酸雨对生菜的光合、抗氧化系统和产量的影响研究

目前国内外有关酸雨对植物生长危害的影响研究多集中在森林植物和粮食作物,而酸雨对叶菜类蔬菜生长的相关研究较少。酸雨的频发可能会影响蔬菜的生长,进而降低蔬菜产量。为探究酸雨对叶菜类蔬菜生理和产量的影响,选取生菜(Lactuca sativa L.var.ramosa Hort.)作为试验材料,采用野外原位研究方法,探究模拟酸雨(pH梯度为3.0、4.0、5.0)和自然降水(CK)对生菜光合、抗氧化系统和产量的影响。结果表明,pH 4.0和5.0酸雨对生菜光合系统影响不显著,pH 3.0酸雨对生菜光合系统影响显著;在整个试验期内,pH 3.0酸雨显著降低生菜净光合作用8.4%—17.0%。pH 3.0、4.0和5.0酸雨均显著提高生菜超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量,表明酸雨会激活生菜抗氧化系统,同时会对生菜叶片膜系统造成损伤;在第20天后,pH 3.0酸雨下生菜过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著下降13.8%%—35.2%。pH 5.0酸雨对生菜产量影响不显著;pH 4.0和3.0酸雨显著降低生菜地上部产量,分别降低14.6%和16.7%。pH 3.0酸雨使生菜地下部产量显著降低19.0%。综上可见,模拟酸雨对生菜的光合系统、抗氧化酶系统和产量均产生显著影响,且酸雨对生菜的影响阈值在pH 4—5之间,pH 4.0以下的酸雨明显降低生菜产量,但酸雨强度为pH 5.0时已存在生菜减产的风险,研究结果可为生菜栽培的相关农户以及决策部门提供参考。     

高锰酸钾预氧化并复合高岭土与聚合氯化铝(PAC)絮凝去除水中颤藻

采用高锰酸钾预氧化复合高岭士与聚合氯化铝(PAC)混凝,对去除水中颤藻进行了研究.通过正交试验得出了在试验水质条件下,颤藻去除最佳条件为:高锰酸钾投加量为0.5mg·l~(-1),预氧化时间为15min,PAc投加量为2.5mg·l~(-1),粒径为160目的高岭土投加量为50mg·l~(-1).在此条件下,高锰酸钾可氧化颤藻失活但并没有破坏藻细胞壁,防止了藻毒素的释放.预氧化产生的水合二氧化锰作为凝结核促进了絮体的形成,并使之更加密实、易沉降,且沉降后藻絮体不再上浮,提高了处理后的水质.     

模拟酸雨对南方红壤镉释放的影响

采用室内模拟酸雨淋溶土柱的方法,研究了酸雨对2种红壤镉释放的影响。结果表明,酸雨加速了红壤中镉的释放。在pH4.5的酸雨作用下,镉的平均释放水平是对照的1.6～1.7倍,在pH3.5的酸雨作用下,镉的平均释放水平是对照的2.0～6.5倍。经过相当于9150～10650mm降水量的淋溶后,pH4.5的酸雨使红壤镉的累积释放量提高63.0%～80.0%,pH3.5的酸雨使其提高102.7%～630.6%。红壤镉的释放与铝、铁的释放具有极显著或显著相关性。酸雨对镉释放的影响可增加水体中镉的负荷,从而加重镉对人类的直接或潜在危害。     

酸胁迫对铜藻早期生长阶段的影响

为探究低pH胁迫对大型藻类早期生长的影响,以铜藻 Sargassum horneri 为研究对象,设置pH=3.5、4.5、5.5、6.5处理组和自然海水对照组,以不同处理时间分别对铜藻孢子和幼体进行胁迫实验。孢子实验中,于铜藻孢子附着前、后对其进行15、30、60、120 min的酸胁迫,以附着率和脱落率表征低pH对孢子附着的影响;幼体实验中,持续将铜藻幼体暴露于酸性条件下,以脱落死亡率表征pH对幼体的致死效应。结果显示,在短时间酸胁迫下,酸度对铜藻孢子附着的影响显著,附着率随pH值的下降而降低;胁迫时间对孢子的附着影响显著,附着率随胁迫时间的延长而降低,pH值与胁迫时间无交互作用;而当孢子已充分附着后,短期酸胁迫并没有显著影响孢子体的存活。在长时间酸胁迫下,与对照组相比,所有处理组铜藻幼体的存活率均显著降低。研究表明,低pH会对铜藻孢子、幼体的存活生长产生不利影响,并且这种影响在铜藻早期发育的不同阶段有所不同。     

