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1.
Three general methods to calculate soil contaminant cleanup levels are assessed: the truncated lognormal approach, Monte Carlo analysis, and the house-by-house approach. When these methods are used together with a lead risk assessment model, they yield estimated soil lead cleanup levels that may be required in an attempt to achieve specified target blood lead levels for a community. The truncated lognormal approach is exemplified by the Society for Environmental Geochemistry and Health (SEGH) model, Monte Carlo analysis is exemplified by the US EPA's LEAD Model, and the house-by-house approach is used with a structural equation model to calculate site-specific soil lead cleanup levels. The various cleanup methods can each be used with any type of lead risk assessment model. Although all examples given here are for lead, the cleanup methods can, in principle, be used as well with risk assessment models for other chemical contaminants to derive contaminant-specific soil cleanup levels. 相似文献
2.
In Florida, more than half of the state’s sandy beach coastlines are designated as critical erosion areas by the Florida Department
of Environmental Protection (FDEP 2008). At the same time, the economic contribution of coastal construction is being confounded by the fiscal peril facing Florida
(Bird in Ann Geomorph 57:1–9, 1985, Pew Center on the States 2009, U.S BEA 2009). It is therefore an opportune time for an evaluation of coastal erosion policy response which specifically addresses coastal
construction. Furthermore in Florida, an increasing coastal population requiring the provision of structural development necessitates
an improved understanding of how legislative intent which avoids the cumulative impacts of development is translated through
quantified policy response. This study characterizes how coastal development trends in Florida have responded to critical
erosion designation. Using spatial and temporal analysis of coastal construction permitting data from 1987 to 2007, three
coastal counties in northwest Florida were selected for this study. This selection was based on proximity to the designated
ecologically sensitive Apalachicola National Estuarine Research Reserve (ANERR). This study has indicated that clusters of
development have not been reduced or redirected by critical erosion designation in certain areas of the study counties. Therefore
this study has implications for the regulatory framework governing coastal development permitting in Florida, which is of
timely relevance for sea-level rise adaptation. 相似文献
3.
Alex G. Stewart Annie Worsley Vanessa Holden Andrew S. Hursthouse 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2012,34(6):653-664
The Society for Environmental Geochemistry and Health (SEGH) is a forum for multidisciplinary interaction relating the geochemical environment to health. With national funding, SEGH identified collaborative opportunities through the MULTITUDE series of workshops (2007–2011). We reviewed the meetings by electronic questionnaire (39?% response). Smaller meetings saw most returning delegates, suggesting networking and personal interaction is a key positive feature of SEGH; 31?% of practitioners and 25?% of academics participated in more than one meeting. Collaboration between SEGH participants resulted in joint funding (13 academics, 4 practitioners, 1 other) and joint papers (19, 5, 3). Evidence of behavioural change was seen in comments in five themes regarding the impacts of the conferences: support for current direction; impact on education practice (academics); new approaches; networking; multidisciplinary work. Multidisciplinary meetings and resulting networking were seen as having real value by many respondents, who encouraged further active pursuit of these activities. SEGH is eager to continue these activities which transform research, education and practice, resulting in a better understanding of the structure and processes comprising the broad geochemical environment on health. Comments showed the value and strength of small, well-organised conferences, bringing together a mixed group of disciplines, both research and applied, in a relaxed atmosphere. The absence of serious negative critique along with clear, positive comments suggests that there is a substantial level of support for, and even pleasure in, SEGH multidisciplinary conferences and workshops over the past years. It is encouraging that annual European conferences are viewed as such a positive achievement. 相似文献
4.
