新型燃油惰气发生器燃烧室的设计及流场分析

对燃油惰气发生器燃烧室进行了优化设计,并以此为研究对象,对气相采用重整化群(Renormalization Group,RNG)k-ε双方程模型,对颗粒相采用随机颗粒轨道模型;考虑气雾两相之间的耦合作用,采用二阶迎风差分和SIMPLE算法,对燃烧室内的气雾两相三维流场进行数值模拟,得到燃烧室内空气-油雾两相流动动力学特性,其结果对燃油惰气发生器燃烧室燃烧性能的分析及结构与工艺参数的优化具有重要意义.     

脱除燃烧源PM2.5过程中蒸汽相变机理应用研究

本文对脱除燃烧源PM2.5过程中蒸汽变相机理应用进行试验。结果表明在拖出燃烧源过程中,蒸汽相变机理对燃油PM2.5的拖出率可达65%。其中相变核化室壁、蒸汽饱和度等对PM2.5凝并长大效果都有影响,不仅能改善蒸汽相变效果,同时也有助于增加相变效果。     

减少污染的蒸汽喷射装置

最近,一种新型的内燃机蒸汽喷射装置在美国问世。该装置由一个容量为1升的水槽和一个藉石英一卤素热源产生蒸汽的蒸汽发生器两部分组成。蒸汽发生器产生的饱和蒸汽通过绝缘导管和集流腔,藉喷嘴喷到燃烧室内,与形成涡流的燃料充分混合,从而提高燃料的燃烧效益。燃烧时,蒸汽中的氢和氧与一氧化碳反应,生成二氧化碳和水,从而减少废气中的污染物质。据试用结果表明,使用这种蒸汽喷射装置,内燃机输出功率增加10％,燃料消耗量降低15％,废气中一氧化碳含量降低40％。     

抓细节 保安全

注汽生产属于高温高压行业，任何一个小小的纰漏，都能酿成大事故：胜利油田孤岛采油厂孤三注汽队注重细微环节的防范，对每台设备制作了设备管理关键点和巡回检查路线图，要求值班人员一小时一巡回检查，一小时一记录分析，对于设备出现的细微变化及时采取防范措施，确保注汽锅炉的安全运行。图为当班职工正在向下一班职工交待湿蒸汽发生器的运行状况。     

信息

2000年第二届全国用户信得过环保产品名单 　　中国环境科学学会今年 3～ 8月在全国组织开展了 2000年第二届全国用户信得过环保产品评选活动。由用户直接评选、专家实地考察和委托调查等多种方式进行的评选工作已结束。现将获得本届用户使用信得过的 42个环保产品，刊登于《环境保护》杂志，以便更好地为我国的环保事业服务 (名次不分先后 )。 产 品 名 称 1湿法高效脱硫除尘设备 2华特 908二氧化氯水消毒剂发生器 3燃油炉灶消烟除油系统 4粉煤灰彩色道路砖 5粉煤灰砌块 6晋榆常压蒸汽助燃锅炉 7燃油燃气锅炉 8复合式多管水膜脱硫除尘器 9 …     

纳米材料让你的汽车更省钱

纳米燃油／润滑油添加剂是由北京大学留美博士李正孝教授采用液相纳米组装技术和辐射化工生产工艺研发生产的。纳米燃油添加剂的作用机理是，把水组装后，水以纳米尺度颗粒状态分散到燃油中，并作为纳米尺度的结构单元起作用。这种水颗粒的微爆作用可以让燃油和空气混合得更加充分，让燃油燃烧得更加充分和均匀，从而提高燃油的燃烧效率和车辆的机械效率，达到节能、环保和增加动力的功效。     

蒸汽发生器管束外表面的应力腐蚀破裂规律(续完)

报道了某核动力系统蒸汽发生器,因管束的应力腐蚀破裂而发生严重泄漏事故的原因和规律.采用肉眼宏观检查、着色探伤、超声波探伤和单管泵压试验等方法探明了蒸汽发生器的应力腐蚀破裂特点和在管束表面上的立体分布规律;采用电子探针、电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪和扫描电镜等微观分析技术查明了产生应力腐蚀破裂的原因和文中所述分布规律的原因,并提出了一些改进办法.不仅为后来的蒸汽发生器的设计、制造和运行提供了依据,而且也为应力腐蚀破裂的研究,提供了大量的实际资料.展示了众多在蒸汽发生器的实际运行过程中所产生的应力腐蚀破裂形貌的照片,并列出了形成各种规律的统计数据.     

