滇东高原牛栏江流域岩溶区地下水化学特征及成因分析

以滇东高原牛栏江流域岩溶区为例,利用水化学数据,探讨区内地下水化学特征及其成因.对研究区24组水样的水化学特征进行分析,结果表明,研究区水化学类型主要是以HCO3-Ca·Mg型和HCO3-Mg·Ca为主,HCO3-和Ca2+是区内主要阴阳离子,反映了水化学特征主要受碳酸盐岩溶解影响.δD与δ18O的关系显示,研究区内地下水主要受大气降水补给.地下水化学演化过程受地层岩性影响显著,岩石风化使东、西两区的地下水水化学特征有较大差异.Mg2+、Ca2+、HCO3-、SO42-和Cl-主要受岩石风化、大气降雨等自然条件控制,受到人类活动影响较小,Na++K+则是主要受农业活动等人类活动的影响.本研究对牛栏江-滇池补水工程区的水化学特征、水质保护和滇池生态恢复具有重要意义.     

基于多元统计方法的岩溶地下水化学特征及影响因素分析

为研究广西红水河中下游流域马山地区岩溶地下水化学特征及影响因素,综合应用描述性分析、聚类分析和因子分析等多元统计的方法,对研究区36组水样的12项指标进行系统分析.结果表明,研究区地下水化学类型以HCO_3-Ca型为主,地下水化学成分具有明显的空间变异性;地下水化学特征受灰岩的风化-溶滤作用、人类活动、白云岩的溶解、工矿业活动等因子的共同影响,4个因子能够解释地下水成分形成的82.88%,其中灰岩的风化-溶滤作用是主要影响因子;地下水中的Ca~(2+)、总硬度(CaCO_3)、TDS、HCO_3~-主要受灰岩的风化-溶滤作用的控制,Cl~-、Na~+、NO_3~-和K~+主要受人类活动特别是农业和生活废水等因素的影响,Mg~(2+)受白云石矿物溶解的控制,SO_4~(2-)和F~-反映了工矿业活动的影响.     

泰莱盆地地下水化学特征及其控制因素

为了对泰莱盆地的地下水资源进行合理开发利用,通过现场调查以及测定盆地各类型地下水的水化学成份,初步研究了该区域的地下水化学类型分布特征及其控制因素.结果表明,泰莱盆地各地下水中阳离子以Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)为主,阴离子以HCO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)为主,主要水化学类型有HCO_3-Ca型、HCO_3·SO_4-Ca型、HCO_3-Ca·Mg型、HCO_3·SO_4-Ca·Mg型和SO_4-Ca·Mg型,部分地区NO-3较高.研究区地下水中,离子基本以牟汶河为中轴线,由盆地边缘基岩出露区向盆地内部,呈逐渐上升趋势.盆地内地下水中,离子含量主要受水—岩作用的影响,其主要来源是区域内方解石、白云石等碳酸盐岩和石膏等硫酸盐岩的共同溶解.     

新疆南部典型地区地下水中氟的分布特征及其富集因素分析

以新疆南部典型平原区地下水中的氟为研究对象,依据地下水污染调查数据,分析研究区地下水中氟的分布特征及富集因素.结果表明,水平上,焉耆盆地平原区地下水中氟的含量总体上呈南高北低,若羌-且末地区和叶尔羌河流域平原区地下水中的氟含量呈北高南低;垂向上,焉耆盆地平原区深层承压水的氟含量高于浅层承压水和潜水中的氟含量,若羌-且末地区和叶尔羌河流域平原区浅层承压水的氟含量高于深层承压水和潜水中的氟含量.地下水中的氟主要来源于地层中的含氟矿物;氟的富集主要受气候、地形、水文地质条件以及水化学环境的影响.     

内蒙古典型旱区盐湖盆地浅层地下水污染风险评价

为明晰内蒙古阿拉善盟吉兰泰盐湖盆地浅层地下水污染特征及评估地下水饮水安全风险等级,采集了盐湖盆地研究区土壤表层(0—10 cm)样品56个,地下水样品127个,检测分析土壤中重金属元素Cu、As、Pb含量及水样中Cr、Hg、As、F^-、NO₂^-、NO₃^-含量.运用地下水风险评价概念模型,将地下水脆弱性、地下水污染物容量及土壤毒性污染物潜在生态危害评价有机结合,对地下水污染风险展开评价.借助ArcGIS软件进行克里格插值绘图,探析盐湖盆地浅层地下水风险的空间分布特征.结果表明:盐湖盆地地下水脆弱性指数范围为4.80—5.30属于中等脆弱性,吉兰泰盐湖东南部和吉兰泰镇西北部脆弱性高于其他区域;地下水样品中重金属Hg的含量在《地下水质量标准》中Ⅲ类水水质标准范围内,其他元素均有超标现象,其中F^-超标率最高,为62.20%,Cr、As、F^-、NO₂^-、NO₃^-     