丝瓜络固定化非活性颤藻对Pb2+的吸附特性

为研究丝瓜络固定化非活性颤藻对Pb~(2+)的吸附特性,选择游离颤藻为对照,考察环境因素对吸附过程的影响以及吸附动力学、等温线和吸附机理.结果表明,固定化和游离颤藻分别在90 min和60 min达到吸附平衡,与对照相比,吸附量增加了约20.6%;随着Pb~(2+)浓度的增加,固定化和游离颤藻的吸附量逐渐增加,并在70 mg·L~(-1)和60 mg·L~(-1)时,分别达到吸附饱和;吸附量依赖于pH的变化,当pH5时吸附量达到最大;吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型;Langmuir等温方程很好地描述了固定化和游离颤藻对Pb~(2+)的吸附过程,属于单分子层吸附,饱和吸附量分别为87.82±1.51 mg·g~(-1)和70.87±1.86 mg·g~(-1);傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)和X射线能量色散光谱(EDS)分析表明,氨基、羧基、羰基和羟基与Pb~(2+)的络合作用是固定化和游离颤藻的主要吸附机理.     

模拟酸雨对龙眼坐果的影响及钙调节

pH 4.5的酸雨处理的花粉萌发率比CK下降 9.38%,pH 3.5处理可观察到花粉受害的症状 ,花粉萌发率比CK下降 2 4.2 3%.pH 4.0的酸雨处理雌花 ,其坐果率显著下降 (P <0 .0 5 ) .0 .0 2～ 0 .0 4mmol/L的Ca(NO3 ) 2 溶液处理显著促进酸雨胁迫下花粉的萌发 ,当Ca(NO3 ) 2 的浓度超过 0 .0 8mmol/L时则促进作用开始减弱 .酸雨胁迫后用 2mmol/LCa(NO3 ) 2 溶液或清水喷洒可显著减少因酸雨对雌花和坐果的危害 .图 1表 6参 2 1     

镧对酸雨胁迫下水稻萌发种子CAT的影响

以水稻(宁粳1号)为试材,以萌发种子过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、丙二醛(MDA)和H2O2含量为测定指标,研究镧对水稻种子受酸雨胁迫的缓解作用.研究结果表明,1mg·l-1的LaCl3溶液浸种处理后,水稻种子受酸雨伤害作用有所缓解,种子MDA含量和H2O2含量La(Ⅲ)组低于CK,CAT活性La(Ⅲ)＞CK,表明La(Ⅲ)提高了CAT活性,加强了清除活性氧自由基的能力,使MDA含量和H2O2含量降低;同时,MDA含量和H2O2含量pH2.5＞La(Ⅲ)+pH2.5＞pH4.0＞La(Ⅲ)+pH4.0＞CK,表明酸雨胁迫使种子内部活性氧积累增加,过氧化程度加重,La(Ⅲ)处理有效缓解了其过氧化程度和活性氧的积累,且CAT活性La(Ⅲ)+pH4.0＞pH4.0＞La(Ⅲ)+pH2.5＞pH2.5,表明酸雨胁迫使CAT活性应激升高,但高强度酸雨因其强度过大,使得酶活性下降或部分失活,La(Ⅲ)处理后缓解酶活的下降,提高酸雨胁迫下CAT活性,从而提高对H2O2的代谢能力,最终减轻种子膜脂过氧化程度,缓解酸雨对种子伤害.     

