中国自然保护区投资现状及其分析

经费问题是多年来困扰我国自然保护区建设与和管理的难题。笔者在对４０多个自然保护区调查的基础上，阐述了目前我国自然保护区的经费渠道和投资水平，分析了全国自然保护区投资现状和特点，探讨了开辟自然保护区经费渠道的举措。     

中国自然保护区投资现状及其分析

经费问题是多年来－直困扰我国自然保护区建设与管理的难题。笔者在对４０多个自然保护区调查的基础上，阐述了目前我国自然保护区的经费渠道和投资水平，分析了全国自然保护区投资现状和特点，探讨了开辟自然保护区经费渠道的举措。     

论我国自然保护区的持续发展

在阐述我国自然保护区现状的基础上，重点分析了保护区存在的主要问题以及自然保护与社会经济持续发展的辨证关系，提出了我国自然保护区持续发展的有关建议与对策。     

我国自然保护区生态旅游存在问题分析

通过对2006年自然保护区建设管理基本情况调查和2008年自然保护区生态旅游专项问卷调查得到的数据进行分析,立足我国自然保护区生态旅游发展现状,从自然保护区生态旅游涉及的宏观决策管理,保护区管理机构,保护区与社区、旅游经营者、游客、生态环境的关系6个方面,系统地分析目前我国自然保护区生态旅游存在问题,并提出相应对策.     

中国自然保护区管理决策支持系统（NRMDSS）的若干问题探讨

本文回顾了我国自然保护区建设发展状况，对自然保护区管理中存在的一些问题进行了分析，并论述中国自然保护区管理决策支持系统（ＮＲＭＤＳＳ）在自然保护区管理中的地位、作用和意义，探讨ＮＲＭＤＳＳ的系统结构、功能。     

中国自然保护区可持续管理模式探讨——伦敦自然保护区管理模式借鉴

近年来,世界各地自然保护区迅速发展,如何有效持续地管理这些自然保护区成为一个重要的问题。文章分析了我国自然保护区现有管理模式的特点与存在的问题,简要介绍了伦敦自然保护区的管理模式现状,根据我国的实际情况,笔者认为中国的自然保护区应采用强制式和完全参与合作式相结合的管理模式,并提出了几点管理模式的改革建议。     

我国自然保护区生态旅游发展的存在问题及对策

我国自然保护区目前正处于高速发展过程中,同时由于人口众多、环境压力巨大等因素,我国保护区也面临了资金投入不足等问题,而合理地开展自然保护区生态旅游则是解决保护区发展存在问题的重要手段之一。文章通过详细分析我国自然保护区生态旅游概念、功能、特点及开展方式,总结了目前存在的不足和问题,提出了具体的建议对策。     

中国自然保护区经济投入特征与问题分析

通过问卷调查、咨询自然保护区负责人和文献收集的方式搜集了我国自然保护区经济投入方面的资料,以2013年数据为基础,分析了我国自然保护区资金投入在渠道、规模、水平和使用等方面的现状与存在的问题。结果表明,1 262个国家级和省级自然保护区的资金投入规模约为183.88亿元,平均每个自然保护区投入1 457.06万元,单位面积的平均投入为13 801.42元·km-2。我国对自然保护区的投入在1999—2009年的10 a间增加2.99倍,2009—2013年的4 a间又增加2.45倍。对比发现,我国国家级自然保护区的资金投入总量略低于美国国家公园,单个国家级自然保护区的投入仅是单个美国国家公园投入的74.8%,国家级自然保护区单位面积的投入仅占美国国家公园单位面积投入的27.0%。资金投入多头掌控、资金投入与经营收入未统筹和资金使用限制不合理等原因导致自然保护区资金投入的整体不足和结构性缺乏。     

论自然保护区的共同管理

自然保护区是我国可持续发展的重要事业之一,近几年来发展迅猛,取得了丰硕成果.但是,自然保护区的建设和管理还处在初级阶段,存在许多困难和问题.本文分析了自然保护区管理上存在的困难和问题,探讨了如何实施共同管理,旨在为自然保护区建设和管理提供现实依据.     

试论自然保护区与社区协调发展

概括了自然保护区与社区的统一性和矛盾，分析了自然保护区与社区协调发展存在的主要问题，提出了自然保护区与社区协调发展的途径与方法，总结了一些保护区与社区协调发展的有效模式，包括政区合署模式，协调机构模式，保护与扶贫相结合模式，经济上双赢模式和公众参与模式。     

自然保护区评价研究的进展

本文论述了自然保护区评价这一新学科在近30年内的发展史,同时介绍了自然保护区评价的几个组成部分和一些基本概念,分析了其存在的不足和有待解决的问题。     

我国自然保护区级别划分标准的研究

本文在总结国内外自然保护区级别划分背景的基础上,根据我国自然保护区建设和管理的现状,提出保护区级别划分应遵循的原则,如以定性方法为主,与现行行政体制相一致等。根据这些原则,研究制定了我国自然保护区级别划分的标准。该标准将自然保护区划分为国家级、省级、市级和县级。并对其标准进行了详细描述和定义。此外,本文还对保护区级别划分的依据和确定保护区重要性的评价指标进行了阐述和讨论。此标准的研究对于当前我国自然保护区的建设和规范化管理具有重要的意义。     

我国自然保护区建设及其对生物多样性的保护

到1991年底,我国共建立各种类型自然保护区708个,总面积56066.6kha,约占国土面积的5.54％。本文从我国森林、草原、荒漠、内陆湿地和水域、海洋、海岸等生态系统类型自然保护区以及野生动、植物类型自然保护区的建设着手,全面分析了我国自然保护区建设对生物多样性保护的贡献和存在的不足。     