Gillian M. Raab Duncan P. H. Laxen Mary Fulton 《Environmental geochemistry and health》1987,9(3-4):80-85
Data from the Edinburgh Lead Study are used to estimate the respective contributions of water and dust lead to blood lead in 6–9 year old children. Both sources are significantly related to blood lead. An exposure of 100 g/l in kitchen cold water is estimated to be equivalent to 2700 g/g of lead in dust. In this population water is a more important source of lead than dust for the bulk of the population.This paper is also being published in Proceedings of the Conference on Lead in the Home Environment and is one of several selected from SEGH sponsored conferences for simultaneous publication in this journal. 相似文献
5.
The morphogenesis of ephyrae of Atorella vanhoeffeni Bigelow, 1909 (Werner, 1967) and of Nausithoe maculata Jarms, 1990 during strobilation is described. We found differences in the developmental pattern of marginal structures and structural
changes of longitudinal muscle tubes in particular. During strobilation the polyp’s tetraradiate symmetry is passed to the
ephyra of both taxa as a tetraradiate central symmetry that we consider a major plesiomorphic character. The present results
also indicate divergent patterns of ephyra development during strobilation that lead to variable marginal symmetries of ephyrae
and thus of medusae. Therefore, the marginal symmetry of medusae of N. maculata is octoradiate and of A. vanhoeffeni is hexaradiate. We conclude the latter is stated as derived pattern. These results lead us to maintain both families Nausithoidae
and Atorellidae. 相似文献
6.
I. Sötje F. Neues M. Epple W. Ludwig A. Rack M. Gordon R. Boese H. Tiemann 《Marine Biology》2011,158(5):1149-1161
The rhopalia and statocysts of Periphylla periphylla (Péron and Lesueur in Ann Mus Hist Nat Marseille 14:316–366,1809) and Chironex fleckeri Southcott (Aust J Mar Freshw Res 7(2):254–280 1956) were examined histologically and showed several homologous characteristics. Differences in sensory area distribution could
be connected to a slightly different functionality of equilibrium sensing. In P. periphylla, the statoliths (crystals) grow independently of each other; whereas in C. fleckeri, one large crystal covers the smaller ones. The structures of both statoliths were examined in detail with single-crystal
diffraction, microtomography and diffraction contrast tomography. The single compact statolith of C. fleckeri consisted of bassanite as was previously known only for other rhopaliophoran medusae. An origin area with several small oligocrystals
was located in the centre of the cubozoan statolith. The origin areas and the accretion of statoliths are similar in both
species. Our results lead to the assumption that the single bassanite statolith of C. fleckeri (Cnidaria, Cubozoa) is a progression of the scyphozoan multiplex statolith. It is therefore suggested that the Cubozoa are
derived from a scyphozoan ancestor and are a highly developed taxa within the Rhopaliophora. 相似文献
7.
Alexander Lukeneder Mathias Harzhauser Stefan Müllegger Werner E. Piller 《Marine Biology》2008,154(1):175-182
Stable isotopes (δ18O and δ13C) were measured in successive chambers of the aragonitic shells of the small deep-sea squid Spirula spirula (Linnaeus 1758) (class Cephalopoda, subclass Coleoidea, order Sepioidea, family Spirulidae) to determine whether their depth distributions
change with age. The spiral shells, ranging in diameter from 18 to 23 mm (30–38 chambers), were collected between 2000 and
2006 from beaches in six widely separated locations in three oceans, the Atlantic (Tobago and Canary Islands), Indian (Madagascar,
Maldives, and Perth, Australia), and Pacific Oceans (Ulladulla, Australia). The patterns for both isotopes were highly correlated
in specimens from all six sites. The δ18O data suggest that after hatching at depths >1,000 m at temperatures of 4–6°C, the squid migrate into shallower, warmer waters
at 12–14°C at depths of 400–600 m. Subsequently, the increasing δ18O values suggest a migration back into somewhat cooler, deeper habitats. The δ13C values also revealed three ontogenetic stages in all six specimens, including a major shift from positive to negative values,
which probably corresponds to sexual maturation, the initiation of reproduction, and concomitant changes in diet. In three
of the six specimens (from Tobago, Canary Islands, and Maldives) a fourth embryonic stage (not detected in the oxygen data)
was accompanied by markedly less positive δ13C values in the first few chambers. These data, combined with the scanty life history information from previous studies of
S. spirula, can be used to compare the habitat requirements of related extant and fossil cephalopod genera.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
8.