模拟酸雨下自然红壤与污染红壤中Cd,Cu,Zn的释放特征

通过对2个自然红壤和2个污染红壤的模拟酸雨土柱淋溶试验,研究了酸雨作用下红壤中重金属Cd,Cu,Zn的释放特征与影响因素,比较了自然红壤与污染红壤重金属释放特征的差异,结果表明,自然红壤中Cd,Cu,Zn的释放量均随酸雨淋溶量增加而线性增加,累积释放量有Zn＞Cu＞Cd的规律,并且随酸雨酸度增加而增加,3种重金属释放量之间存在显著的线性关系,在污染红壤中,Cd的释放随着酸雨淋溶量的增加呈现对数型增长,Cu的释放模式仍为直线型增长,而Zn的释放在弱酸性酸雨作用下为直线型增长,在强酸性酸雨作用下则为对数型增长,3种重金属释放鼍之间存在非线性关系,污染红壤中重金属释放量顺序为Cd＞Zn＞＞Cu,大约26%-76%的外源Cd和11%-68%的外源Zn被酸雨淋溶释放,但99%以上的外源Cu被土壤吸附,同时,3种重金属累积释放量均与淋出液中H+离子累积量呈现显著的对数关系;Cd和Zn与TOC累积释放量之间呈现显著的对数关系,Cu与TOC呈现显著的乘幂关系,在酸雨作用下,自然红壤由于重金属释放最很小,出现重金属污染的可能性较小;但污染红壤中大量Cd和zn的释放可能导致土壤,水体系统发生重金属污染.     

强电离放电对铜绿微囊藻的杀灭效果

研究了不同曝气量、初始藻密度、放置培养时间、pH值和温度条件下强电场电离放电对铜绿微囊藻的杀灭效果.结果表明,在一定范围内,微囊藻灭活率随曝气量、初始藻密度、放置培养时间、pH值和温度的增加而增大.当曝气量为500 mL·min-1,初始藻密度为9×106mL-1,pH值为9.18,温度为317 K,放置培养时间为4 d,处理时间为10 min时,铜绿微囊藻的灭活率接近100.0%.     

椭圆小球藻对水体汞光还原的影响

为明确椭圆小球藻对水体中Hg~(~(2+))光还原反应的影响,采用室内模拟实验,以不同波长紫外灯及氙灯(可见光)为光源,探讨不同丰度活、死椭圆小球藻在各光照条件下对Hg~(~(2+))光还原反应的影响及动力学特征.结果表明,当藻丰度为1×106cells·m L~(-1)时,在可见光照射下,活藻、死藻处理Hg0的释放量分别为3.733 ng、3.749 ng,Hg~(~(2+))的还原率分别为18.66%、18.75%;在紫外光(UV)照射下,活藻、死藻处理Hg0的释放量最高为2.312 ng、2.373 ng,Hg~(~(2+))的还原率最高为11.56%、11.86%.在可见光、UVA、UVB和黑暗条件下,当藻丰度为0 cells·m L~(-1)时,Hg~(~(2+))的还原率分别为21.45%、22.86%、26.75%、20.41%;随藻丰度的增加,Hg~(~(2+))的还原率逐渐下降;当藻丰度为10×106cells·m L~(-1)时,活藻处理Hg~(~(2+))的还原率分别降至17.70%、10.28%、9.962%、9.774%,死藻处理的降至18.15%、10.83%、10.77%、10.39%.可见,椭圆小球藻对Hg~(~(2+))的光还原反应起抑制作用,藻丰度越高抑制作用越强烈;可见光对含藻处理Hg~(~(2+))的光还原起主要作用,其次为紫外光.动力学研究表明,UV照射下椭圆小球藻对Hg~(~(2+))光还原反应可用Langmuir-Hinshelwood模型进行描述,反应速率常数k为(0. 6893—1.473)×10-4ng·L~(-1)·min-1,Langmuir吸附系数KL为(1.063—1.080)×10-2L·ng~(-1).     

