海洋溢油的风化过程及其对环境的影响

随着沿海和海上油田的大规模开发，溢油事故屡有发生。据估计，我国海洋年均溢油量约为２万ｔ，对海洋环境构成了严重的危害，成为海洋环境中的主要污染源。根据近年来对海洋溢油污染的研究，详细介绍溢油进入海洋环境的扩散、挥发、溶解、分散及乳化等过程，并进而阐述了对海洋环境的影响。     

海洋溢油和含油废水排放的对策

海洋是人类赖以生存的第二大场所。开发海洋石油资源必须做到既要把石油资源开采出来，又要保护海洋生态环境不遭受污染。概述了溢油的污染机理、计算方法、预防措施。     

塔里木沙漠油田开发工程的环境影响评价

塔里木是一个内陆封闭盆地，是世界第二大流动沙漠，它具有丰富的油气资源，目前正在积极开发中。在油气田开发过程中必须做环境影响评价，文中介绍了沙漠环境及生态状况，在沙漠区域必须以水域和生态环境影响评价为重点，评价结果应提出固沙、防沙和保护自然生态等一系列防治措施和对策。     

试论原油罐区环境影响评价中的工程分析 ──以长庆石化分公司原油罐区建设项目为例

原油罐区环境影响评价中的工程分析必须深入、准确。文章总结了该类项目环境影响评价工作中工程分析的要点,并通过长庆石化分公司原油罐区工程实例加以实证说明,对该类项目环境影响评价工作有一定的指导作用。     

Patterns of selectiveness in the Amazonian freshwater fisheries: implications for management

Tropical fisheries, which are considered multi-species, may show selectiveness. We analyzed the degree of selectivity of fish catches in 46 sites along the Amazon basin through the percentage of biomass corresponding to the most caught fish species. Amazonian fisheries were considered moderately selective, as 54% of the sites directed more than a quarter of fishing effort to one fish species and in 87% of the sites more than half the fishing effort was directed to five fish species. Commercial fisheries were more selective than subsistence fisheries. Eleven fish species (nine of them migratory) have received more fishing pressure in the studied Amazonian regions and the catch composition differed among regions. We thus recommend that fisheries management in the Amazon basin should distribute fishing effort among more fish species; incorporate the particularities of commercial and subsistence fisheries; evaluate fishing effects on ecosystem services; and consider the biological characteristics of preferred fish.     

Hydrocarbon contamination of a terrestrial ecosystem: the case of Oshire-2 oil spill in Niger Delta,Nigeria

An oil-impacted site at Oshire-2 in Niger Delta (Nigeria) was delimited by reconnaissance. Surface and subsurface soils were analyzed for total extractable hydrocarbon content and some physicochemical characteristics. The oil-impacted soils had a mean hydrocarbon content of 1.99 × 10³ mg/kg (no overlap in Standard Error at 95% Confidence Limit) and were characterized by an isohyperthermic temperature regime >22°C, high moisture content, high acidity (low soil-pH) and low electrical conductivity. The intense infusion of degradable hydrocarbons at the site must have stimulated aerobic and anaerobic microbial metabolism and so, as oxygen became limiting, utilization of alternate electron acceptors produced an increasingly reducing environment.     

油气长输管道工程环境影响评价特点浅析

文章介绍了长输管道工程建设内容,重点论述长输管道工程特点以及对环境影响的特点,提出环境影响评价的重点和评价方法,并对目前该类建设项目环境影响评价中存在的问题提出改进建议。     

Integrated environmental monitoring and simulation system for use as a management decision support tool in urban areas

Leachates are generated as a result of water or other liquid passing through waste at a landfill site. These contaminated liquids originate from a number of sources, including the water produced during the decomposition of the waste as well as rain-fall which penetrates the waste and dissolves the material with which it comes into contact. The penetration of the rain-water depends on the nature of the landfill (e.g. surface characteristics, type and quantity of vegetation, gradient of layers, etc). The uncontrolled infiltration of leachate into the vadose (unsaturated) zone and finally into the saturated zone (groundwater) is considered to be the most serious environmental impact of a landfill. In the present paper the water flow and the pollutant transport characteristics of the Ano Liosia Landfill site in Athens (Greece) were simulated by creating a model of groundwater flows and contaminant transport. A methodology for the model is presented. The model was then integrated into the Ecosim system which is a prototype funded by the EU, (Directorate General XIII: Telematics and Environment). This is an integrated environmental monitoring and modeling system, which supports the management of environmental planning in urban areas.     

