Soil Quality Evolution After Land Use Change From Paddy Soil to Vegetable Land

A survey was done in 15 typical villages, 150 soil and 86 vegetable plant samples were taken in Jiaxin prefecture of the Taihu Lake region, northern Zhejian province. Results indicate that after 15–20 years land use changed from the paddy rice–wheat (or oilseed rape) double cropping system, to a continuous vegetable land has caused soil quality dramatic change. (1) Acidification: average soil pH was 5.4; about 61% of total samples were pH < 5.5. It was 0.9 units lower than 10 years ago with same upland vegetable cultivation and was 1.2 units lower than soil pH of paddy rice–wheat (or oilseed rape) rotation. (2) Fertilizer salt accumulation: the average salt content was 0.28%, among these about 36.2% of the total samples contained more than 0.3%. (3) Nitrate N and available phosphorus (P) over accumulation: on average it was 279 mg NO₃-N/kg, and 45–115 mg P/kg. Nitrate N four times higher and available P 4–10 times more than it is in present paddy rice–wheat rotation soils respectively. This has caused wide concern because of possible groundwater and well drinking water pollution by leached nitrate N and the P losses to water by runoff from vegetable lands induce surface water eutrophication.     

Changes of soil microbiological properties caused by land use changing from rice-wheat rotation to vegetable cultivation

A survey was done recently in Jiaxing city of Zhejiang Province in the Yangtze River Delta to compare the differences of soil microbiological properties among paddy soils with different land use including continuous open-field vegetable cultivation (OFVC), plastic-greenhouse vegetable cultivation (PGVC) and traditional rice-wheat rotation (RWR). The soil types included are percolating, permeable and waterlogged paddy soils. The results indicate that the microbial flora was markedly changed as the land use changed for all the three soil types. In continuous vegetable cultivation soils, especially in PGVC soils, the bacteria amounts decreased dramatically, but the fungal and actinomyce amounts increased as compared with RWR soils. The dehydrogenase activities decreased significantly in vegetable soils, especially in PGVC soils as compared with RWR soils. The microbial biomass C and the total phospholipid contents (TPL) in vegetable cultivation soil greatly decreased as compared with RWR soils. Biolog analysis indicated that the kinds of carbon sources that could be metabolized by native microbes in PGVC soils greatly decreased as compared with OFVC soils and RWR soils, revealing that microbial diversity had decreased since land use change. The activities of some soil enzymes including urease, invertase and phosphase were all lower in OFVC soils than those in RWR soils, and those in PGVC soils were the lowest. The degradation of microbiological activities in continuous vegetable cultivation soils, especially in PGVC soils, as compared with RWR soils might have been caused by soil acidification and accumulation of salts due to overuse of both organic and inorganic fertilizers in vegetable cultivation.     

鄂南红壤丘陵区种植结构调整对土壤养分的影响

研究了鄂南红壤区不同种植模式的旱地及坡荒地、不同轮作模式的水田、水田改旱菜地的土壤养分状况。本区土壤有机质含量和氮素含量较低,磷素普遍缺乏,钾素含量较低且呈下降趋势。土壤有机质及氮含量呈现水田类>水田改旱地类>旱地类;土壤磷含量则是水田改旱地类>水田类>旱地类;水田类钾含量明显低于旱地类和水田改旱地类,而且三熟制油菜-西瓜-晚稻种植模式下,土壤全钾及速效钾含量呈下降趋势。水田改为旱作是改善土壤水分状况的有效措施。     