New insights into the determinants of the total fertility rate,infant mortality rate and life expectancy

SUMMARY

Data on 127 countries from the World Development Report (1993) are examined with respect to associations between the total fertility rate (TFR), infant mortality rate, life expectancy, female primary education, GNP and domestic water supply. A marked negative association between quantity of domestic water and the total fertility rate, independent of infant mortality, GNP and women's education, was found. However, water was not significantly associated with infant mortality, after controlling for CNP, female education and TFR. Further research at the micro- (community and individual) and macro-level is suggested to understand why and how water plays such an important role in TFR. At the same time, development policies and programmes need to give high priority to the domestic water supply at community as well as national levels.     

Filter-feeding ethology of benthic invertebrates (ascidians). IV. Pumping rate,filtration rate,filtration efficiency

A combination of a direct and an indirect method has been used for the first time in the study of filter-feeding in benthic invertebrates. Experiments over 12 h periods under constant temperature, pH, light and feeding conditions have been carried out with 3 species of ascidians: Ciona intestinalis (Linné, 1767); Phallusia mammillata (Cuvier, 1815) and Styela plicata (Lesueur, 1823). In C. intestinalis and P. mammillata, no pumping rhythm has been found; the water flow was constant for 12 h, except for some brief accidental interruptions. In S. plicata, the particular rhythm of spontaneous periodical contractions recorded during the experiment were related to gamete emission. The speed of water flow, which was fairly constant during recording, varied considerably during the 12 h period; these variations were generally related to modifications in the diameter of the cloacal siphon. The average speeds, in cm sec^-1, lay between 5.7 and 9.5 for C. intestinalis, 5.2 and 19.4 for P. mammillata, and between 5.3 and 10.7 for S. plicata. Variations in the pumping-rate were small, oscillating around a mean value. In ml h^-1 g^-1 dry weight of organs these were 5,829 to 5,982 (mean=5,906) for C. intestinalis, 6,142 to 6,592 (mean=6,312) for P. mammillata, 1,0508 to 1,1505 (mean=1,0708) for S. plicata. Filtration was continuous without any particular rhythm; filtration rates in ml h^-1 g^-1 dry weight of organs varied between 4,244 and 4,418 (mean=4,331) for C. intestinalis, 4,620 and 4,960 (mean=4,779) for P. mammillata, 8,482 and 9,078 (mean=8,760) for S. plicata. The curves representing pumping and filtration were clearly parallel, indicating that filtration efficiency did not vary greatly during the course of an experiment; the rates obtained were 65 to 87% (mean=74%) for C. intestinalis, 66 to 88% (mean 76%) for P. mammillata, and 73 to 90% (mean=80%) for S. plicata. The slightly higher mean value in S. plicata is probably related to the higher complexity of the branchial apparatus of this species.     

Architecture of,and water circulation and flow rate in,the house of the planktonic tunicateOikopleura labradoriensis

The gelatinous house ofOikopleura labradoriensis (Tunicata, Appendicularia), collected from the docks of Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, USA, in 1984, 1986 and 1990, was examined in vivo by stereomicroscopy and strobe-light macrophotography, and after fixation and processing for light and electron microscopy. In addition to confirming previous knowledge and adding new information on structural organization of the oikopleurid house, this study presents quantitative data on important aspects of its function. Particles small enough to pass through the inlet filters (pore width ~13 µm) were concentrated between differently constructed upper and lower food-concentrating filters (pore widths 0.18 and 0.24 µm, respectively). These filtes were held together by an intermediary screen of widely separated ribbon-like filaments. Water sieved through the filters left the house through a pressure-regulated exit valve. However, the intermittent activity of the tail pump and the elasticity of the house caused frequent refluxes of water that cleared both inlet filters and foodconcentrating filter screens of adhering particles. During these refluxes the food-concentrating filters usually collapsed and compacted the trapped particles into coarser aggregates. With each pumping cycle the particles and aggregates were brought closer to the midline. From here they were periodically drained into the mouth of the organism through a medial food-collecting tube, to be recaptured in a pharyngeal feeding filter secreted by the organism's endostyle. Based on the size and movements of the tail within the close-fitting tail chamber, a water flow rate of ~0.84 ml min^–1 was calculated for medium-sized houses (belonging to individuals with trunk length of ca. 1.2 mm). Taking the intermittent pumping activity of the tail into account, this equals ~35 ml h^–1. Flow through the food-collecting tube was ~1 µl min^–1, laminar and intermittent, and was probably comparable to a rate of ~0.04 ml h^–1. Accordingly, the house allowed the oikopleurid to feed on a ca. 1000 × concentrated suspension of particles. Water speed through the meshes of the food-concentrating filters was ca. 0.15 mm min^–1, or 2.5 µm s^–1.     