Cadmium levels in Europe: implications for human health 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Jilang Pan Jane A. Plant Nikolaos Voulvoulis Christopher J. Oates Christian Ihlenfeld 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2010,32(1):1-12
In this study we used the Forum of European Geological Surveys geochemical baseline data to examine the distribution of cadmium
(Cd) in Europe, with a particular reference to the international soil and water guideline values. The highest cadmium levels
were found to occur in topsoil and to follow closely the distribution of P2O5, suggesting that the contamination was from the use of rock phosphate fertilizer in intensive arable agriculture. In terms
of human health impacts, food (up to several hundred μg/day) was found as the only major route of exposure to Cd for the non-smoking
general population. It appeared that low levels of chronic exposure to Cd resulted in completely different human health impacts
than those high levels that had caused the ‘itai–itai’ disease. Some correlations were suggested between cadmium levels and
the age-adjusted prostate or breast cancer rates distributed in the European countries under study. 相似文献
9.
A long term programme to assess the impact of reduced lead emissions in the UK has been established in central London and rural Suffolk. Blood lead concentrations of 5 and 6 year old children and their mothers both show an urban-rural difference of about 1.5 g/dl, which is related to the urban-rural differences in air and dust lead concentrations between areas.This paper is also being published in Proceedings of the Conference on Lead in the Home Environment and is one of several selected from SEGH sponsored conferences for simultaneous publication in this journal. 相似文献
10.
Previous soil lead studies in New Orleans focused on the geochemical footprint and its health impacts. This study examines
the human geography of race, income, and age in pre-Katrina metropolitan New Orleans within the context of lead accumulation
in soils. Sample points of soil lead data (n = 5,467) collected in 1998–2000 were mapped in a geographic information system (GIS), binned into 9 ranges, and queried by
(1) 2000 Census racial demographic data, (2) 1999 median household income, and (3) 2000 age data. The absolute population
generally declines as lead levels increase except at lead levels from 200–400 to 400–1,000 mg/kg when population increases;
the African–American population comprises a disproportionate share of this cohort. The high-lead areas occur in the inner
city, home to the largest populations of African-Americans in New Orleans. The mean household income curve indicates that
lower economic groups are at risk to higher levels of lead. A total of 44,701 children under the age of 5 years, plus 123,579
children aged 5–17, lived in census block groups containing at least one sample point with over 100 mg/kg lead, and these
include 23,124 and 64,064 young people, respectively, who live near at least one point over 400 mg/kg. Lead exposure affects
a panoply of outcomes that influence the health and welfare of the community. Unless corrected, children are likely to return
to the same or, because of lack of lead-safe practices during renovation, even higher exposure risks than before the flooding
of New Orleans. 相似文献
11.
Gábor Herczeg Abigél Gonda Jarmo Saarikivi Juha Merilä 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2006,60(3):405-414
According to Huey and Slatkin’s [Q Rev Biol 51:363–384, 1976] cost–benefit model of behavioural thermoregulation, lizards should adjust their thermoregulatory strategy between active thermoregulation and thermoconformity (no thermoregulation) according to the costs (time and energy spent thermoregulating, exposure to predators), benefits (optimised physiological performance) and thermal quality of environment associated with a given situation. However, Gilchrist’s [Am Nat 146:252–270, 1995] model of thermal specialisation suggests that apparently costly mechanisms of behavioural thermoregulation can greatly increase fitness if the optimal body temperature is achieved. Field studies of ectotherm thermoregulatory strategies under extreme cold conditions and experiments testing the effects of cool environments on thermoregulatory behaviour are surprisingly scarce. We conducted laboratory experiments to test if common lizards Zootoca
vivipara (an active thermoregulator in the field) are able to switch between active thermoregulation and thermoconformity in response to different thermal environments. We found that lizards in treatments with an opportunity to reach their preferred body temperature thermoregulated accurately, maintained their level of daily activity and improved their body condition considerably. In contrast, lizards in the treatment where the preferred body temperature could not be reached became thermoconformers, decreased their daily activity (except for gravid females) and did not increase their body condition. Our results show that lizards can indeed change their thermoregulatory strategy but stress that maintaining the preferred body temperature and, thus, optimising the physiological performance have high priority in lizard behaviour. 相似文献
12.