水上溢油环境风险源确定研究

依据泄漏进水域的最大油品量、水域环境敏感性等两个主要因素,研究确定了江苏油田水上(临水)设施环境风险源等级,并针对不同的风险源阐述了降低风险等级的技术方法和预防措施,为加强江苏油田环境风险防患、提高应急处理能力提供了依据。     

Information as a management tool: An evaluation of the Pemigewasset Wilderness management plan

The newly instituted management plan for the Pemigewasset Wilderness area of New Hampshire, USA, which relies principally on providing information to visitors, represents a departure from traditional plans. Logit analysis of survey data indicates limited evidence of the plan having much direct impact on visitor behavior. There is evidence of success in information dissemination to area users; however, the type of information that is being relayed to backcountry users does not appear to be that which the management plan is attempting to promote.     

有冰条件下撇油器回收溢油速率试验研究＊

为评价一种进口多功能撇油器应对渤海冬季溢油的能力,试验分别对刷式、盘式、鼓式三种撇油头在无冰和有冰(冰密集度约5成)条件下进行收油速率测试。试验以100 L油品为基数,测出在各种组合条件下回收油品所需要的时间,并把鼓式撇油头在有冰条件下的泵速提高,再进行试验。结果发现三种撇油方式的回收速率不仅与撇油头类型有关,同时也取决于是否有冰;在有冰条件下,三种撇油头收油效果都受到影响,其中盘式撇油器受影响最大,无法回收溢油;在有冰条件下加大鼓式撇油头泵速会提高总回收速率,但含水率同时提高;对凝固原油,撇油器无能为力。试验结果对正确评估三种类型的撇油头在两种情况下的收油效果和相关单位应具备的清除溢油能力,以及今后引进设备提高应急能力将起到借鉴作用。     

环境影响评价在HSE管理体系中的应用

HSE(健康、安全、环境)管理体系已发展成为国际石油石化行业通用的管理体系,中国石油逐步推行HSE管理体系,不断探索和实践。文章从环境影响评价与石油企业HSE管理体系的相互关联入手,分析将环境影响评价应用于HSE管理体系建设的可行性,认为企业的环境管理应与环境影响评价工作充分结合,以提高企业管理的效率和效益,推动企业长远发展。     

浅论环境影响评价在油田环境管理中的作用

新疆地区的环境较为敏感,油气田开发对环境的影响较大,围绕着油气田开发所开展的各项活动必须严格执行环境影响评价。文章介绍油气田开发环境影响特点,环境影响评价工作中存在的问题。加强油田环境管理的措施为:实施战略和区域环境影响评价,在可行性研究报告审查前提出环境保护建议,在设计阶段严格执行环评中提出的环境保护措施,严格执行HSE环境管理体系,建立和完善回顾性环境影响评价制度,制定新疆油田建设项目环境保护管理方面的规定。     

Oil spill vulnerability assessment integrating physical, biological and socio-economical aspects: Application to the Cantabrian coast (Bay of Biscay, Spain)

A methodology has been developed to carry out an integrated oil spill vulnerability index, V, for coastal environments. This index takes into account the main physical, biological and socio-economical characteristics by means of three intermediate indexes. Three different integration methods (worst-case, average and survey-based) along with ESI-based vulnerability scores, V_ESI, proposed for the Cantabrian coast during the Prestige oil spill, have been analyzed and compared in terms of agreement between the classifications obtained with each one for this coastal area. Results of this study indicate that the use of the worst-case index, V_R, leads to a conservative ranking, with a very poor discrimination which is not helpful in coastal oil spill risk management. Due to the homogeneity of this coastal stretch, the rest of the methods, V_I, V_M and V_ESI, provide similar classifications. However, V_M and V_I give more flexibility allowing three indexes for each coastal segment and including socio-economic aspects. Finally, the V_I procedure is proposed here as the more advisable as using this index promotes the public participation that is a key element in the implementation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (IZCM).     

生命周期评价在我国固体废物环境管理中的应用

生命周期评价是评价产品、工艺或活动（服务）整个生命周期阶段有关环境负荷,进而辨识和评价减少环境影响机会的一种非常有用的工具。将生命周期评价应用于固体废物环境管理,无疑对于我国建立科学化的固体废物环境管理模式具有十分重要的作用。本文对生命周期评价的定义、主要阶段、应用工具、特点进行了阐述,并对生命周期评价如何应用于我国固体废物环境管理进行了探讨。     

Testing hypotheses about management to enhance habitat for feeding birds in a freshwater wetland

