厌氧、缺氧、好氧环境下富磷剩余污泥的释磷机制

以采用A/O生物强化除磷工艺水质净化厂排出的富磷剩余污泥为研究对象,利用棕色消化瓶设计3组释磷试验,讨论厌氧、缺氧、好氧环境下富磷剩余污泥消化释磷的机制. 结果表明:富磷剩余污泥在厌氧和缺氧环境下均有明显的释磷现象,平均释磷速率分别为1.614和0.998 mg/(L·d);厌氧和缺氧环境下释磷量与聚β-羟基丁酸(PHB)之间的计量关系比较表明,释磷过程中包含有明显的微生物释磷机制,同时还存在着物理化学方面引起的释磷机制,硝酸盐抑制剩余污泥中磷的释放主要是通过影响其微生物学机制完成的.      

富磷剩余污泥厌氧消化过程中的水解与生物释磷机制

以某采用A/O生物除磷工艺的污水处理厂排出的富磷剩余污泥为研究对象,设计厌氧消化比较试验,讨论了富磷剩余污泥厌氧消化过程中的磷释放机制.结果发现,剩余污泥消化系统中的SOP(溶解性正磷)释放/PHA(聚羟基烷酸)合成比值大于活性污泥厌氧释磷系统,证实了剩余污泥厌氧消化过程中水解机制是磷释放的主导机制;剩余污泥消化系统中的PHA合成/糖原降解比值小于活性污泥厌氧释磷系统,表明污泥消化系统中的糖原降解不仅仅是生物释磷引起的;厌氧消化系统中抑菌剂的存在对于污泥消化系统的水解释磷机制与生物释磷机制均是不利的.     

Hg~(2+)对剩余污泥厌氧消化过程中物质释放的影响

以某采用A/O生物除磷工艺的污水处理厂排出的富磷剩余污泥为研究对象,设计两组厌氧消化比较试验,考察了Hg2+的毒性对剩余污泥厌氧消化过程中SCOD、VSS、SOP等相关指标的影响,藉此讨论相关物质的释放机制。结果发现,Hg2+的投加可以促进剩余污泥的水解,造成了短期内VSS的快速下降以及SOP的快速释放。当HgCl2投加量为0.25 g/L时,这个短期的时间尺度持续4 d左右;4 d以后,由于HgCl2对产甲烷菌、产酸菌以及聚磷菌均会产生不利影响,HgCl2开始抑制消化过程的进行,导致SCOD积累,VSS、SOP等释放速度减缓。这表明HgCl2可以促进水解释磷,抑制生物释磷。总体而言,投加HgCl2对剩余污泥中磷的释放是不利的。     

活性污泥外循环SBR系统循环污泥释磷能力研究

本试验以HAc作为厌氧释磷的碳源有机物，以SBR系统外循环污泥作为研究对象，探索外循环活性污泥的厌氧释磷能力和获取高浓度富磷污水的途径，试验表明：厌氧过程中聚磷菌吸收HAc和释放PO4^3 的分子比为1：1。即吸收2．06mgHAc-COD将诱导1mgP释放，单位时段比污泥的平均释磷速率Vp=6.54.t^0.76，理想的厌氧时间为60－180min，减少循环污泥释磷系统的反应容积可以提高富磷污水磷酸盐的浓度。     

高效聚磷菌TP16强化除磷

采用SBR反应器,以合成废水作为反应器进水,研究高效除磷菌TP16厌氧聚PHB及释磷,好氧分解PHB和吸磷能力。试验结果表明:TP16好氧培养时,可以好氧聚集PHB,PHB浓度上升与乙酸的浓度下降呈负相关,乙酸吸收量与PHB/VSS的比值呈明显负相关关系;TP16厌氧培养时,底物乙酸浓度下降与菌体PHB的上升呈显著的负相关关系。磷释放试验表明,以乙酸作为底物,TP16厌氧培养时上清液中乙酸浓度的下降与磷浓度的增加呈负相关关系。     

富磷污泥厌氧发酵过程中乙酸浓度对磷释放的影响

以强化生物除磷(EBPR)污泥为研究对象,考察了不同初始乙酸浓度条件下富磷污泥厌氧发酵过程中磷及相关指标的变化,并探讨释磷机制.结果表明:初始乙酸浓度对污泥最大释磷量影响不大,(73.1±2.2)%的污泥总磷量(TP)以磷酸盐的形式释放到液相中,其主要来自聚磷的分解.聚磷的分解途径包括:1)聚磷菌(PAOs)通过吸收乙酸贮存聚β-羟基烷酸酯(PHA)的厌氧生物释磷机制释放磷酸盐;2)PAOs的维持作用导致的聚磷直接分解过程.当初始乙酸浓度不充足时,生物释磷过程受限制,聚磷以相对较慢的速率直接分解;随着乙酸浓度的增大,生物释磷速率增快,同时随之增加的PHA含量能促进污泥的水解酸化.上清液中PO43--P和Mg2+浓度在达到最大值后出现了下降的现象,其可能形成鸟粪石等沉淀.根据试验数据,本文提出了从富磷污泥中回收磷的策略,即可在厌氧消化开始前向污泥中投加一定量碳源,并在发酵24h内分离上清液进行磷回收,这样不仅可以快速大量地从上清液中回收磷并减少沉淀引起的管道堵塞等问题,还可消除高浓度磷酸盐对厌氧消化的影响.     