中国西部自然保护区与周边社区协调发展的研究

在分析了目前中国西部自然保护区建设和管理的质量问题基础上 ,认为推行社区参与保护区共管是提高保护区管护质量的首选途径 ,并系统阐明社区参与组成共管体系的原则和技术路线以及一些模式化成果。最后 ,指出在实施社区参与共管过程中存在的 3个问题。     

山东省自然保护区建设及生物多样性保护问题

论述了山东省生物多样性现状及受危原因，讨论了自然保护区的建设对生物多样性保护的作用和存在的不足，对山东省自然保护区的发展及生物多样性保护对策进行了初步探讨。     

Marine Ecological Research in New Zealand: Developing Predictive Models through the Study of No-Take Marine Reserves

Abstract:  New Zealand established its first no-take marine reserve more than 25 years ago. Twenty no-take marine reserves have now been created, although few of these are considered comparable. We considered whether existing conceptual models of population and community structure based only on data from exploited systems lack the baseline information of natural states necessary to make accurate predictions for new reserves. Three of the oldest and best-studied reserves are situated on the northeastern coast of New Zealand. These reserves are considered broadly comparable replicates, and research has shown the recovery of previously exploited predator populations and the reestablishment of trophic controls over community structure and productivity. None of the major changes was predicted when the reserves were created. All the observations from and experimental tests of hypotheses in these three ecologically comparable reserves have provided predictive models for future reserves. Recent surveys in newly created reserves, however, suggest that these models are bioregion and habitat specific. In these new reserves the recovery of previously exploited predators was predicted but did not always occur. Where trends were correctly predicted, the speed and amplitude of the changes were not accurately predicted. Research in New Zealand suggests that it is not yet possible to predict explicit outcomes for newly created reserves and less possible to predict detailed results for systems of reserves. Results from a representative system of reserves, including all major habitats within all bioregions and broadly comparable reserves, are needed. Such a system will enable the range and variety of natural ecosystem dynamics to be investigated and provide the controls necessary to measure the effects of exploitation.     

Conservation value of small reserves

The importance of large reserves has been long maintained in the scientific literature, often leading to dismissal of the conservation potential of small reserves. However, over half the global protected-area inventory is composed of protected areas that are <100 ha, and the median size of added protected area is decreasing. Studies of the conservation value of small reserves and fragments of natural area are relatively uncommon in the literature. We reviewed SCOPUS and WOK for studies on small reserve and fragment contributions to biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services, and fifty-eight taxon-specific studies were included in the review. Small reserves harbored substantial portions (upward of 50%) of regional species diversity for many taxa (birds, plants, amphibians, and small mammals) and even some endemic, specialist bird species. Unfortunately, small reserves and fragments almost always harbored more generalist and exotic species than large reserves. Community composition depended on habitat quality, surrounding land use (agricultural vs. urban), and reserve and fragment size, which presents opportunities for management and improvement. Small reserves also provided ecosystem services, such as pollination and biological pest control, and cultural services, such as recreation and improved human health. Limitations associated with small reserves, such as extinction debt and support of area-sensitive species, necessitate a complement of larger reserves. However, we argue that small reserves can make viable and significant contributions to conservation goals directly as habitat and indirectly by increasing landscape connectivity and quality to the benefit of large reserves. To effectively conserve biodiversity for future generations in landscapes fragmented by human development, small reserves and fragments must be included in conservation planning.     

自然保护区经济价值评价探讨

概括论述自然保护区社会经济价值的表现形式、类型及作用等，对资源直接、间接和潜在用途的社会经济价值估算方式、方法及评价进行了探讨。     

Effects of landscape design of forest reserves on Saproxylic beetle diversity

Increasing the density of natural reserves in the forest landscape may provide conservation benefits for biodiversity within and beyond reserve borders. We used 2 French data sets on saproxylic beetles and landscape cover of forest reserves (LCFR) to test this hypothesis: national standardized data derived from 252 assessment plots in managed and reserve stands in 9 lowland and 5 highland forests and data from the lowland Rambouillet forest, a forested landscape where a pioneer conservation policy led to creation of a dense network of reserves. Abundance of rare and common saproxylic species and total saproxylic species richness were higher in forest reserves than in adjacent managed stands only in highland forests. In the lowland regional case study, as LCFR increased total species richness and common species abundance in reserves increased. In this case study, when there were two or more reserve patches, rare species abundance inside reserves was higher and common species richness in managed stands was higher than when there was a single large reserve. Spillover and habitat amount affected ecological processes underlying these landscape reserve effects. When LCFR positively affected species richness and abundance in reserves or managed stands, >12‐20% reserve cover led to the highest species diversity and abundance. This result is consistent with the target of 17% forested land area in reserves set at the Nagoya biodiversity summit in 2010. Therefore, to preserve biodiversity we recommend at least doubling the current proportion of forest reserves in European forested landscapes.     

克百威农药对我国湿地鸟类的威胁及其对策

介绍了我国湿地鸟类就地保护现状以及克百威农药在我国的使用,对鸟类的毒性、毒害途径和主要影响区域.针对当前我国克百威农药使用量大,对湿地鸟类构成严重威胁的实际情况,提出了具体的保护对策,包括:筛选一批重要湿地自然保护区进行严格管护;筛选出我国首批禁用克百威农药的市、县;完善湿地鸟类保护与自然保护区法律法规建设;调整农药产品结构,示范推广高效低毒的新农药品种;提高自然保护区管理水平,对毒害鸟类案件严格执法;加强对农药销售和使用的管理.