蒸汽发生器管束外表面的应力腐蚀破裂规律(待续)

报道了某核动力系统蒸汽发生器,因管束的应力腐蚀破裂而发生严重泄漏事故的原因和规律。采用肉眼宏观检查、着色探伤、超声波探伤和单管泵压试验等方法探明了蒸汽发生器的应力腐蚀破裂特点和在管束表面上的立体分布规律。采用电子探针、电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪和扫描电镜等微观分析技术查明了产生应力腐蚀破裂的原因和文中所述分布规律的原因,并提出了一些改进办法。不仅为后来的蒸汽发生器的设计、制造和运行提供了依据,而且在科学上也为应力腐蚀破裂的研究,提供了大量的实际资料。展示了众多在蒸汽发生器的实际运行过程中所产生的应力腐蚀破裂形貌的照片,并列出了形成各种规律的统计数据。     

蒸汽发生器管束外表面的应力腐蚀破裂规律(续一)

报道了某核动力系统蒸汽发生器,因管束的应力腐蚀破裂而发生严重泄漏事故的原因和规律.采用肉眼宏观检查、着色探伤、超声波探伤和单管泵压试验等方法探明了蒸汽发生器的应力腐蚀破裂特点和在管束表面上的立体分布规律;采用电子探针、电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪和扫描电镜等微观分析技术查明了产生应力腐蚀破裂的原因和文中所述分布规律的原因,并提出了一些改进办法.不仅为后来的蒸汽发生器的设计、制造和运行提供了依据,而且也为应力腐蚀破裂的研究,提供了大量的实际资料.展示了众多在蒸汽发生器的实际运行过程中所产生的应力腐蚀破裂形貌的照片,并列出了形成各种规律的统计数据.     

烟气脱硫

一、概述齐鲁30万吨乙烯装置有两台超高压蒸汽燃油锅炉和一台燃油蒸汽过热炉。正常生产运行中,这三台锅炉燃烧的燃料油含硫为1.2—1.6％(wt)每小时平均耗油量约为29吨,产生400000m~3的烟气,其中SO_2的含量可达0.1%(体积)。为了保护环境,充分利用资源,在乙烯装置引进时,从国外引进了一套年产1.6万吨硫铵的SO_2回收装置。     

论炼油厂液氨质量及出路

炼油厂生产液氨，作为综合利用产品给社会带来益处，但液氨质量不好无法出厂，放火矩烧不仅浪费资源，同时造成大气污染。为解决炼油厂液氨出路，首先通过技术攻关解决液氨质量问题，并试用气氨作为燃料获得成功，达到既可生产液氨，又可作为锅炉燃料，彻底解决了炼油厂液氨出路。     

包裹石煤固氟燃料固氟效果的中试

选择陕西紫阳蒿坪镇相同条件地炉16户,其中8户烧用当地高氟块状石煤、石灰、粘土和低氟无烟煤粉制备的包裹石煤燃料,8户燃烧未处理的石煤,进行了中试研究.结果表明,包裹石煤组本身煤氟与渣氟比较,固氟率平均75.0%;室内空气,与普通块石煤组比较,包裹石煤燃料组氟下降了85.7%,硫下降75.0%,烟尘下降55.3%.     

人为干扰对小兴安岭森林湿地土壤碳组分和酶活性的影响

以小兴安岭落叶林沼泽湿地为研究对象,对比研究皆伐地、火烧地和落叶松湿地土壤碳组分和酶活性.结果表明:(1)3种湿地类型土壤SOC含量表现为对照地显著高于皆伐地和火烧地(p0.05),在0~10 cm土层中皆伐地与对照地相比降低了58.38%,火烧地与对照地相比降低了61.96%.皆伐地与火烧地在不同土层的土壤中SOC含量差异不显著(p0.05);DOC含量对照地显著高于皆伐地和火烧地(p0.05).在0~10cm土层中火烧地DOC含量是皆伐地的1.99倍,两者差异不显著(p0.05);不同干扰方式对土壤MBC含量影响的差异主要表现在0~10 cm的土层土壤,对照地分别比皆伐地和火烧地高23.13%和95.79%(p0.05).在不同的土层中皆伐地MBC含量均大于火烧地,与SOC含量的变化趋势一致.(2)与对照地相比,皆伐地与火烧地0~10 cm土层的土壤蔗糖酶活性分别降低了45.59%和36.76%,脲酶活性显著降低了18.22%和55.69%(p0.05),蛋白酶活性降低了19.65%和17.34%,淀粉酶活性降低了6.29%和10.69%.土壤碳组分和酶活性在垂直方向上均表现为随着土层深度增加而减小.皆伐和火烧造成森林湿地土壤碳组分和酶活性降低.     

应用循环流化床锅炉掺烧城市污泥的技术研究

研究了利用热电厂循环流化床锅炉掺烧城市污泥的技术,达到了最优化减少城市污泥对环境影响的效果。基于循环流化床锅炉具有负荷调节速度快、范围大,燃料适应性广、燃烧效率高,洁净的燃烧技术易于实现灰渣的综合利用等技术特点,文章尝试将城市污泥直接掺烧至循环流化床锅炉。实验结果表明,经高温焚烧的污泥可最大化实现减量,产生的灰渣已稳定和无害并可用作路基材料或建材厂制砖,实现了资源化利用。     

Smoke emission and burning rates for urban structures

Cribs, ordered arrays of sticks, were burned to mimic post-nuclear building fires. As the packing density of the cribs was increased to simulate blast damage, the smoke yield increased and the smoke changed from strongly light absorbing to whitish in color. A ventilation parameter proportional to the ratio of the crib vent area to the total fuel surface area correlated the burning rate and smoke yield data for both large (3.81 cm stick thickness) and small (0.64 cm stick thickness) scale cribs. The globally averaged smoke optical depth inferred from the burning of the wood cribs is in the low range of Penner's (1986, Nature324, 222–226) estimate. The smoke yield for freely burning cribs containing wood, gypsum, and plastic can be accounted for based on the high sooting yield of the plastic by itself.     