A geo-referenced data set of 12 228 first-time blood lead screening values for Syracuse, NY, children was established for the 4-year period 1992–1996. Soil lead values were measured in a 600 m by 600 m tessellation grid covering the city. The two data sets were merged for evaluation of relationships between them. Strong seasonal variation in blood lead levels suggests the importance of contaminated soils as an exposure source. When the data were aggregated at a large geographic scale (3 km2), a logarithmic model showed an R2 of > 0.65 for the regression of geometric mean blood lead on median soil lead values. Results showed a striking similarity to those obtained by Mielke et al. (1999) for a study in New Orleans, LA, USA. 相似文献
13.
Pigeons whose internal clock is shifted by 6 h show deflections from the direction of untreated controls, yet these deflections are often smaller than predicted. Magnets temporarily disabling the magnetic compass increased these the deflections significantly (R. Wiltschko and Wiltschko 2001), indicating a compromise between sun compass and magnetic compass. – Recently, Ioalé et al. (2006) claim that they could not replicate our findings. The reason lies in a difference in the behavior of the clock-shifted pigeons without magnets: in the study of Ioalè et al. (2006), their deflections was already almost as large as that of our pigeons carrying magnets. This difference is probably caused by the limited experience of the pigeons of Ioalè et al. (2006): Their birds, in contrast to ours, had not used their sun’ compass during extended homing flights at various times of the year and, not having been faced with the necessity to compensate the saisonal changes of the sun’s arc, gave the sun compass more weight than our birds did.A comment to the paper by Ioalè, Odetti and Gagliardo (2006) Behav Ecol Sociobiol 60: 516–521. 相似文献
14.
The southern Great Barrier Reef (GBR), a region that rarely experiences cyclones, was impacted by tropical cyclone (TC) Hamish
in March 2009. We documented on-reef physical and habitat conditions before, during and after the cyclone at One Tree Reef
(OTR) using data from environmental sensor instrumentation and benthic surveys. Over 5 years of monitoring, ocean mooring
data revealed that OTR experienced large swells (4–8 m) of short duration (10–20 min) not associated with a cyclone in the
area. These swells may have contributed to the physical disturbance of benthic biota and decline in coral cover recorded prior
to and after TC Hamish. During the cyclone, OTR sustained southeasterly gale force winds (>61.2 km h−1) for 18.5 h and swells >6 m in height for 4 h. Benthic surveys of exposed sites documented a 20% drop in live coral cover,
30% increase in filamentous algae cover and the presence of dislodged corals and rubble after the storm. Leeward sites were
largely unaffected by the cyclone. Benthic cover did not change in the lagoon sites. Significant rubble movement and infill
of the lagoon occurred. Two years after the cyclone, algal cover remained high and laminar corals had not recovered. Total
coral cover at impacted sites had continued to decline. Environmental conditions and habitat surveys supported Puotinen’s
(Int J Geogr Inf Sci 21:97–120, 2007) model for cyclone conditions that cause reef destruction. While TC Hamish had a major impact on the reef, change in benthic
cover over several years was due to multiple stressors. This on-reef scale integration of physical and biological data provided
a rare opportunity to assess impacts of a major storm and other disturbances, showing the importance of considering multiple
stressors (short-lived and sustained) in assessing change to reef habitats. 相似文献
15.
