Effect of phenol on haematological components of Indian major carps Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala

The effect of phenol on haematological components of Indian major carps, Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala were observed. After exposure to sublethal concentrations of 5.17 mg l(-1), 6.06 mg l(-1) and 6.99 mg l(-1), the number of red blood cells, haemoglobin content and packed cell volume all decreased but the glucose level increased. The order of decrease in the haematological components of the three fish is in the order of Catla catla > Labeo rohita > Cirrhinus mrigala.     

Behavioural changes in freshwater fish, Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton) exposed to cypermethrin

The toxicity of insecticide cypermethrin to the freshwater fish, Cirrhinus mrigala was studied using static bioassay method. The 96 h LC50 was found to be 5.13 microg/l. Increase in opercular movement, loss of equilibrium, increase in surface behaviour, change in body colour, increase secretion of mucus, irregular swimming activity, rapid jerk movement, 'S' jerky, partial jerk, and aggressiveness were observed in fish exposed to lethal concentration of cypermethrin. But in sub lethal concentration changes were observed from that of lethal and with the approach of 14 and 21 day, fish attained to normalcy.     

Effect of calcium and magnesium on copper,cadmium, and some essential elements of Indian major carps Labeo rohita (Hamilton) and Catla catla (Hamilton) treated with copper and cadmium

The effect of calcium and magnesium either singly or in combination on accumulation of cadmium and copper in Labeo rohita (rohu) and Catla catla (catla) was investigated in this study under laboratory conditions. The investigation showed that copper accumulation in rohu exposed to 0.25 mg L^?1 of copper for 14 days reduced from 31.0 ± 0.4 mg kg^?1 at no calcium/magnesium treatment to 3.5 ± 0.2 and 2.2 ± 0.1 mg kg^?1, respectively, at 75 mg L^?1 calcium or magnesium treatment. The copper level in catla exposed to 0.20 mg L^?1 of copper for 14 days reduced from 5.7 ± 0.1 mg kg^?1 at no calcium/magnesium treatment to 3.4 ± 0.2 and 3.3 ± 0.1 mg kg^?1, respectively, at 300 mg L^?1 calcium or magnesium treatment. The cadmium accumulation in rohu exposed to 0.20 mg L^?1 of cadmium for 14 days reduced from 1.7 ± 0.1 mg kg^?1 at no magnesium treatment to 1.4 ± 0.1 mg kg^?1 at 120 mg L^?1 magnesium treatment. The cadmium accumulation in catla exposed to 0.20 mg L^?1 of cadmium for 14 days reduced from 0.8 ± 0.2 mg kg^?1 at no magnesium treatment to 0.6 ± 0.2 mg kg^?1 at 80 mg L^?1 magnesium treatment. Copper and cadmium treatments also reduced some essential microelements of rohu and catla. Both the fishes restored these elements at different levels of calcium and magnesium.     

Carbofuran induced changes in breeding of a freshwater fish,Labeo rohita (Hamilton)

The effect of carbofuran, a carbamate pesticide, on the breeding performance of the freshwater fish Labeo rohita (Hamilton) has been investigated in the present study. Breeding of L. rohita was conducted after treatment with three sublethal concentrations, i.e. 0.06, 0.15 and 0.30 mg L^?1 of carbofuran for 96 h. The present investigation showed that the number of total eggs and total amount of eggs (litre per kg body weight) decreased significantly (p < 0.01) at all concentrations of carbofuran in comparison to controls, while the reduction in fertilization percentage at all concentrations of carbofuran was not significantly different from controls. The reduction in hatching percentage, the expected number of hatchlings, and the expected number of hatched larvae were significantly (p < 0.01) different between treated and control groups at all carbofuran concentrations. No significant differences for the 96 h survivability of hatched larvae were reported at all concentrations of carbofuran.     

The toxicity of ammonia,nitrite and nitrate to the fish,Catla catla (Hamilton)

The acute toxicity of unionized ammonia; nitrite and nitrate to the Indian major carp Catla catla (Hamilton) was determined using static and continuous flow through systems for 24 hours. The median lethal concentration (LC50) values for 24 h of ammonia (NH3-N), nitrite (NO2-N) and nitrate (NO3-N) were 0.045 mg/l, 120.84 mg/l and 1565.43 mg/l in static test respectively and were 0.036 mg/l, 117.43 mg/l and 1484.08 mg/l in continuous flow through test respectively.     

