lowest transaction costs.
The authors discuss useful innovative instruments like call options and slip level arrangements on government-to-government
and business-to-business levels.
相似文献
Annie PetsonkEmail: |
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Carbon values,reforestation, and `perverse' incentives under the Kyoto protocol: An empirical analysis 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Economic incentives for sequestering atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) in forests may be an effective way to meet greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction commitments under the Kyoto Protocol (KP). But concerns have been raised that the KP may create unintended incentives to excessively harvest existing forests if regenerated forests qualify for carbon (C) credits under the reforestation provision of Article 3.3. This paper combines an analytical model of the optimal forest rotation with both timber and C as priced outputs with data on timber and C growth and yield to different forest settings in the U.S. C prices of $50 per megagram (Mg) – the highest price evaluated– can considerably lengthen forest rotations (40 years or more), raise forest land values (as much as $1,900 per hectare), and sequester more C in the long run (up to 60 percent per acre), relative to the base case of no C compensation. However, if C payments are made for the regenerated stand only, in some situations, it is optimal to immediately harvest an otherwise premature stand at C prices as low as $20/Mg. The strength of perverse incentives to accelerate harvesting of existing forest varies by forest type, region, C price level, and institutional factors relevant to the compensation system. If C compensation were extended to existing stands, as may be possible under Article 3.4 of the KP, the perverse incentives for prematurely harvesting existing stands would not exist. 相似文献
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云南省清洁发展机制项目潜力调研 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
清洁发展机制(CDM)的实施能使区域经济获得生态环境保护与经济发展“双赢”。云南尚有很大的CDM项目潜力。结合项目背景和国内外发展状况,通过调查数据整理和案例研究,对促进云南省CDM项目实施提出对策建议。 相似文献
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清洁发展机制(CDM)项目的开发,既有利于发达国家温室气体减排任务的实现,又有利于发展中国家技术的进步。针对高浓度有机废水的特点,结合河北省石家庄市某酿酒厂废水处理沼气发电项目,对高浓度有机废水处理中的沼气发电CDM项目进行了分析,根据CDM方法学AMS-III-H计算该项目的减排量。结果表明,在CDM机制下该项目年减排量预计为39,378 tCO2,并可以获得可观的资金收益。大大减少了温室气体的排放量,具有良好的社会、经济和环境效益。 相似文献
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太阳能是国际社会公认的最理想的替代能源,中国太阳能资源丰富,由于欧美各国市场需求的增大,中国光伏产业取得了快速的发展。但目前中国光伏产业还处于起步阶段,仍面临着资金和技术等难题,而清洁发展机制(CDM)是一种基于市场的灵活履约机制,在中国光伏产业中引入清洁发展机制,不但有利于减少温室气体的排放,而且可大大缓解因资金和技术所带来的问题,并带来一系列环境和社会效益。其次,以锦州市一座10 MW光伏并网电站为例,计算了其年减排量,并对发电收益和CDM项目收益进行了比较及论证。 相似文献
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清洁发展机制(CDM)的实施能使区域经济获得生态环境保护与经济发展“双赢”。云南尚有很大的CDM项目潜力。结合项目背景和国内外发展状况,通过调查数据整理和案例研究,对促进云南省CDM项目实施提出对策建议。 相似文献
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为了CDM项目的优化开发和大气污染物的协同控制,就国内CDM项目的污染物减排协同效应进行了分析.在统计其项目年减排量、总投资额以及协同减排系数的基础上,按不同项目类型(零排放的可再生能源、生物质、甲烷废气回收、燃料替代、煤层气回收、水泥原料替代、N2O分解消除以及节能和提高能效)和不同项目所在地(华中、华东、海南、华北、东北、西北以及华南)分析了项目的SO2、NOx和PM2.5协同减排量和投资减排收益.燃料替代、煤层气回收、节能提高能效类项目的投资减排收益高,华中和华东地区的生物质能源项目收益较高,而风电、水电类项目收益较低. 相似文献
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Michael Dutschke 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(2):275-302
In its Article 2, the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change policymakers gave themselves a long-term dynamic mandate
under uncertainty. Taking the example of forestry activities in developing countries, the present article discusses whether
land-based climate change mitigation measures in the context of compensation mechanisms for human-induced greenhouse gas emissions
are covered under the UNFCCC's ultimate objective. Both the problem of climate change and human intervention act over long,
yet finite timeframes. The article argues for taking a dynamic 100-year timeframe as reference for present-day activities.
It concludes that increasing biotic carbon storage is legitimate for measures that contribute to biodiversity conservation,
as long as it does not serve as a pretext for neglecting technological change. Among all forestry options, the list of priorities
should be avoiding deforestation and devegetation, sustainable forest management, and afforestation. The problem of saturation
can be encountered by the combination of forestry with the increased use of wood products and bioenergy. Concluding, the article
gathers criteria for forest climate activities in the post-2012 regime.
JEL Classification: Q23, Q54; Q57; Q58 相似文献
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The Kyoto Protocol requires the U.S.to reduce the rate of emissions of six greenhousegases (GHG) to 93% of their 1990 rate and to achievethis target by the 2008 to 2012 commitment period. This study assesses the magnitude of change needed inthe U.S. economy and, specifically, in the U.S. energysector, to achieve and maintain the target establishedby the Kyoto Protocol. A simple carbon (C)emissions-energy model is explained in this analysisusing four key variables. Current and future trendsin C emissions are explained by: the carbon/energy(C/E) ratio, Gross Domestic Product growth, energyprices and an energy trend variable. Potential GHGmitigation policy actions affect C emissionsindirectly by affecting at least one of these keyvariables. The analysis concludes that reducingfossil energy use in the U.S. to meet the Kyoto GHGemissions reduction target would be very costly. Technological progress that reduces C emissions wouldnot be fully sufficient without prematurely abandoningproductive capital equipment. Energy price increasesof about 14% per year, or declines in economic growthof almost 5% per year, could reduce energy demand andassociated C emissions enough to achieve the terms ofthe Kyoto Protocol. 相似文献
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AFoLu机制将农业、林业和其他土地利用整合在一起,将被纳入后京都时代国际气候变化制度中并扮演关键角色。我国需选择基于AFOLU活动的正确的政策工具,充分认识自身的政策基础,在政策选择研究基础上做出最优政策选择,从而在后京都时代既适应和减缓全球气候变化,又有利于我国绿色经济发展。 相似文献
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Preliminary analysis based on an aggregate model of global carbon emissions suggests that constraining emissions to the levels that would be imposed by compliance with the results of the Kyoto negotiations can increase the discounted cost of ultimately limiting atmospheric concentrations. Kyoto targets can be either too restrictive or too permissive depending upon the (currently unknown) trajectory of carbon emissions over the near- to medium-term and the (as yet unspecified) concentration target that frames long-term policy. The discounted cost of meeting low concentration targets like 450 ppmv. is diminished by allowing large sinks and/or by imposing more restrictive near-term emissions benchmarks (even if only Annex B countries are bound by the Kyoto accord). Conversely, the cost of achieving high concentration targets like 650 ppmv. is diminished by disallowing sinks and/or by imposing less restrictive emissions benchmarks. Intermediate concentration targets like 550 ppmv. look like high concentration targets (favoring no sinks and expanded near-term emissions) along low emissions paths; but they look like low concentration targets (favoring the opposite) along high emissions paths. Emissions trajectories that lie above the median, but not excessively so, represent cases for which adjustments in the Kyoto emissions benchmarks and/or negotiated allowances for sinks have the smallest effect on the cost of mitigation. 相似文献