土壤中三种盐对油菜富集镉的影响

为了利用被镉污染的盐土,通过实验分析镉污染盐土中三种盐对油菜（Brassica napus）富集镉影响的差异性,探明不同类型镉污染盐土上种植油菜的植物修复效果。以镉超累积植物油菜为研究植物,通过温室盆栽土培试验,将油菜在含有不同质量分数盐（wS：0 g·kg^-1,2 g·kg^-1,4 g·kg^-1,6 g·kg^-1）的含镉（wCd：10 mg·kg^-1）土壤中培养60天,研究油菜对镉的生物富集因子、植株内地上部分和根部镉的质量分数变化。选择土壤中三种主要盐的类型,即氯化钠、硫酸钠和碳酸钠作为分析和研究对象。结果表明,含碳酸钠的土壤对油菜吸收镉有抑制作用,含硫酸钠的土壤对油菜吸收镉也有抑制作用,但效果没有碳酸钠的土壤大,含氯化钠的土壤对油菜吸收镉的影响不显著,只是在高质量分数时对油菜吸收镉有一些促进作用。在含不同类型盐的土壤中,不同土壤盐对油菜富集镉的能力也有显著的差异,土壤中氯化钠对油菜根部富集镉的能力没有显著影响,而对油菜地上部分富集镉的能力有一定的促进作用;土壤中的碳酸钠对油菜地上和地下部分富集镉的能力都有显著的抑制作用,不利于油菜对镉的富集。     

Optimum nitrogen use and reduced nitrogen loss for production of rice and wheat in the Yangtse Delta region

A long-term field and lysimeter experiment under different amount of fertilizer-N application was conducted to explore the optimal N application rates for a high productive rice-wheat system and less N leaching loss in the Yangtse Delta region. In this region excessive applications of N fertilizer for the rice-wheat production has resulted in reduced N recovery rates and environment pollution. Initial results of the field experiments showed that the optimal N application rate increased with the yield. On the two major paddy soils (Hydromorphic paddy soil and Gleyed paddy soil) of the region, the optimal N application rate was 225-270 kg N hm(-2) for rice and 180-225 kg N hm(-2) for wheat, separately. This has resulted in the highest number of effective ears and Spikelets per unit area, and hence high yield. Nitrogen leaching in the form of NO(3-)-N occurs mainly in the wheat-growing season and in the ponding and seedling periods of the paddy field. Its concentration in the leachate increased with the N application rate in the lysimeter experiment. When the application rate reached 225 kg N hm(-2), the concentration rose to 5.4-21.3 mgN l(-1) in the leachate during the wheat-growing season. About 60% of the leachate samples determined contained NO(3-)-N beyond the criterion (NO(3-)-N 10 mg l(-1)) for N pollution. In the field experiment, when the N application rate was in the range of 270-315 kg hm(-2), the NO(3-)-N concentration in the leachate during the wheat-growing season ranged from 1.9 to 11.0 mg l(-1). About 20% of the leachate samples reached close to, and 10% exceeded, the criterion for N pollution. Long-term accumulation of NO(3-)-N from leaching will no doubt constitute a potential risk of N contamination of the groundwater in the Yangtse Delta Region.     

Changes of Soil Microbiological Properties Caused by Land Use Changing From Rice–Wheat Rotation to Vegetable Cultivation

A survey was done recently in Jiaxing city of Zhejiang Province in the Yangtze River Delta to compare the differences of soil microbiological properties among paddy soils with different land use including continuous open-field vegetable cultivation (OFVC), plastic-greenhouse vegetable cultivation (PGVC) and traditional rice–wheat rotation (RWR). The soil types included are percolating, permeable and waterlogged paddy soils. The results indicate that the microbial flora was markedly changed as the land use changed for all the three soil types. In continuous vegetable cultivation soils, especially in PGVC soils, the bacteria amounts decreased dramatically, but the fungal and actinomyce amounts increased as compared with RWR soils. The dehydrogenase activities decreased significantly in vegetable soils, especially in PGVC soils as compared with RWR soils. The microbial biomass C and the total phospholipid contents (TPL) in vegetable cultivation soil greatly decreased as compared with RWR soils. Biolog analysis indicated that the kinds of carbon sources that could be metabolized by native microbes in PGVC soils greatly decreased as compared with OFVC soils and RWR soils, revealing that microbial diversity had decreased since land use change. The activities of some soil enzymes including urease, invertase and phosphase were all lower in OFVC soils than those in RWR soils, and those in PGVC soils were the lowest. The degradation of microbiological activities in continuous vegetable cultivation soils, especially in PGVC soils, as compared with RWR soils might have been caused by soil acidification and accumulation of salts due to overuse of both organic and inorganic fertilizers in vegetable cultivation.     