Effect of cypermethrin on breeding performances of a freshwater fish,Labeo rohita (Hamilton)

Abstract

Concentrations of the related elements calcium, strontium, barium, and lead were determined in soil extract, consumer stomach contents, and consumers in lead polluted and unpolluted areas. Discrimination against the nonessential metals relative to the nutritious metal calcium, as the metals were transferred through a trophic pathway was determined. Discrimination of metals varied systematically as a function of degree of nonessential element similarity to calcium. The existence of systematic trends of discrimination may facilitate the assessment of natural levels of some toxic elements (e.g. lead) in organisms.     

Effect of waterborne boron and molybdenum on survival,growth and feed intake of Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

The effect of either boron (B) or molybdenum (Mo) on survival, growth and feed intake of Indian major carp, Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton), advanced fry was studied in two separate experiments. Survival rates of C. mrigala fry (2.78±0.14 g) following 50 days’ exposure to B at 0.01 (control), 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 mg·L ^?1 were 100% at all concentrations except 8.0 mg·L ^?1 where the survival rate 87.5±7.5%. We observed 100% survival of mrigala fry at all concentrations of Mo, 0.02 (control), 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 mg·L ^?1. Both B and Mo at 0.5 mg·L ^?1 showed significantly (p<0.05) higher growth of the fish compared with control and other concentrations. B exposure at 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 mg·L ^?1 had no significant effect on growth rate, whereas at 8.0 mg B·L ^?1 growth of the fish almost ceased. Mo exposure at 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 mg·L ^?1 caused no significant effect on growth rate of the fish compared to control. Both B and Mo at all concentrations had no significant effect on feed intake of the fish compared with control, except at the highest concentration of boron (8.0 mg·L ^?1).     

Forms of Nitrogen (NO 3 - -N; NO 2 - -N and NH 2 CONH 2 -N) and their relations to A.O.U. in the Indian coastal waters of Arabian Sea

The distribution of three important dissolved forms of nitrogen, viz. nitrate, nitrite and urea in the surface and bottom water samples collected from 27 selected hydrographic profiles, in the Arabian Sea, along the west coast of India is described. Of the three forms, nitrate concentrations were the highest and comparatively higher concentrations were observed in the bottom water. Decomposition of organic matter resulting in the release of the thermodynamically stable nitrogen species, i.e. nitrate, may be the major factor resulting in higher nitrate concentrations at these depths, where the water is also characterized by low values of dissolved oxygen and temperature. The significant positive correlation between A.O.U. and nitrate of the bottom water samples emphasizes the role of oxidative decomposition of organic matter which plays an active role in reducing the oxygen concentrations below the theoretical values since at this depth ( , 200 m) the net production is taken to be zero. This is also evidenced by the negative correlation of nitrate with dissolved oxygen and temperature, for the bottom samples.     

Gill lesions in the major carp, Labeo rohita exposed to lethal and sublethal concentrations of tannery effluent

The major carp, Labeo rohita were exposed to (0.873%) lethal and sublethal (0.073%) concentrations of tannery effluent for 24h and 40 days respectively under static bioassay condition. The surface architecture of gill revealed severe damages such as : fusion and clumping in the middle and distal parts of the primary lamellae, swelling and deterioration of the cells. The interlamellar space was filled either with hyperplastic epithelial or mucous cells. Secondary lamellae lost their identity and appeared finger like in structure in the lethal concentration and necrosis was observed in the primary and secondary epithelium. Swelling of primary and secondary epithelial cells was evident in sublethal concentration.     

FORMS OF NITROGEN (NO 3 - -N; NO 2 - -N AND NH 2 CONH 2 -N) AND THEIR RELATIONS TO A.O.U. IN THE INDIAN COASTAL WATERS OF ARABIAN SEA

The distribution of three important dissolved forms of nitrogen, viz. nitrate, nitrite and urea in the surface and bottom water samples collected from 27 selected hydrographic profiles, in the Arabian Sea, along the west coast of India is described. Of the three forms, nitrate concentrations were the highest and comparatively higher concentrations were observed in the bottom water. Decomposition of organic matter resulting in the release of the thermodynamically stable nitrogen species, i.e. nitrate, may be the major factor resulting in higher nitrate concentrations at these depths, where the water is also characterized by low values of dissolved oxygen and temperature. The significant positive correlation between A.O.U. and nitrate of the bottom water samples emphasizes the role of oxidative decomposition of organic matter which plays an active role in reducing the oxygen concentrations below the theoretical values since at this depth ( ≈200 m) the net production is taken to be zero. This is also evidenced by the negative correlation of nitrate with dissolved oxygen and temperature, for the bottom samples.     

