含油污泥颗粒堵剂在油藏孔隙中运移性能研究

针对含油污泥颗粒的特征,探索含油污泥颗粒堵剂在油藏孔隙中的运移规律,可用于注水井调剖,封堵水流通道,扩大注水波及体积,实现提高采收率的目的。物理模拟压裂裂缝实验结果表明,颗粒堵剂在运移过程中提高注入压力能够突破孔道向深部运动。选用不同粒径的石英砂填制人造岩心,渗透率级别300～500μm²,注入过程中注入压力先平稳上升,上升到一定程度后突然下降,含油污泥在外力的推动下,逐步向地层深部运动,随着注入量的增加,含油污泥颗粒在地层孔隙中堆积,阻力增加,注入压力增加,这种现象说明含油污泥颗粒堵剂在孔隙中具有较好的运移性能,能够进入地层深部,实现深部封堵的目的。开展含油污泥与凝胶体系对比实验,含油污泥颗粒堵剂与常规应用调剖体系(0.2%聚合物+0.2%酚醛树脂交联剂)相比具有优势,颗粒堵剂的注入压力、提高采收率幅度优于凝胶体系,含油污泥堵剂注入压力达1.32 MPa,采收率达到50.9%,封堵强度对比提高了0.42 MPa(凝胶压力0.9 MPa,含油污泥堵剂压力1.32 MPa)。含油污泥颗粒堵剂在裂缝性油藏具有较好的注入性能,在油藏中能够实现深部运移,进入地层深部实现油...     

油田新型结垢计量装置与防垢剂优选试验

从定量的角度出发,设计垢量测量装置。以BZ25-1油田为例,判断油田结垢类型,模拟动态试验,利用油田结垢量大小测定渗透率损失率。随后进行防垢剂筛选试验。结果表明:碳酸钙垢的生成,岩心渗透率损失率21%左右;防垢剂JPS-01、JPS-02、JPS-03能有效缓解地层结垢,JPS-01防垢剂效果最佳,结垢量最小。     

含油污泥深度调堵技术在大庆油田的应用

含油污泥调堵技术是将废弃的含油污泥配制成调堵剂,对低压井进行调堵,既可废物利用,又可对低压井进行治理。对配制工艺在室内实验研究的基础上,对大庆油田两口井的含油污泥进行了调堵试验,完成了设计注入量。对调堵剂的配方、配制技术、注入量及注入工艺进行了一系列的现场实践检验。结果表明,含油污泥深度调堵技术不仅能改善注入井吸水剖面,而且为解决油田废弃油泥的环境污染问题提供了新的途径。     

纳米表面活性剂在致密油藏开采中的应用

吉林油田针对致密油藏的储层特点,通过TY纳米表面活性剂体系与原油发生乳化降黏作用,提高原油的流动性,降低乳化堵的风险。TY纳米表面活性剂分子尺寸小,在油藏环境下可降解,界面张力低,乳化粒径小(50～100 nm),乳化后60～120 min析水率大于90%,岩心驱替驱油效率达到39.7%。先导试验措施后增产效果明显,投入产出比大于1.5,经济效益较好,为致密油藏后续提高采收率提供了技术支持。     

反相乳液聚合制备阳离子聚丙烯酰胺及其絮凝性能评价

研究了单体浓度、单体配比、反应温度、引发剂用量等因素对所制备的阳离子聚丙烯酰胺特性粘度、转化率、阳离子度的影响,并对产品的污水絮凝性能进行了评价。较佳的制备条件为:单体浓度为45%,单体配比为7∶3,引发剂用量m(引发剂)/m(单体)为0.5%,引发温度为45℃。用红外光谱对共聚物进行了结构表征,结果表明聚合物中有六元氮杂环的存在,达到预定要求。对共聚物进行了油田污水絮凝性能评价,研究表明单独使用自制阳离子聚丙烯酰胺(CPAM)时浊度的去除率为86.22%,COD去除率为87.95%,与聚合氯化铝复配使用时浊度去除率提高到92.91%,COD去除率提高到92.68%。     