R. Alexander Bentley Paul Ormerod Michael Batty 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2011,65(3):537-546
Darwinian studies of collective human behaviour, which deal fluently with change and are grounded in the details of social
influence among individuals, have much to offer “social” models from the physical sciences which have elegant statistical
regularities. Although Darwinian evolution is often associated with selection and adaptation, “neutral” models of drift are
equally relevant. Building on established neutral models, we present a general, yet highly parsimonious, stochastic model,
which generates an entire family of real-world, right-skew socio-economic distributions, including exponential, winner-take-all,
power law tails of varying exponents, and power laws across the whole data. The widely used Barabási and Albert (1999) Science 286: 509-512 “B-A” model of preferential attachment is a special case of this general model. In addition, the model
produces the continuous turnover observed empirically within these distributions. Previous preferential attachment models
have generated specific distributions with turnover using arbitrary add-on rules, but turnover is an inherent feature of our
model. The model also replicates an intriguing new relationship, observed across a range of empirical studies, between the
power law exponent and the proportion of data represented in the distribution. 相似文献
16.
This article is both an essay to propose social chemistry as a new scientific discipline and a preface of the books Environmental
Chemistry for a Sustainable World. Environmental chemistry is a fast emerging discipline aiming at the understanding the fate
of pollutants in ecosystems and at designing novel processes that are safe for ecosystems. Past pollution should be cleaned,
and future pollution should be predicted and avoided (Lichtfouse et al. 2005a). Such advices are still not applied by humans as demonstrated by the Fukushima nuclear event and global warming. Human errors
are repeatable. We therefore suggest a possible solution, which involves bridging chemistry and society by integrating social
sciences in chemical research. In particular, citizen discourse analysis should be useful to design chemicals that are both
innovative and accepted by society. Then, we present the recent success of environmental chemistry through the foundation
of the Association of Chemistry and the Environment; the increase in the impact factor of Environmental Chemistry Letters
from 0.814 in 2006 to 2.109 in 2009; and over 35,000 chapter downloads of the book Environmental Chemistry. Lastly, we highlight
major topics of the new book series Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World (Lichtfouse et al. 2011a, b). The two first volumes are entitled Nanotechnology and Health Risk, and Remediation of Air and Water Pollution. 相似文献
17.
Benni W. Hansen Guillaume Drillet Reinhardt M. Kristensen Thomas F. Sørensen Majken T. Tøttrup 《Marine Biology》2010,157(1):59-68
Close to 50 species of marine Calanoid copepods have been reported to produce diapause eggs (Engel and Hirche in J Plankton
Res 26:1083–1093, 2004); eggs that are viable but require a refractory phase before they hatch, sometimes after months. Diapause eggs are often
described as morphologically different with respect to egg membrane ultrastructure and having a thicker egg shell with surface
ornamentation as opposed to the smooth shell found in subitaneous eggs that hatch within days (Belmonte in J Mar Syst 15:35–39,
1998; Chen and Marcus in Mar Biol 127:587–597, 1997; Castro-Longoria in Crustaceana 74:225–236, 2001). Egg production rates, egg surface ornamentation, and hatching success were monitored in large aquaculture fish enclosures
during winter with close to zero water temperatures (N57°). Surprisingly, all female copepods (Acartia spp.—presumably A. tonsa, and Centropages hamatus) produced eggs all through the winter with no obvious pattern with respect to light, temperature and food availability, and
no diapause eggs were observed. However, individual females produced several categories of eggs with or without surface spines
even within the same egg batch as evidenced by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Four egg categories were distinguishable:
‘no spines’, smooth eggs; ‘short spines’, 5–15 μm long; ‘truncated spines’, with the spine tips cut-off <10 μm long; and ‘long
spines’, up to 30 μm long. All egg categories remained unchanged with respect to surface structures from when we took them
out of the incubation bottles until they hatched. In general, the frequency of ‘no spines’ was 10–40%, and most eggs were
ornamented with ‘short-’ or ‘long spines’. Further, a given egg can be ornamented with all types of surface spines simultaneously,
which might even be a fifth egg category. The different egg categories were all able to hatch within days when exposed to
normoxic conditions suggesting that they were subitaneous. 相似文献
18.