中国岩溶生态地质研究

因自然地理条件特殊，中国南方岩溶区形成组构相对脆弱的岩溶多重介质环境。加上不适当的认为干扰，岩溶多重介质环境遭受严重破坏，导致各类物种急剧减少或消失。文章主要对岩溶多重介质环境的脆弱性、水资源合理开发利用、土壤质量、生态承载力、化学元素迁移演变规律和人类参变作用等方面进行了讨论；针对上述问题提出了解决方案，即划分岩溶多重介质环境结构和功能区，并结合数学物理模型和实验，建立岩溶生态地质研究系统理论框架和实用技术方法库，使岩溶生态地质研究走上科学、合理的轨道。     

济南市地下水硝酸盐污染研究

调查了济南市东郊工业区浅层地下水、南部山区补给区地下水及市区饮用水中硝酸盐现状及发展趋势。结果表明,工业区浅层地下水硝酸盐含量超出国家饮用水卫生标准;补给区地下水及市区饮用水硝酸盐也受到人类活动的影响,污染呈逐年上升趋势。分析了造成地下水硝酸盐污染的原因,提出了相应的防治措施与对策。     

郑州市中牟县地下水水化学特征及控制因素

地下水是维持人类生存和发展的重要资源.近年来,由于人类活动的强烈干扰,导致地下水的水化学特征发生改变,严重影响了其使用价值和生态功能.本研究以郑州市中牟县作为研究地区,联合应用Piper三线图、Gibbs图、离子比例系数法和多元统计技术,探究该地区地下水化学演变特征及形成机制,结果表明,中牟县地下水主要的阳离子是Ca2...     

济南市地下水硝酸盐污染研究

调查了济南市东郊工业区浅层地下水,南部山区补给区地下水及市区饮用水中硝酸盐现状及发菜趋势。结果表明,工业区浅层地下水硝酸盐含量超出国家饮用水卫生标准;补给区地下水市区饮用水硝酸盐也受到人类活动的影响,污染呈逐年上升趋势。     

新疆焉耆盆地平原区地下水演化的主要水文地球化学过程分析

地下水资源是焉耆盆地生活、生产及生态用水的主要供水水源.深入研究焉耆盆地地下水演化特征及水文地球化学过程对合理开发地下水资源及保护地下水环境具有重要意义.利用Gibbs图阐明了焉耆盆地平原区地下水所经历的水文地球化学作用(大气降水、蒸发浓缩和岩石风化作用等),平原区采样点主要分布在Gisbbs图的右上角及中部左侧,表明平原区地下水受风化、蒸发浓缩作用影响,且受大气降水作用影响较小;方解石、白云石等碳酸盐矿物,以及岩盐、石膏等蒸发岩的风化溶解是平原区地下水主要离子来源,应用PHREEQC地球化学模拟软件计算了平原区各矿物饱和指数,大部分采样点方解石与白云石未达到饱和状态;随着平原区地下水中的TDS和Cl-浓度的逐渐升高,Mg~(2+)在地下水中的富集受到了白云石沉淀过程的限制,而Ca~(2+)的含量随TDS的增大而持续增加,并结合平原区2011年与2014年地下水水化学Piper三线图,平原区地下水大部分呈Ca·Na型或者Ca·Mg型;地下水ORP值均为正值,表明平原区地下水处于氧化状态;根据离子比例法,γNa+/γ(Na++Ca~(2+)+Mg~(2+))比值深层承压水潜水浅层承压水,表明平原区地下水阳离子交换作用由强到弱依次为深层承压水、潜水、浅层承压水.     

Characteristics of geological hazards in South China coastal areas and impact on regional sustainable development

Prevention and treatment of geological hazards is important for the sustainable development of human society. Surface geological hazards alone caused direct economic losses of ¥3.47 billion, with 768 deaths and 785 injuries in Guangdong Province, South China, from 1994 to 2005. The major factors causing geological hazards can be categorised into three types: geo-environmental, climatic-meteorological and human activity. Accompanied by rapid economic development and population growth, human activities can cause geological hazards that are as serious as those caused by natural factors. The authors propose some suggestions for prevention and treatment of geological hazards to achieve sustainable development on the Chinese coast.     