Spatial distribution and controlling factors of heavy metals contents in paddy soil and crop grains of rice–wheat cropping system along highway in East China

There is consensus concerning the heavy metal pollution from traffic emission on roadside agricultural land. However, few efforts have been paid on examining the contamination characteristics of heavy metals in roadside paddy-upland rotation field, and especially in combination with detailed quantitative analysis. In this study, we investigated the concentrations of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr and Zn) in soil and crop grains of the rice-wheat cropping system along a major highway in East China in 2008 and analyzed the spatial distribution characteristics of heavy metals and their influencing factors with GIS and Classification and Regression Trees (CART). Significantly elevated levels of heavy metals in soil, rice and wheat grains indicated the heavy metals contamination of traffic emission in roadside rice-wheat rotation field. The contamination levels of Cd, Cr and Zn in wheat grain were higher than rice grain, while that of Pb showed an opposite trend. Obvious dissimilarities in the spatial distributions of heavy metals contents were found between in the soil, rice and wheat grains, indicating that the heavy metals contents in the roadside crop grains were not only determined by the concentrations of heavy metals in the paddy soil. Results of CART analysis showed that the spatial variation of the heavy metals contents in crop grains was mainly affected by the soil organic matter or soil pH, followed by the distance from highway and wind direction. Our findings have important implications for the environmental assessment and crop planning for food security along the highway.     

不同土地利用方式下土壤微生物数量与土壤肥力的关系

选取了6种不同土地利用方式,分别对土壤微生物数量变化及其与土壤养分的相互关系进行了研究,结果表明,不同土地利用方式下土壤微生物总量各有差异,具体表现为干鱼塘底泥>菜地>水稻田>果园>粮作旱地>荒草地;但从土壤微生物多样性指数来看,则表现为粮作旱地>菜地>果园>荒地>水稻田>鱼塘底泥。土壤中微生物总量与微生物多样性指数二者的变化趋势不一致,因此评价土壤生物多样性指数应将二者结合起来。微生物数量与土壤大多数养分含量(除有效磷和全钾之外)之间存在着一定的正相关关系,即土壤微生物数量随土壤养分含量的增加而增加。     

川中丘陵区稻田甲烷排放及其影响因素

利用静态箱/气相色谱法对川中丘陵区冬水田和水旱轮作稻田进行全生长季CH4排放观测。结果表明,水旱轮作稻田和冬水田CH4排放的季节变化峰值都出现在水稻生长中期,且都有1个典型的排放峰。分析讨论了温度、水稻生物量、耕作制度以及水稻栽培方式等因素对稻田CH4排放的影响。发现川中丘陵水稻生长季节5cm深处地温与稻田CH4排放通量呈显著正相关;水稻植株生长对CH4排放有重要作用;水旱轮作稻田CH4排放通量比冬水田低54.1%～65.1%;冬水田水稻采用强化栽培方式既可提高产量又可减少CH4排放。     

热带滨海区不同土地利用背景下土壤溶解性有机氮的组成与粒径分布特征

溶解态有机氮(DON)是土壤中活跃的氮库,其生态环境行为与它的化学组成和粒径分布密切相关。为评估热带滨海区不同土地利用方式对不同粒径中土壤溶解性有机氮组成特征的影响,从水稻田、橡胶园、菜园和果园采集土壤样品,通过一系列微滤和超滤(0.7,0.45,0.2,0.1μm,100,10,1 kDa)对土壤溶解性有机氮分级,并使用连续流动分析仪、三维荧光光谱和红外光谱研究了滤液中溶解态有机氮、无机氮的含量及荧光组分和有机官能团特征。结果表明,4种土地利用背景下土壤DON值的范围为5.25-10.88 mg·kg^-1,其大小顺序为水稻>菜园>果树>橡胶,且DON与溶解性总氮(DTN)的比值范围为26.08%-67.11%,其中橡胶土最高,水稻土最低;不同粒径下4种土地利用类型土壤DON主要集中在<100 kDa的粒径中,其值范围为4.85-9.48 mg·kg^-1,占全量的85.89%-92.41%。三维荧光光谱(3D-EEMs)及平行因子分析表明,4种土地利用背景下土壤DON含有两种类腐殖质组分及一种类蛋白质组分,且以类腐殖质组分为主,占比54.00%-77.67%;类蛋白组分对土地利用变化敏感,且随着粒径的减小,类蛋白组分占比增加,在<1 kDa组分中比例最高。红外光谱结果表明,4种土地利用背景下土壤DON主要在6个位置有相似的吸收峰,包含3410 cm^-1、1636 cm^-1、1402 cm^-1、1138-1035 cm^-1、673 cm^-1、602 cm^-1,不同土地利用背景下各吸收峰的透光度不同,强度最大的吸收来自游离的胺类N-H伸缩振动;水稻、菜园土壤DON芳香物质含量较高,结构较复杂。了解DON的组成与粒径分布对土地利用的响应,对进一步研究其生态环境行为具有重要意义。     