Feeding,starvation and metabolic rate in the shore crab Carcinus maenas

The relationship between food intake and metabolic rate (as measured by oxygen consumption) of Carcinus maenas (L.) was studied. The metabolic rate of feeding crabs which had been starved for a short period increased, and several days were required for it to return to its original level. During prolonged starvation, the metabolic rate of C. maenas fell in two stages. The first reduction was to about 60% of the feeding level; this occurred during the first week of starvation. There was then a further reduction to about 40% of the feeding level and, at this level of metabolism, the crabs were able to survive for 3 months, with only 50% mortality; most of this occurred in the last 2 weeks. Metabolic rate was found to affect food intake; crabs acclimated to 24°C took 2.4 times as much food as crabs acclimated to 10°C, although the metabolic levels of the two groups differed by a factor of only 1.4. From the results obtained when the crabs were starved and when starved crabs were fed, it is suggested that, during starvation, the metabolic rate of C. maenas first drops from the elevated feeding level to a level at which carbohydrate reserves are utilised, and subsequently to a minimum level at which lipid reserves and proteins are used.     

Longevity,calling effort,and metabolic rate in two populations of cricket

Intraspecific variation in a resting metabolic rate (RMR) is likely to be an important determinant of energetic-resource use and may influence the resources subsequently available for allocation to traits not directly associated with somatic maintenance. The influence of RMR on resource availability could be especially important for condition-dependent sexual traits, such as cricket calls, that are themselves energetically costly to produce. RMR may also be associated with longevity, either negatively because individuals with a high RMR burn resources faster and die young, or positively as individuals with high RMR are more able to accrue resources to fuel survival. Additionally, the associations between RMR and other characters may vary across populations if differential selection or drift shapes these traits. Here we tested for differences in RMR, body mass, calling effort, and longevity in two populations of cricket Gryllodes sigillatus and then evaluated the potential influence of RMR on calling and longevity. We find that RMR, calling effort, and longevity varied across populations, but mass did not. Controlling for population and mass, RMR was not significantly associated with calling effort, but was negatively associated with longevity. These findings suggest that male crickets that live fast die young.     

In situ measurement of the urea decomposition rate and its turnover rate in the Pacific Ocean

The in situ decomposition rate of urea was measured using ¹⁴C-labelled urea at 3 areas in the North Pacific Ocean: Sagami Bay on the southern coast of central Japan, the northwestern Pacific central waters and the subarctic Pacific waters. The mean values of the decomposition rates of urea in surface waters of these areas were 44.5, 1.51 and 1.32 mol urea m^-3 d^-1, respectively. These rates decreased with depth. High rates of urea carbon incorporation into particulate matter and the CO₂ liberation from urea carbon into seawater were obtained in light bottles in the euphotic zone, while low rates were found in dark bottles. The turnover rates of urea in the 3 areas were calculated respectively as 12, 113 and 110 d at the surface, and the values increased with depth.     