污泥水解上清液作为GS系统脱氮除磷碳源研究

利用超声预处理后的剩余污泥水解酸化产生的有机物物质作为污水厂碳源,不仅有利于解决城市污水厂碳源不足的问题,同时通过剩余污泥的资源化实现剩余污泥的减量化。通过研究得到,污水处理厂剩余污泥经超声(20~25 kHz,1.6 W/mL,15 min)厌氧水解1 h后得到的污泥水解上清液,溶解性COD(SCOD)溶出率为26.5%,其中,挥发性脂肪酸(volatile fatty acid,VFA)约占SCOD的40.3%,VFA中乳酸含量最高。烧杯试验结果表明,污泥水解上清液最大反硝化速率为5.85 mg NO_3~--N/(g MLVSS·h),可以作为反硝化碳源,而最大释磷速率仅为4.57 mg P/(g MLVSS·h),不适于作为生物除磷碳源。由此可见,水解上清液中SCOD的组成直接影响其作为脱氮除磷碳源的可行性。成本分析表明,污泥水解上清液作为碳源可以产生良好的环境和经济效益。     

污泥处理过程中厌氧再释磷的影响因素研究

对序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR)试验装置和T型氧化沟污水处理厂的释磷总量进行了研究.同时,利用实验室和污水厂SBR装置考察了富磷污泥中的硝酸盐浓度、碳源种类、初沉池污泥投配比等因素对富磷污泥厌氧再释磷的影响.结果表明:每日通过泥线释磷返回水线的磷约占日处理磷量的10%～16%;不同有机基质诱导的污泥释磷速率不同,乙酸钠等低级脂肪酸能快速诱导污泥再释磷;硝酸盐的存在对污泥再释磷有明显的抑制作用,4h后当NO3--N浓度降低到0.2mg·L-1以下时磷将快速释放;初沉污泥的投加会使释磷时间提前4h,随着初沉污泥投配比的提高,释磷速率会相应提高,但释放总量不变.试验结果可以为SBR污水厂污泥处置过程中控制富磷污泥磷的再释放提供参考.     

淀粉酶促进剩余污泥热水解的研究

考察了微好氧条件下,外加淀粉酶对污水处理剩余污泥热水解的影响,以及水解过程中污泥上清液各成分的变化情况,并对酶水解过程的动力学进行了分析.结果表明,淀粉酶的加入对剩余污泥的热水解有促进作用.在最适温度50℃,酶投加量0.5g/L条件下,水解4h后,污泥中SCOD/TCOD达到30.98%,比未加酶时高7.68%.在淀粉酶催化作用和热水解的共同作用下,污泥固体溶解,大分子碳水化合物被水解成小分子糖类,固相蛋白质溶出,并进一步水解.污泥水解过程中,上清液糖、蛋白质浓度均呈现先增加后降低趋势.加酶后污泥上清液中糖、蛋白质浓度分别于4h、6h达到最大值271.43mg/L和1437.37mg/L.污泥水解反应前4h内,VSS溶解率和SCOD/TCOD增加迅速,符合一级反应动力学,4h后反应趋于平衡.4h时VSS溶解率达到22.01%.     

EDTA对剩余污泥磷释放及MAP法磷回收影响

探究乙二胺四乙酸（EDTA）的添加对剩余污泥厌氧过程中磷释放及后续鸟粪石（MAP）法磷回收的影响.根据EDTA添加量对污泥上清液中总磷（TP）、蛋白质、多糖、DNA和SCOD的影响确定了最优释磷条件,采用响应曲面法（RSM）构建MAP磷回收的二次多项式模型并验证了模型的有效性.结果表明：EDTA添加量为5mmol/L,厌氧5d时预处理效果最佳.污泥SCOD破解度（DD）和TP、DNA、蛋白质及多糖均有显著相关,其中TP相关性最强,皮尔逊相关系数为0.866.MAP磷回收的最佳工艺参数是：pH=9.5,n（Mg）：n（P）=1.6,搅拌时间22min,此时磷回收率可达95.68%,形成晶体的主要成分为磷酸铵镁（MgNH₄PO₄·6H₂O）,纯度为79.19%.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.