湖北省土壤有效硅含量分布

在全省主要土壤上布点，取土壤样品529个．全省土壤有效硅（SiO2）平均含量为202.6mg／kg，含量变化范围为15．7－725.5mg／kg，低于缺硅临界值（＜95mg／kg）的样点占总样点的38.2％．其土壤有效硅平均含量高的有：黄褐土（471．3mg／kg）、石灰土（377.3mg／kg）和灰潮土（332.7mg／kg）；平均含量中等的有：紫色土（189、5mg／kg）、水稻土（174.7mg／kg）、潮土（110.7mg／kg）、黄棕壤（106.0mg／kg）；平均含量低于缺硅临界值的有红壤（89.1mg／kg）和黄壤（41.4mg／kg）土壤有效硅含量对土壤母质有依赖关系．土壤pH值及水稻上不同水型对土壤有效硅含量也有影响，土壤有效硅含量与土壤有效磷、铁、锰存在着相关关系．     

盐碱地农-渔开发对土壤环境的影响

在东北苏打盐碱地进行了稻-鱼-苇-蒲开发试验,并探讨了该模式对盐碱土壤环境的影响。结果表明,开发后土壤有机质含量增加96.8%(平均值,以下同),盐分含量下降43.6%,全量和速效N、P、K质量分数分别增加142.8%和188.2%;阳离子交换量、盐基总量分别增加8.21%及27.71%;土壤腐殖质以富里酸为主,w(HA)/w(FA)比值提高36.15%;养鱼稻田的土壤微生物总量明显高于未养鱼田(P<0.01);优势种为放线菌。土壤酶活性进一步加强。系统废水的盐分质量浓度降至1.0 g/L左右,碱浓度低于水源(7.0~10.0 mmol/L)。该模式不会造成土壤次生盐碱化。     

Phthalate esters contamination in soil and plants on agricultural land near an electronic waste recycling site

The accumulation of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in soil and plants in agricultural land near an electronic waste recycling site in east China has become a great threat to the neighboring environmental quality and human health. Soil and plant samples collected from land under different utilization, including fallow plots, vegetable plots, plots with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) as green manure, fallow plots under long-term flooding and fallow plots under alternating wet and dry periods, together with plant samples from relative plots were analyzed for six PAE compounds nominated as prior pollutants by USEPA. In the determined samples, the concentrations of six target PAE pollutants ranged from 0.31–2.39 mg/kg in soil to 1.81–5.77 mg/kg in various plants (dry weight/DW), and their bioconcentration factors (BCFs) ranged from 5.8 to 17.9. Health risk assessments were conducted on target PAEs, known as typical environmental estrogen analogs, based on their accumulation in the edible parts of vegetables. Preliminary risk assessment to human health from soil and daily vegetable intake indicated that DEHP may present a high-exposure risk on all ages of the population in the area by soil ingestion or vegetable consumption. The potential damage that the target PAE compounds may pose to human health should be taken into account in further comprehensive risk assessments in e-waste recycling sites areas. Moreover, alfalfa removed substantial amounts of PAEs from the soil, and its use can be considered a good strategy for in situ remediation of PAEs.     