Changes in the level of transaminases in Indian major carp, Labeo rohita exposed to sublethal concentration of tannery and distillery effluents

The activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALAT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AAT) of different tissues of fingerlings of Labeo rohita under the influence of two effluents has been studied. The alanine aminotransferase activity was increased over the control in different exposed periods of tannery and distillery effluent treatments. The alanine aminotransferase in the liver showed increased activity at different periods than that of the muscle, kidney, gill and brain (p < 0.001) (60.09%) over the control during the 40 days exposure in both the effluents treatments. The increased activity of alanine aminotransferase was highly significant (p > 0.001) in all the tissue in tannery and distillery effluents treatments. Similarly aspartate aminotransferase activity was increased over the control in all the treated tissues from 10 to 40 days exposure. But this increase, was not significant in the muscle tissue in distillery and tannery treatements after 10 days exposure. From 10 to 40 days, the activity was increased but a maxmum elevation was observed during 40 days, where the elevation was more in the liver, which was followed by muscle, kidney, gill, brain (brain < gill < kidney < muscle < liver).     

Acute toxicity I: effect of profenofos and triazophos (organophosphates) and carbofuran and carbaryl (carbamates) to Labeo rohita

Profenofos and trizaophos (organophosphates) carbofuran and carbaryl (carbamates) are among the major toxicants polluting freshwater bodies, as well as exerting a significant effect on the health of fish. In this study, the 96 h LC₅₀ of the most commonly used organophosphates and carbamates was determined in one of the indigenous fish species, Labeo rohita fingerlings. Pesticides were applied to fingerlings that had been grown under optimized standard conditions under a maintained static bioassay system. Probit analysis was used for the determination of LC₅₀ values, which were ascertained as 6.64, 0.32, 1.4, and 8.24 mg/L for triazophos, profenofos, carbofuran, and carbaryl, respectively. Acute toxic stress was noted with fish exhibiting behavioral toxicity including suffocation, lying on the bottom, erratic swimming, lethargy and downward movements, and gulping prior to mortality.     

Influence of some abiotic environmental factors on acute toxicity of inorganic lead to Cyprinus carpio var communis (Linn.) and Catla catla (Ham.) in simulated toxic aquatic environment

With the increase of water hardness from 60 to 720?mg/L CaCO₃, total alkalinity from 32 to 376?mg/L CaCO_3, pH from 7.6 to 7.9 and chloride from 28 to 350?mg/L, 96?h LC₅₀ on the basis of total lead increased from 8.2 to 1291?mg/L for Cyprinus carpio and 5.3 to 865?mg/L for Catla catla, when soil sediments were included these values were further raised to 1356 and 874?mg/L, respectively. The dissolved lead LC₅₀ values in all the treatments of soil and water was consistent with fixed amount of dissolved lead (1.04–1.78?mg/L) being needed for median lethal toxicity. Total lead toxicity also decreased with increase in pH from 6.3 to 11.3. 96?h LC₅₀ values increased for common carp 15 to 631?mg/L and for catla, 8 to 355?mg/L. But dissolved lead toxicity was found to increase with the increase of pH from 6.3 to 11.3 for both common carp (LC₅₀, 3.53 to 0.24?mg/L) and catla (LC₅₀, 2.21 to 0.09?mg/L). Removal of dissolved Pb with increasing carbonate content, particulate matter and pH due to adsorption, precipitation or coprecipitation reaction, reduced the dissolved lead concentration and thus the total lead toxicity. Increase in toxicity of lead with increase of exposure time was the biological response of longer contact time and decrease in dissolved lead toxicity with decrease in pH was due to increase H⁺ ion competition.     

Impaired behavior and changes in some biochemical markers of bivalve (Ruditapes decussatus) due to zinc toxicity

Susceptibility and response of bivalves, the clam Ruditapes decussatus, to zinc (Zn) were studied by monitoring behavior using valve movement and some biochemical parameters. The LC₅₀ was 4.1 mg L^?1 at 7 days. Depuration of Zn from their tissues was also followed. Accumulation of Zn increased with concentration and duration of exposure. After 20 days, Zn caused impairment of valve movement as well as the antioxidant system, decreasing glutathione and protein levels and increasing the lipid peroxidation which is indicative of oxidative damage. Results suggested that behavior and biochemical parameters of clam R. decussatus were sensitive and suitable responses for assessing the effects of Zn on the aquatic ecosystems. It could be concluded that there is a time–dose–response relationship of Zn with behavior and oxidative stress of R. decussatus.     