Source profiles of particulate organic matters emitted from cereal straw burnings

Cereal straw is one of the most abundant biomass burned in China but its contribution to fine particulates is not adequately understood. In this study, three main kinds of cereal straws were collected from five grain producing areas in China. Fine particulate matters （PMzs） from the cereal straws subjected to control burnings, both under smoldering and flaming status, were sampled by using a custom made dilution chamber and sampling system in the laboratory. Element carbon （EC） and organic carbon （OC） was analyzed. 141 compounds of organic matters were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrum （GC-MS）. Source profiles of particulate organic matters emitted from cereal straw burnings were obtained. The results indicated that organic matters contribute a large fraction in fine particulate matters. Levoglucosan had the highest contributions with averagely 4.5% in mass of fine particulates and can be considered as the tracer of biomass burnings. Methyloxylated phenols from lignin degradation also had high concentrations in PM2.5, and contained approximately equal amounts of guaiacyl and syringyl compounds. 13-Sitostrol also made up relatively a large fraction of PMz5 compared with the other sterols （0.18%-0.63% of the total fine particle mass）. Normal alkanes, PAHs, fatty acids, as well as normal alkanols had relatively lower concentrations compared with the compounds mentioned above. Carbon preference index （CPI） of normal alkanes and alkanoic acids showed characteristics of biogenic fuel burnings. Burning status significantly influenced the formations of EC and PAHs. The differences between the emission profiles of straw and wood combustions were displayed by the fingerprint compounds, which may be used to identify the contributions between wood and straw burnings in source apportionment researches.     

Influence of fuel mass load, oxygen supply and burning rate on emission factor and size distribution of carbonaceous particulate matter from indoor corn straw burning

The uncertainty in emission estimation is strongly associated with the variation in emission factor (EF),which could be influenced by a variety of factors such as fuel properties,stove type,fire management and even methods used in measurements.The impacts of these factors are complicated and often interact with each other.Controlled burning experiments were conducted to investigate the influences of fuel mass load,air supply and burning rate on the emissions and size distributions of carbonaceous particulate matter (PM) from indoor corn straw burning in a cooking stove.The results showed that the EFs of PM (EFPM),organic carbon (EFOC) and elemental carbon (EFEC) were independent of the fuel mass load.The differences among them under different burning rates or air supply amounts were also found to be insignificant (p > 0.05) in the tested circumstances.PM from the indoor corn straw burning was dominated by fine PM with diameter less than 2.1 μm,contributing 86.4%±3.9% of the total.The size distribution of PM was influenced by the burning rate and air supply conditions.On average,EF PM,EF OC and EF EC for corn straw burned in a residential cooking stove were (3.84±1.02),(0.846±0.895) and (0.391±0.350) g/kg,respectively.EF PM,EF OC and EF EC were found to be positively correlated with each other (p < 0.05),but they were not significantly correlated with the EF of co-emitted CO,suggesting that special attention should be paid to the use of CO as a surrogate for other incomplete combustion pollutants.     

车用柴油机排放控制技术进展

本文对柴油机排气成分进行了分析,阐述了NOx与PM的生成机理,重点从燃油技术、机内净化技术、后处理技术三个方面对现代车用柴油机排放控制技术进行了介绍。     

基于VOF方法的汽车油箱燃油晃动数值模拟分析

目的研究燃油在汽车油箱中的晃动规律,为汽车油箱的结构可靠性设计和汽车燃油的稳定供给提供参考和依据。方法建立某款汽车油箱的几何模型,利用VOF(volume of fluid)方法进行数值模拟。采用控制变量法,对比分析有无隔板、不同冲击加速度、不同充液比对燃油晃动及油箱壁面所受压力的影响。结果无隔板、较大冲击加速度的情况下,燃油晃动更为剧烈,吸油管出现瞬间吸空现象,导致燃油供给不稳定,油箱受到的压力更大,影响油箱的结构可靠性。较小充液比的情况下,由于燃油晃动,吸油管容易出现瞬间吸空现象,导致燃油供给困难。结论汽车油箱采用隔板、保持较小的冲击加速度和较大充液比有利于防止吸油管瞬间吸空,从而保证燃油的稳定供给。充液比太大会造成油箱壁面所受压力增大,因此,应该保持合理的充液比。     

我国钢铁企业二氧化碳排放结构探讨

根据钢铁行业碳素流和直接排放计算原理,利用温室气体排放分析模型对几家典型大型钢铁联合企业的CO2排放进行了计算,结合钢铁行业的能源消耗情况对钢铁企业的CO2排放结构进行了分析,提出我国钢铁企业CO2的控制重点在于燃料消耗,需从降低高炉燃料比、优化副产煤气尤其是高炉煤气的回收利用、控制烧结固体燃料消耗等几个方面采取措施。