Some effects of temperature on the growth and metabolic rate of juvenile blue crabs,Callinectes sapidus,in the laboratory

Juvenile blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, were grown in the laboratory at different temperatures, and metabolic-rate determinations were made. Growth is shown to be dependent upon temperature. Crabs kept at high temperatures (34° and 27°C) grow faster than those kept at lower temperatures (13°, 15°, and 20°C). Increase in size per molt is less at higher temperatures than at lower ones. Mortality is directly proportional to temperature between 13° and 34°C and is very high during ecdysis at elevated temperatures. Metabolic rate increases with temperature, but various degrees of acclimation are seen after 4 weeks exposure. No acclimation of general activity to temperature was found. The findings are applied theoretically to crabs living in the region of heated discharge canals of electrical generators: the motile blue crab could extend its growing season without decreasing size at maturity by active selection of thermal surroundings.In part based on a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science at the University of Florida, USA.     

Effect of development rate on the swimming, escape responses, and morphology of yolk-sac stage larval American plaice, Hippoglossoides platessoides

To examine the impact of development rate on swimming performance, escape response, and morphology, yolk-sac larvae of American plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides, Fabricius) were reared at two temperatures (5 and 10 °C). Videomicroscopy and silhouette collimation videography were used to examine swimming, escape behaviour, and morphology (standard length, finfold area, and yolk-sac area) of individual larvae. Larvae were examined from 0 d post hatch (dph) to 14 dph for the 5 °C treatment group and from 0 to 6 dph for the 10 °C treatment group (3 August to 17 August 1996). Since larvae were not fed, yolk-sac reserves were essentially exhausted by 14 and 6 dph for the 5 and 10 °C treatment groups, respectively. To control for the effect of testing temperature on behaviour, larvae from each temperature treatment were tested at both 5 and 10 °C. Testing temperature had an effect on some swimming parameters but not on escape response. Swimming performance, escape response, and morphology varied with age, while only morphology and escape response varied with development rate. Morphology and swimming performance, and morphology and escape response were found to be correlated as determined by canonical correlation. This study suggests that both types of swimming behaviours should be examined when developing models of the impacts of predation on the early life history of larval fish. Received: 13 September 1999 / Accepted: 21 June 2000     

Growth rate and the cost of calling activity in male carpenter frogs,Rana virgatipes

Summary Energy stress during the breeding season and relationships between calling activity and growth were investigated in male carpenter frogs, Rana virgatipes. This species has a prolonged breeding season of up to three months in Southern New Jersey. Monthly collections made in 1985 revealed that both dry mass and percent body lipid decreased throughout the breeding season but sharply increased at the end of the breeding season. Observations of free-living males showed that small males were more likely to gain mass than large males during the breeding season. All males gained mass at higher rates after the breeding season. A simultaneous record of calling activity and mass change was obtained for 42 males. Males called on 95% of nights, indicating that they rarely ceased their reproductive activities. Small males tended to have low calling efforts and high growth rates. When the effect of initial mass was removed, growth rate was negatively correlated with calling effort among small males. This is the first demonstration of a direct tradeoff between a reproductive activity and growth in an anuran.     

Effects of pressure,temperature and oxygen on the oxygen consumption rate of the Midwater copepod Gaussia princeps

In this study we assessed the amount of lead accumulated in the body of a grazing mollusc by transfer from its algal food in laboratory experiments, and compared these results with the amounts found in naturally occurring molluscs and seaweed. Near La Jolla, California (USA), where the concentration of lead in seawater is probably less than 0.08 g l^-1, most of the naturally occurring Egregia laevigata contains less than 0.4 g Pb g^-1 wet weight. The total body masses, without shells, of juvenile Haliotis rufescens fed on this seaweed for 3 to 6 months showed similar concentrations. When, however, E. laevigata is placed for 1 to 6 days in seawater to which lead has been added (0.1 or 1.0 mg l^-1) both the seaweed and the abalone subsequently fed with it accumulate proportionally larger amounts of lead. After 6 months, young abalone fed on E. laevigata pretreated with 1.0 mg Pb l^-1 accumulated up to 21 g Pb g^-1 wet weight. This amount of lead had no apparent consequences on the growth or activity of the molluscs. Analyses of 6 different organs from adult abalone showed that the lead was selectively concentrated in the digestive gland. In the foot (muscle tissue), which is the part normally consumed by humans, only negligible amounts were found.