我国北方农牧交错带脆弱生态地质环境形成机制探讨

中国北方农牧交错带生态地质环境脆弱 ,敏感性强 ,退化趋势显著 ,容易受到冲击和破坏。北方农牧交错带是生态地质环境灾害的多发区 ,主要表现为土地荒漠化加剧、气候灾害频繁和地方病害严重等。脆弱生态地质环境的形成机制包括地球内动力机制和外动力机制。内动力机制是指地质历史时期的构造运动 ,奠定了特殊的地貌格局和脆弱的地表物质基础 ;外动力机制包括东亚季风和人类活动。内外部机制共同作用将潜在的自然环境脆弱性转化为现实的严重生态地质环境灾害。     

Medical geochemistry research in Spišsko-Gemerské rudohorie Mts., Slovakia

This study presents an assessment of the potential impact of geological contamination of the environment on the health of the population in Spišsko-Gemerské rudohorie Mts. (SGR Mts.). The concentration levels of potentially toxic elements (mainly As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, Sb, and Zn) were determined in soils, groundwater, surface water, and stream sediments as well as in the food chain (locally grown vegetables). A medical study included some 30 health indicators for all 98 municipalities of the study area. The As and Sb contents in human fluids and tissues were analyzed in one municipality identified to be at the highest risk. Based on element content, environmental and health risks were calculated for respective municipalities. Out of 98 municipalities 14 were characterized with extremely high environmental risk and 10 were characterized with very high carcinogenic risk from arsenic (groundwater). Extensive statistical analysis of geochemical data (element contents in soils, groundwater, surface water, and stream sediments) and health indicators was performed. Significant correlations between element contents in the geological environment and health indicators, mainly cancer and cardiovascular diseases, were identified. Biological monitoring has confirmed the transfer of elements from the geological environment to human fluids and tissues as well as to the local food chain.     

The potential impact of geological environment on health status of residents of the Slovak Republic

In order to assess the potential impact of the geological environment on the health of the population of the Slovak Republic, the geological environment was divided into eight major units: Paleozoic, Crystalline, Carbonatic Mesozoic and basal Paleogene, Carbonatic-silicate Mesozoic and Paleogene, Paleogene Flysch, Neovolcanics, Neogene and Quaternary sediments. Based on these geological units, the databases of environmental indicators (chemical elements/parameters in groundwater and soils) and health indicators (concerning health status and demographic development of the population) were compiled. The geological environment of the Neogene volcanics (andesites and basalts) has been clearly documented as having the least favourable impact on the health of Slovak population, while Paleogene Flysch geological environment (sandstones, shales, claystones) has the most favourable impact. The most significant differences between these two geological environments were observed, especially for the following health indicators: SMRI6364 (cerebral infarction and strokes) more than 70 %, SMRK (digestive system) 55 %, REI (circulatory system) and REE (endocrine and metabolic system) almost 40 % and REC (malignant neoplasms) more than 30 %. These results can likely be associated with deficit contents of Ca and Mg in groundwater from the Neogene volcanics that are only about half the level of Ca and Mg in groundwater of the Paleogene sediments.     

关中东部缓坡地面全新世土壤侵蚀与沉积发展演变规律研究

对华县古洪积扇全新世黄土一土壤剖面的磁化率、粒度进行分析研究，揭示了全新世以来缓坡地面面状流水侵蚀和沉积的发生规律。研究结果表明，晚更新世末期，由于黄土土质疏松，植被薄弱，在即将进入全新世时有自然侵蚀沉积发生；在全新世4000aB．P.之前，洪积扇特殊的环境生态条件造成土壤堆积时期土壤水分缺乏，成壤较弱，面状流水侵蚀与沉积活动不明显。自夏商时代以来，农业耕垦活动影响古洪积扇地表，促进了坡面流水侵蚀堆积过程，发生了面状流水侵蚀；从3100aB．P.开始气候干旱，人类活动强烈地影响着当地的生态环境，加速了面状流水侵蚀沉积；隋唐以来人类活动引起的加速侵蚀沉积则更进一步增强，这个过程反映土壤侵蚀呈现阶段性加速的趋势。由此可见，土壤侵蚀的加速是与人类的活动相伴随，随着人类活动强度的增强，土壤侵蚀在自然侵蚀的基础上，呈现加速趋势。     