不同水型水稻土施氮磷肥效果及施用技术的研究

通过在湖北省几种主要成土母质上对不同水型水稻土施用氮磷肥效果及施用技术的研究．初步明确了氮肥的施用效果为淹育型水稻土＞潴育型水稻土＞潜育型水稻土．磷肥效果与之相反．从土壤养分状况、氮肥和磷肥的当季利用率、土壤微生物、土壤还原性物质含量和水土温度等方面，初步分析了不同水型水稻土氮磷肥效果差异的原因．提出了不同水型水稻土氮磷肥的施用技术．     

深圳市农林土壤重金属累积现状及风险评价研究（Heavy Metal Accumulation Characters and Risk Assessment in the Soil of Agriculture and Forest of Shenzhen Area）

为探讨深圳市农林土壤重金属的污染现状,系统采集了深圳市菜地、果园、林地和荒地4种土地利用的52个土壤样品,测定了Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn、Cr、Ni6种重金属的全量,对深圳市农林土壤重金属20余年来的累积状况进行了分析并进行了初步的风险评价.结果发现,深圳农林土壤均存在不同程度的重金属累积,总体而言,Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr和Ni的累积较轻,Zn的最大含量尚未超过其80年代末背景值的最大值;Cd的累积最为严重,其最大含量已为背景最大值的16倍.以GB15618-1995为标准,对深圳农林土壤的重金属风险进行评价后发现,Cu的污染最轻,仅20%的菜地土壤超过国家一级标准,Pb50%超过国家一级标准,但尚未超过二级标准;Zn、Cr和Ni均有一定比例的样点超过二级标准,最少4%,最高50%,但未有超过三级标准的样点;Cd的风险最大,不仅有大量超过一、二级标准的样点,而且超过三级标准的样点也占有一定的比例(菜地、果园、林地和荒地土壤中Cd含量超过三级标准的比例分别为10%、23%、29%和50%).深圳农林土壤中的Cd污染应该引起相关部门的重视.     

Integrated effects of slope aspect and land use on soil nutrients in a small catchment in a hilly loess area,China

This study addressed the integrated effect of slope aspect and land use on soil nutrients in a loess hilly catchment in the western Loess Plateau of China. Soil samples were collected from five land-use types: wasteland, cropland, woodland, shrubland and abandoned cropland, at two depths (0–20 and 20–40 cm) in the middle slope position of both north-facing and south-facing slopes. Soil nutrient changes and the relationships between soil nutrients and slope aspect were investigated, based on statistical analysis and expert knowledge. Soil organic matter, total N, total P, nitrate nitrogen and available K of the 0–20 cm soil layer differed significantly between land uses and slope aspects. Soil nutrients in the north-facing slope were better than in the south-facing slope. Revegetation has an enrichment effect, especially on soil organic matter, total N, total P, nitrate nitrogen and available K. Planting of trees, shrubs and grasses could improve soil fertility and favours a policy of revegetation and sustainable land use in the hilly loess area of China. Conversion of slope farmlands into more sustainable land uses, such as shrubland or grassland is a cost-efficient way to achieve soil conservation and ecological restoration. Terracing and the use of agro-techniques for soil conservation, such as furrow-ridging tillage and leaving crop residues on fields, can increase the input of C to soils. Growing crops in rotation with alfalfa and beans could be a promising choice for the sustainability of agriculture and the environment.     

科尔沁沙地土地利用变化对土壤特性的影响

在中国科学院奈曼沙漠化研究站放牧试验场周围,选取了不同利用方式和类型的草地（封育和放牧）、林地（乔木和灌木）和农田（灌溉和非灌溉）为研究样地,调查了0～30cm土层每隔10cm的土壤水分质量分数和有机养分（有机碳和全氮）,分析了土地利用变化对土壤水分质量分数和有机养分的影响。结果发现,垂直空间分布上,无论哪种土地类型样地,土壤水分质量分数和有机养分各土层间均无显著差异性（P〉0.05）,土层垂直变化对土壤特性影响均较小。在不同土地利用方式水平空间分布上,土壤水分质量分数和有机养分（土壤有机碳和全氮）灌木林地均显著高于乔木林地（P〈0.05）,而封育草地和放牧草地间以及灌溉农田与非灌溉农田间土壤水分质量分数和有机养分均无显著差异性（P〉0.05）。不同土地利用类型水平分布上,草地土壤水分质量分数显著低于林地和农田（P〈0.05）,而土壤养分质量分数草地显著高于林地和农田（P〈0.05）。分析表明,对沙质草地进行围栏封育和旱作农田退耕还林还草的同时,对水浇农田实行保护性耕作和精细管理,有利于沙地土壤环境改善与生态系统恢复。     