钒钛磁铁矿尾矿锰、铁元素浸出规律研究

以攀西地区钒钛磁铁矿尾矿为研究对象,通过设置浸出实验,从酸类、p H、温度、反应时间4个方面探讨尾矿中Mn、Fe元素的迁出规律。结果表明,Mn在草酸中的浸出浓度远大于在醋酸和盐酸中的浸出浓度。随着p H的增大,Mn的浸出浓度整体呈减小趋势,有机酸做浸提剂时,Mn的浸出浓度在p H=2或3时达到最大值;无机酸做浸提剂时,Mn的浸出浓度在p H=1时达到最大值。Fe在草酸中的浸出浓度大于在醋酸和盐酸中的浸出浓度,随着p H增大,Fe的浸出浓度逐渐减小并趋于稳定。另外,温度升高、反应时间延长都有利于Mn、Fe从尾矿中浸出。各变量对Mn、Fe浸出的影响效果为p H酸类温度反应时间。本研究可以对尾矿浸出液的安全使用提供初步指导。     

压裂返排液弱凝胶深部调驱技术

针对压裂返排液的特点,以聚丙烯酰胺为主剂,引入糠醛合成糠醛树脂交联剂,加入杀菌剂,在一定条件下形成弱凝胶体系,用于注水井调驱。考察了该压裂返排液弱凝胶体系性能:室内研究确定最佳的弱凝胶体系配方,进行了热稳定性及耐盐稳定性评价。进行了压裂返排液弱凝胶体系岩心封堵性能评价,凝胶体系在30~80℃具有较好的热稳定性,岩心封堵率大于80%,突破压力达到2.7 MPa,压裂返排液弱凝胶体系对储层具有较好的封堵性能。现场应用10井次,应用压裂返排液配置弱凝胶体系3.5万m~3,投入产出比1:1.25,压裂返排液重复利用,取得较好的环保效益及经济效益。     

不同浸提条件对土壤氨氮提取数量的影响

土壤溶解性有机氮（DON）的推算是通过测试土壤全氮、氨氮和硝态氮的数量,利用全氮减去氨氮和硝态氮获得。不同区域或不同学者对DON的定义不同,在测试过程中选取多种浸提方法测定土壤氨氮,结果导致测试结果存在较大的差异。但这种差异受到何种因素控制,目前还没有形成统一的认识。基于此,研究应用正交试验方法,通过统计分析了振荡时间、浸提剂、温度以及土水比对土壤氨氮浸提数量的影响。结果表明：不同因素对氨氮浸提数量的影响程度为土水比>浸提剂>振荡时间>温度;对氨氮浸提数量分别表现为随土水比与浸提剂浓度增大而升高;在浸提温度低于50℃时,土壤氨氮的浸提数量随温度升高而升高;振荡时间在60 min内,土壤氨氮的提取数量随着振荡时间增加而增高。     

含油污泥调剖技术研究及应用

从工艺成熟性和处理程度方面简述了化学热洗技术、热分解技术、焚烧处理技术、溶剂萃取技术、含油污泥调剖技术处理含油污泥的现状,并对几种工艺进行对比分析。探讨了含油污泥无害化处理的指标、处理流程工艺的优化、无害化处理的效果。通过分析含油污泥组成及粒径,进行了含油污泥复合堵剂性能试验及含油污泥冻胶体系性能试验,对含油污泥堵剂性能进行室内评价,并进行调剖现场试验,分析了措施效果,评价了经济效益情况,为油田含油污泥资源化利用提供参考。     

萃取法处理含油污泥技术研究

采用萃取法处理新疆油田含油污泥,通过萃取剂的筛选,萃取温度、萃取剂与含油污泥质量比等因素对除油率的影响,以及萃取液放置时间对萃取剂回收率的影响等进行了实验,结果表明:自主研发的萃取剂ZZEG具有较好的除油率与回收率;较低温度时,萃取温度对除油率影响较大;除油率随萃取剂与含油污泥质量比的增加而提高;萃取液的放置时间对萃取剂的回收率无明显的影响,萃取剂回收率随分馏温度的提高而增加,分馏温度以200℃较为适宜。     