黄河下游断流研究进展

介绍了黄河下游断流的发生特点、断流成因及断流对三角洲人民生产生活及对生态环境的影响三个方面的研究成果和进展。这些研究表明:黄河下游断流是自然与人为因素叠加所致,但主要影响因素为人类活动,而气候变化、源区生态环境恶化也是导致黄河径流减少的重要因子,但由气候变化引起的黄河径流量改变的百分比还未确定;黄河下游断流对河口海域生态系统、三角洲演变、工农业生产及城乡人民生活等方面都会产生影响,严重断流时会导致三角洲土地利用格局发生变化,并产生一系列生态问题。今后一段时间,要研究保障区域生态安全的生态用水量,合理利用黄河水量的丰枯周期,从根本上解决黄河下游的断流问题。     

海洋环境中纳米金属的生物吸收及生物效应

当前随着纳米科技的发展,纳米材料,特别是纳米金属,因其独特的物化性质,在各行各业中的使用量呈指数增长,致使其在大气、水域、土壤环境中的安全性问题引起公众关注。尤其是在受到人类活动密切影响的近岸海洋环境中,纳米金属的潜在生态效应成为当前国内外研究的热点之一。本文重点综述了由于海洋环境的理化因子以及纳米金属独特的物化性质导致的纳米金属的环境行为,海洋生物对纳米金属的吸收,以及纳米金属的生物效应和可能的致毒机制,旨在为评估海洋环境中纳米金属的潜在生态危害,完善纳米材料的监管机制及保障纳米科技的可持续发展提供思路。     

Natural and anthropogenic metal inputs to soils in urban Uppsala, Sweden

Urban soils are complex systems due to human activities that disturb the natural development of the soil horizons and add hazardous elements. Remediation projects are common in urban areas and guideline values are set to represent a desired level of elements. However, the natural content of trace elements may not always equal the desired levels. In this study, an attempt is made to distinguish between metals that are present in the soil due to natural origins and to anthropogenic origins. Seventy-five soil samples of the 0–5, 5–10 and 10–20 cm layers were collected from 25 sites in urban areas of Uppsala City and analysed for aluminium (Al), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), mercury (Hg), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), tungsten (W) and zinc (Zn) using aqua regia for digestion. In order to highlight elements of geological origin, the results were compared to a similar study carried out in Gothenburg City, which has about three times as many inhabitants as Uppsala and has a more industrial history. A cluster analysis was also performed to distinguish between elements of natural and anthropogenic origin. Contents of As, Al, Fe, Cr, Ni, Mn and W in Uppsala were concluded to be of mainly geological origin, while contents of Cd, Cu, Zn, Pb and Hg seemed to have been impacted upon by mainly urban activities.     

Lead in Chinese coals: distribution,modes of occurrence,and environmental effects

Lead (Pb) has gained much attention since the 1970s because of its potential and cumulative toxicity. As one of the most hazardous elements in coals, Pb can be released into the environment during coal mining, processing, and utilization. This study presents a synthesis on the abundance, distribution, modes of occurrence, and environmental impacts of Pb in Chinese coals. Using the expected coal reserves as the weighting factor and based on the previously published Pb content in 4,304 coal samples (including results obtained in our laboratory) from main coalfields or coal mines in China, the weighted mean Pb content in Chinese coals is 13.0 μg/g, which is higher than that of the American coals (11 μg/g) and average world coals (7.8 μg/g). With respect to regional distribution of Pb in Chinese coals, Pb content can be arbitrarily divided into three groups (<20, 20–40, >40 μg/g). Following this classification, coals from Tibet have the highest average Pb content (128.94 μg/g). The abundance of Pb in coals varies with coal-forming periods and coal ranks, with the late Triassic and higher rank coals having the highest Pb content, which could be ascribed to regional geochemical differences and later geological evolution as well as magma hydrothermal activities. The enrichment of Pb in coals is influenced by several geological factors, including coal-forming plants, source rocks, hydrothermal fluid, and depositional environment. Pb, dominantly associates with sulfide minerals, especially galena in coals. During coal combustion or pyrolysis, Pb is partly emitted into the atmosphere and partly partitioned to solid residues. Accumulation of Pb from coal utilization in human body could lead to a range of health problems and increase the risk of cancer.