The level of water was manipulated in a freshwater wetland, with the aim of enhancing abundances of benthic animals and, ultimately, improving habitat for feeding birds (Japanese Snipe, Gallinago hardwickii). We tested whether these actions had the predicted and desired effects on benthic animals, by contrasting changes in two managed locations to one control location which was left unmanipulated. The number of taxa and abundances of chironomids decreased strongly and significantly in the manipulated locations, while the abundance of oligochaetes appeared to vary in a seasonal manner. Temporal variability of the structure and composition of assemblages was also increased in manipulated locations. Such effects have previously been suggested to indicate stress in benthic assemblages. Therefore, in contrast to what was predicted, managerial actions made benthic fauna less abundant and thus, less suitable as habitat for feeding birds. Several general lessons can be learned from these results. (1) Effects of managerial actions like these are difficult to predict a priori and can only be reliably evaluated with an experimental framework. (2) Because abundances of animals vary naturally, evaluations of managerial actions must include appropriate spatial replication. (3) Sampling at hierarchical temporal scales is important, because abundances of animals may vary in an unpredictable manner at short temporal scales and because changes in temporal variability may be a symptom of stress. (4) Combined use of uni- and multivariate techniques provides a comprehensive set of tools to assess the effects of restoration and creation of new habitats. Finally, these results emphasise the need for clear predictions about desired outcomes and specific experimental plans about how to test whether the desired results were achieved, before managerial actions are taken. Although this is often very difficult to achieve in real situations, it is necessary for practices of management to evolve on the basis of sound empirical experience.     

Assessment of the coherence of the Swiss waste wood management

Waste wood recovery by thermal treatment with energy recovery or by recycling allows the substitution and conservation of primary resources. Swiss government notes the potential presence of tensions between policies which simultaneously encourage the cascade use of wood, the recycling or the energy recovery by thermal treatment of waste wood. The aim of the present research is to assess the coherence of waste wood management in Switzerland by a quantitative and qualitative approach. First, a material flow analysis allows to model the wood resources and waste wood metabolism over one century. The simulation results of various scenarios of waste wood management establish that the additional impacts of the immediate thermal treatment are less significant for the reduction of CO₂eq emissions but more significant for the energy production than its cascade treatments on Swiss territory. Secondly, a documentary analysis examines the determinants of the current waste wood treatments prevailing in Switzerland. Thus, the causes of the strong presence on Swiss territory of the sector of thermal treatment, the export of almost half of waste wood generated and the sub-exploitation of Swiss forest act as barriers or drivers that result in introducing a crowding-out effect where no amount of waste wood is available for recycling in Switzerland. The comparison of the results of the two approaches leads to the conclusion that the current waste wood management is coherent in relation to the various goals of the Swiss federal policies but the waste wood potential for energy production is not fully exploited. The recommendations on the waste wood management and the possibilities to use the model for other case studies are given in the conclusion.     

我国环境影响评价公众参与工作存在的问题及解决对策

本文通过对我国环境影响评价公众参与发展历程的回顾和采用对比法分析各省市出台的相关公众参与的实施办法或条例的基础上,分析我国环评公众参与具体操作过程中存在公众参与作用边界被无限放大、参与对象缺乏代表性和形式单一等问题,从信息公开制度、公众参与对象的选择、公众参与形式、公示内容、公众反馈意见等方面提出提高公众参与有效性的对策和建议.     

Environmental impact assessment of a proposed info-tech complex in East Calcutta wetlands

An info-tech complex is proposed for 286 acres (116 ha) of land within the East Calcutta wetlands. The proposed site is 15 km east of Kolkata city and only 8 km south of Dum Dum airport. The site is vacant, with pockets of agricultural land and a few degrading water-logged areas. In order to assess the likely impact of the proposed development on the environment, a rapid environmental impact assessment of an area of 10 km radius from the centre of the project site was carried out. The present status of the environment with respect to ambient air, surface water, groundwater, soil, landuse, noise, and socio-economics of the core and buffer zone has been documented and correlated with 24 project activities during construction, development and operational phases. The frequency of adverse impacts is greater than that of beneficial impacts. Out of the total adverse impacts 20 are short term, reversible and have a low magnitude. The total impact score for the proposed project is (–)468.75 and as per the Assessment Value Index Scale the environmental impact of the proposed project activities is no appreciable impact. But there are certain sectors where the environment will be adversely impacted. Therefore, appropriate measures have been suggested to ameliorate the adverse impacts. It is envisaged that if these measures are implemented then there will be an improvement in the quality of the environment, as well as life, by 687.5 units.     

社会影响评价在油气田钻井工程中的应用

本文介绍了国际石油工业环境保护协会（IPIECA）《石油天然气行业社会影响评价导则》中社会影响评价的定义、主要原则、主要内容、评价程序与方法等,并以某油气田钻井工程社会影响评价实践为例,论述了如何有效地开展油气田钻井工程社会影响评价工作。