XDA-1型大孔吸附树脂对水中氯仿的吸附性能

研究了XDA-1型大孔吸附树脂对用自来水配制的低浓度溶液中氯仿的动态吸附能力,以及浓度、流速、温度和pH等因素对吸附过程的影响.结果显示,采用XDA-1大孔树脂吸附水中的氯仿,其吸附效率可达99%以上,泄漏点前的吸附量为160mg/ml.采用热空气热解吸方式回收氯仿,回收率达85%,为含氯仿工业废水的处理提出一种新的处理工艺.     

Re-establishment of the proper injectivity of the CO2-injection well Ktzi 201 in Ketzin, Germany

The onshore CO₂-storage site Ketzin consists of one CO₂-injection well and two observation wells. Hydraulic tests revealed permeabilities between 50 and 100 mD for the sandstone rock units. The designated injection well Ktzi 201 showed similar production permeability. After installation of the CO₂-injection string, an injection test with water yielded a significantly lower injectivity of 0.002 m³/d kPa, while the observation wells showed an injection permeability in the same range as the productivity. Several possible reasons for the severe decline in injectivity are discussed. Acidification of the reservoir interval, injection at high wellhead pressure, controlled mini-fractures and back-production of the well are discussed to remove the plugging material to re-establish the required injectivity of the well. It has been decided to perform a nitrogen lift and analyse the back-produced fluids. Initially during the lift, the back-produced fluids were dark-black. Chemical and XRD analyses proved that the black solids consisted mainly of iron sulphide. Sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) were detected in fluid samples with up to 10⁶ cells/ml by fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) indicating that the formation of iron sulphide was caused by bacterial activity. Organic compounds within the drilling mud and other technical fluids were likely left during the well completion process, thus providing the energy source for strong proliferation of bacteria. During the lift, the fraction of SRB in the whole bacterial community decreased from approximately 32% in downhole samples to less than 5%. The lift of Ktzi 201 succeeded in the full restoration of the well productivity and injectivity. Additionally, the likely energy source of the SRB was largely removed by the lifting, thus ensuring the long-term preservation of the injectivity.     

套损井原因分析及治理工艺

吉林油田套管变形现象严重,套管变形率高达22%,每年还以100多口井的速度递增。套管变形和损坏造成的套管外返液,给环境带来了严重危害和不良社会影响。为此,对其采取了治理措施。主要治理工艺是:取出破损套管,更换新套管,实施机械封堵、化学剂封堵,从套管内及其上部射孔处注入水泥和堵剂。在吉林油田,应该科学合理地注水,提高固井质量,科学地计算地应力型地层,采用高强度厚壁套管,提高油层套管的抗外挤强度。     

清洁生产在江苏油田采油工艺中的应用

近年来,江苏油田加大采油清洁生产系列工艺技术的研究力度,自行研发了插管卡堵水采油工艺、侧钻井卡堵水工艺、带压作业技术、中频感应加热单管集输工艺、太阳能辅助电加热技术等一系列新型节能、降耗、减污、增效的采油清洁生产工艺技术,并在油田开发中得到了广泛的应用,取得了明显的经济和社会效益。     

治理套外返污水的油井、水井

由于固井质量不合格或是套管破裂、错断引起的油井和水井套返污水，造成了吉林油田老油区普遍的环境污染。从１９９０年开始，通过反复的摸索和试验，提出并逐渐完善了两种切实可行的治理方法，即封堵剂法和封隔器法。实践证明，效果良好。     

TR-01稠油乳化降粘剂研究

针对河南油田井楼区块稠油,自制TR-01乳化降粘剂,通过实验研究了其降粘性能、稳定性,确定了降粘剂TR-01最佳浓度为0.3%、最佳油水比为70∶30。实验结果表明:TR-01乳化降粘剂对井楼区块油井的普遍适用性较强,具有较好的乳化降粘作用(降粘率达到99%以上),地层水对其降粘效果影响不大。其中的纳米成分能增加对污水中悬浮物的吸附能力和絮凝能力,对油田污水处理起到积极作用。     