Histopathological changes in testis of the freshwater fish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) exposed to linear alkyl benzene sulphonate (LAS)

The objective of this study was to use the freshwater food fish, Heteropneustes fossilis, as a model to evaluate the concentration-dependent effects of LAS on the testicular structure through short-term static bioassays. Concentration mediated histopathological leisions were observed in testis of H. fossilis, treated with four different concentrations of LAS for 24, 48, 72 and 96 hr Inference drawn from the study is that the cytotoxic damage is more pronounced in fish exposed to higher concentrations of LAS for shorter durations than lower concentrations of LAS for longer durations. Gross damage of germinal epithelium, inflammatory response, intertubular vacuolations and contraction and condensation in the cells of tubules under all sets of intoxication and exposures are quite suggestive of reproductive impairment leading to delayed gonadal maturity.     

Acute toxicity of mercury to the fingerlings of Indian major carps (catla, rohu and mrigal) in relation to water hardness and temperature

In the present study short-term (96 hr) toxicity of mercury in relation to water hardness (270 and 560 mg/l) and temperature (16 degrees C and 35 degrees C) to the fingerlings of Indian major carps, i.e. catla, rohu and mrigal has been evaluated using static bioassay. The LC5o indicates that both water hardness and temperature played significant role in mercury toxicity. The test fishes were found most resistant with water hardness of 560 mg/l at 16 degrees C as compared to that of water hardness of 560 mg/l at 35 degrees C and water hardness of 270 mg/l at both the temperatures, i.e. 35 and 16 degrees C. Whereas the order of relative sensitivities of these fishes for mercury ions were recorded as catla>rohu>mrigal. The safe concentrations of mercury were ranged in between 12.133 to 19.689 microg/l for catla; 64.039 to 82.555 microg/l for rohu and 73.510 to 89.585 microg/l for mrigal for both the water hardness and temperature.     

Toxic effects of copper and zinc mixtures on some haematological and biochemical parameters in common carp, Cyprinus carpio (Linn)

The effect of heavy metals and mixture were studied on some haematological and biochemical parameters in fish, Cyprinus carpio at sublethal level over the period of 30 days. Heavy metal significantly decreased total RBC count, haemogoblin, heamatocrit (Hct) (except copper after 10 days exposure). The WBC count was increased significantly in all the treated fish. The MCH, MCHC, MVC were increased depending upon the exposure period; declined PVC was noticed at 1% level of significance after 30 days on all the treated fish. Serum level of chloride and calcium content were increased where as serum glucose, cholesterol and total serum protein were decreased significantly. The alteration in haematological and biochemical parameters shows more toxic in mixture after 30 days, showed more than 'addition action' of the individual toxicant.     

Synthesis of some novel (2-oxo-3-(arylimino) indolin-1-yl)-N-aryl acetamides and evaluation as antimicrobial agents

A series of sixteen 2-oxo-3-(arylimino) indolin-1-yl)-N-aryl acetamide derivatives were synthesized, characterized by physical and spectral data (IR, ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and mass spectrometry), and evaluated for their antibacterial and antifungal activities against various pathogenic microorganisms. Some of the synthesized compounds showed promising antibacterial and antifungal activities, the best being 2-(3-(4-chlorophenylimino)-2-oxoindolin-1-yl)-N-(3-methoxyphenyl) acetamide.     

Reproductive cycle of the brooding echinoid Abatus cordatus (Echinodermata) in Kerguelen (Antarctic Ocean): changes in the organ indices,biochemical composition and caloric content of the gonads

Variations in organ indices, organic levels, organic and caloric contents of the gonads of the brooding echinoid Abatus cordatus (Verrill), collected in the Morbihan Gulf (49°30′S; 70°E) were studied over a 1 yr period (March 1978 to January 1979). In both sexes, a clear annual cycle was discernable for organ indices, and for organic and caloric contents. In contrast, the protein levels in the gonads varied moderately, while the levels of lipid and carbohydrate remained almost constant. This peculiarity sets A. cordatus apart from nearly all other echinoids characterized by an annual reproductive cycle. The male and female gonad indices change synchronously. The gonad indices double during maturation, reflecting variations in the germinal tissue. In both sexes, the maximal gonad index (at the end of March) coincides with the onset of the spawning season. The average male gonad index is 50% higher than that of the female. This difference is related to the restriction of coelomic space in the female due to development of the brood pouches. At maturity, the lipid and carbohydrate levels in the ovary are 2.8 and 2.1 times greater, respectively, than the levels in the testis, the latter having a 25% higher protein level. This disparity in organic levels reflects mainly the differences in germinal tissue composition. The female reproductive effort is higher than that of the male. The spawn energy output of a standard individual is 200 cal for a male and 228 cal for a female. The unusually lower gonad index of the female is compensated for by higher lipid and carbohydrate levels, giving the ovary a 40% higher calorific value.