The EPA lead model predicts mean blood lead levels and risk of elevated blood lead levels in children based on lead uptake from multiple sources. In the latest model versions, environmental data from individual homes within a community can be used to predict the overall blood lead distribution and percent risk of exceeding a specific blood lead level (i.e. 10 g dl–1). Recent criteria used by the EPA to evaluate this information include no more than 5% of houses with a greater than 5% lead risk, and a community weighted-average risk below 5%. Environmental (primarily soil) and blood lead data from a residential community near a smelter were used to illustrate recent uses of the model. Scheduled remediation in the community will remove soil for approximately 60% of the houses (i.e. those with lead levels > 1000 mg kg–1). After remediation, the model results indicate a relatively low community risk (0.5–1.9%), although the percentage of houses with lead risks above 5% ranged from 3 to as high as 13%, depending on the variation in blood lead and assuming the model's 7 g dl–1 increase in blood lead with each 1000 mg kg–1 increase in soil lead level. A comparison of the limited blood lead data with soil lead levels below 1000 mg kg–1, however, indicated no apparent relationship. Given these uncertainties, less invasive actions than additional soil removal (e.g. exposure intervention, monitoring conditions, and follow-up as necessary) may be appropriate under the new EPA guidance for lead in soil. 相似文献
19.
Ecological theory predicts that low productivity systems should have low biodiversity. However, despite the oligotrophic status
of the Gulf of Aqaba (Northern Red Sea) ciliate species richness was unexpectedly high. In addition, phytoplankton, as main
ciliate prey, was made up by only few genera, indicating a significant niche overlap among the grazers. Up to 97% of the ciliates
were from the same taxonomic group and of the same size range, implying very similar food niches. Ciliate diversity was highest
at times of lowest chlorophyll concentrations, during the period of stable abiotic conditions, but relatively high genetic
diversity within the ciliate prey, notably among the cyanobacteria Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus. In the absence of disturbance and with little predation pressure, the alternate explanations for the observed ciliate diversity
are either very fine niche partitioning by the ciliates, or their competitive equivalence resulting in a random assortment
of species immigrating from a larger metacommunity, in accordance with Hubbell’s, (The unified neutral theory of biodiversity
and biogeography. Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2001) neutral model. While the use of species abundance distributions (SAD’s) is far from definitive, the theoretical SAD’s that
best fit the Gulf of Aqaba ciliate data was most often not that expected by neutral theory. 相似文献
20.
Reproductive biology in two species of deep-sea squids 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Deep-sea squids, Moroteuthis ingens and Gonatus antarcticus, were collected in the slope waters off the Falkland Islands and their reproductive systems preserved and investigated onshore.
Changes in oocyte length-frequencies at maturation and spawning, and their fecundity were studied. These squids, as well as
many other species, are characterised by a synchronous oocyte growth and ovulation. Oviducts are not used for ripe egg accumulation
and consequently the universal scale of Lipinski (1979) cannot be applied to assign female maturity. M. ingens spawns near the bottom; its fecundity is 168–297 thousand eggs. Maximum egg size is 1.8–2.7 mm. G. antarcticus spawns midwater; its fecundity is 10–25 thousand eggs. Egg size is 3.2–3.3 mm. In M. ingens spawning takes place in the austral autumn and winter, in G. antarcticus—in austral winter. Our data and the literature data show that the so-called “synchronous ovulation” probably occurs in all
deepwater squids. This pattern is very rare among fish, but is quite common among benthic octopods that brood their egg masses. 相似文献