Effects of temperature and relative humidity on the methane permeability rate of biogas storage membranes

Selecting a material for biogas storage membranes is becoming increasingly vital because of the wide applications of biogas storage membranes in biogas plants. Material selection has numerous influencing factors, including gas permeability, strength, density, and so on. Among these, gas permeability has a vital role in biogas storage membranes. In this study, three kinds of biogas storage membranes with the same thickness were selected to investigate the effects of temperature (10, 20, 30, and 40°C) and relative humidity (RH; 0%, 50%, and 100%) on the permeability rate of biogas storage membranes. Results demonstrated that when various membrane samples with the same RH values were tested, temperature exhibited a strong effect on permeability rate. Kinetic analysis showed that the relationship between permeability and temperature agrees with the Arrhenius equation. However, no remarkable variation in methane permeability was observed for membranes with the same temperature but different RH values, thus suggesting that RH nearly has no obvious direct influence on the permeability rate of membranes.     

CONTRASTING WATER QUALITY FROM PAIRED DOMESTIC/PUBLIC SUPPLY WELLS,CENTRAL HIGH PLAINS1

ABSTRACT: Closely located domestic and public supply wells were sampled using identical sampling procedures to allow comparison of water quality associated with well type. Water samples from 15 pairs of wells with similar screened intervals completed in the central High Plains regional aquifer in parts of Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas were analyzed for more than 200 water quality constituents. No statistically significant differences were observed between the concentrations of naturally‐derived constituents (major ions, trace elements, and radon) in paired wells. However, differences in water quality between paired wells were observed for selected anthropogenic compounds (pesticides and tritium), in that some public supply wells produced water that was more recently recharged and contained constituents derived from surface activities. The presence of recently recharged water and compounds indicative of anthropogenic activities in some public supply wells was likely due to operational variations (pumping rate and pumping cycles), as demonstrated in a particle tracking simulation. Water containing surface‐derived anthropogenic compounds from near the water table was more quickly drawn to high volume public supply wells (less than five years) than domestic wells (greater than 120 years) with small pumping rates. These findings indicate that water quality samples collected from different well types in the same area are not necessarily directly comparable. Sampling domestic wells provides the best broad‐scale assessment of water quality in this aquifer setting because they are less susceptible to localized contamination from near the water table. However, sampling public supply wells better represents the quality of the used resource because of the population served.     

Evaluation of a denitrification wall to reduce surface water nitrogen loads

Denitrification walls have significantly reduced nitrogen concentrations in groundwater for at least 15 yr. This has spurred interest in developing methods to efficiently increase capture volume to reduce N loads in larger watersheds. The objective of this study was to maximize treatment volume by locating a wall where a large groundwatershed was funneled toward seepage slope headwaters. Nitrogen concentration and load were measured before and after wall installation in paired treatment and control streams. Beginning 2 d after installation, nitrogen concentration in the treatment stream declined from 6.7 ± 1.2 to 3.9 ± 0.78 mg L and total N loading rate declined by 65% (391 kg yr) with no corresponding decline in the control watershed. This wall, which only comprised 10 to 11% of the edge of field area that contributed to the treatment watershed, treated approximately 60% of the stream discharge, which confirmed the targeted approach. The total load reduction measured in the stream 155 m downstream from the wall (340 kg yr) was higher than that found in another study that measured load reductions in groundwater wells immediately around the wall (228 kg yr). This indicated the possibility of an extended impact on denitrification from carbon exported beyond the wall. This extended impact was inauspiciously confirmed when oxygen levels at the stream headwaters temporarily declined for 50 d. This research indicates that targeting walls adjacent to streams can effectively reduce N loading in receiving waters, although with a potentially short-term impact on water quality.