松嫩平原含盐碱斑的重度盐化草甸土种稻脱盐过程

以松嫩平原西部内陆盐碱湿地的重度苏打盐化草甸土与盐土、碱土镶嵌形成的复区为对象，进行了种稻脱盐过程试验。在不采取化学、物理等其他措施的前提下，单纯采用种稻水洗方法，经过5年连续试验，土壤表层平均盐分质量分数由4．5％降至0．15％，水稻产量由第1年的近于零，上升到第4年的4250kg／hm^2，表明运用简单的种稻脱盐方法改良强度苏打盐化草甸土与盐土、碱土复区具有可行性。这一结果对合理利用劣质土壤资源和重建西部严重荒漠化生态景观具有指导意义。     

水旱轮作稻田旱作季种植不同作物对CH4和N2O排放的影响

甲烷（CH4）和氧化亚氮（N2O）是仅次于二氧化碳（CO2）的重要温室气体,农田是大气CH4和N20的重要来源,但目前农业措施对CH4和N2O排放的影响尚不明确。以水旱轮作稻田旱作季休闲为对照,采用静态箱．气相色谱法研究了种植紫云英、黑麦草、冬小麦以及油菜等4种作物对稻田旱作季CH4和N2O排放及其温室效应的影响。结果表明：水旱轮作稻田旱作季CH4排放通量较低,而N2O排放较为明显。稻田旱作季CH4平均排放通量表现为油菜〉黑麦草〉冬小麦〉紫云英〉休闲,依次为8．96、7．19、6．94、6．52和6．02μg·m-2·h-1,季节N20平均排放通量的顺序是油菜（61．1lμg·m-2·h-1）〉冬小麦（52．5lag·m-2·h-1）〉黑麦草（34．0μg·m-2·h。）〉休闲（15.3lμg·m-2·h-1）〉紫云英（13．6lμg·m-2·h-1）。稻田旱作季种植不同作物对CH4和N2O季节总排放量的影响达到极显著水平（P〈0．01）,C144和N2O季节总排放量均以种植油菜为最大,分别达到43．2和294．7mg·m-2,比对照休闲增加49％和299％。种植油菜、冬小麦和黑麦草较对照休闲显著增加稻田旱作季总增温潜势（P〈0．05）,紫云英和休闲处理间总增温潜势无显著差异（P〉0．05）。研究表明,种植油菜、冬小麦和黑麦草等作物由于氮肥的施用增加了水旱轮作稻田旱作季温室效应。     

Efficacy of rapeseed residue and eggshell waste on enzyme activity and soil quality in rice paddy

Addition of plant residue into soils improves soil physiochemical properties and its fertility. Rapeseed residue is an emerging N source to paddy soils via rice-rape double-cropping practice. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of rapeseed residue and eggshell waste on chemical changes and enzyme activity in the rice paddy soil. The powdered eggshells at 0, 1, 3, and 5% were applied once to 7.0 kg paddy repacked soils in each pot treated with the rapeseed residue or the conventional N, P, and K fertilisers. Eight rice seedlings (Oriza sativa L. cv. Ilmibyeo) (40 days after sowing) were transplanted to the treated each pot. The contents of total C (TC) and N (TN), and organic matter (OM) were significantly increased in soils treated with the rapeseed residue compared to the N, P, and K fertilisers. With the addition of eggshell containing ～92% CaCO₃, a considerable increase of soil pH was observed in soils treated with the rapeseed residue and the N, P, and K fertilisers, compared to the untreated soil. Activities of β-glucosidase, urease, and arylsulfatase enzymes were higher in soils treated with the rapeseed residue than soils treated with the N, P, and K fertilisers. The eggshell additions at 1, 3, and 5% into soils treated with the rapeseed residue increased enzyme activity mainly resulting from N mineralisation, whereas no change in enzyme activity was observed in the soils treated with the NPK fertiliser. The combined use of the rapeseed residue and the eggshells can be beneficial to improve soil environment.