Effect of acid solutions on plants studied by the optical beam deflection method

The optical beam deflection method was applied to study the effects of acid solution on both a terrestial and aquatic plants Egeria and Cerastium, which are common aquatic plant and terrestial weed respectively. A probe beam from a He-Ne laser was passed through a vicinity of a leaf of the plants, which were put in culture dishes filled with acid solutions. Deflection signals of the probe beam were monitored and compared for acid solutions with different pH values. The results of Egria showed that the deflection signals changed dramatically when pH values of acid solutions were 2.0 and 3.0, while little at pH of 4.0 and 5.0. For Cerastium when pH were below 3.0, deflection signals changed greatly with time at the begining. After a certain period of time, deflection signals changed little with time. When pH value was above 4.0, deflection signals of Cerastium were still changing with time even after 20 hours. The results suggested that the damage threshold of pH was between 3.0 and 4.0 for both the land and aquatic plants.     

Toxic effects of perfluorononanoic acid on the development of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos

Perfluorononanoic acid(PFNA) is a nine-carbon perfluoroalkyl acid widely used in industrial and domestic products. It is a persistent organic pollutant found in the environment as well as in the tissues of humans and wildlife. There is a concern that this chemical might be a developmental toxicant and teratogen in various ecosystems. In the present study,the toxic effects of PFNA were evaluated in zebrafish(Danio rerio) embryos. One hour post-fertilization embryos were treated with 0, 25, 50, 100, 200, 300, 350, and 400 μmol/L PFNA for 96 hr in 6-well plates. Developmental phenotypes and hatching rates were observed and recorded. Nineteen genes related to oxidative stress and lipid metabolism were examined using Quantitative RT-PCR and confirmed by whole mount in situ hybridization(WISH). Results showed that PFNA delayed the development of zebrafish embryos, reduced the hatching rate, and caused ventricular edema and malformation of the spine. In addition, the amount of reactive oxygen species in the embryo bodies increased significantly after exposure to PFNA compared with that of the control group. The Quantitative RT-PCR and WISH experiments demonstrated that m RNA expression of the lfabp and ucp2 genes increased significantly while that of sod1 and mt-nd1 decreased significantly after PFNA exposure. The m RNA expression levels of gpx1 and mt-atp6 decreased significantly in the high concentration group. However, the m RNA expression levels of both ppara and pparg did not show any significant variation after exposure. These findings suggest that PFNA affected the development of zebrafish embryos at relatively low concentrations.     

不同酸雨梯度下3种酸雨处理对茶树幼苗叶绿素荧光和光合特性的影响

选择茶(Camellia sinensis)幼苗为试验材料,在盆栽条件下采用受控模拟酸雨喷淋的试验方法,设置3个酸雨梯度p H 2.5、p H 4.0和p H5.6,每个梯度下分别设计地上处理、全淋处理和土壤处理,测定其叶绿素荧光和光合特性.结果表明:在p H 2.5酸雨胁迫下,全淋处理显著减少了茶幼苗相对叶绿素含量(SPAD)合成、降低PSⅡ原初光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)、潜在活性(Fv/F0)、实际光化学量子产量(Yield)、光化学淬灭系数(qP)以及净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Cond)、蒸腾速率(Tr)等光合参数,提高了胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)、光补偿点(LCP)和暗呼吸速率(Rd),地上处理作用下茶幼苗受到抑制作用其次,土壤处理对茶幼苗的抑制作用最小;在p H 4.0酸雨胁迫下,除光饱和点(LSP)、光补偿点和暗呼吸速率其余各处理值均高于对照组(CK),并且土壤酸雨地上酸雨全淋酸雨处理CK,而p H 5.6酸雨胁迫下,各参数变化为土壤酸雨地上酸雨CK全淋酸雨处理.可见,在p H 2.5酸雨胁迫下,全淋酸雨处理对幼苗的抑制作用最强;p H 4.0和p H 5.6酸雨胁迫下,土壤酸雨处理对于幼苗的促进作用最强;处理方式和酸雨强度的交互作用下Fv/Fm、Amax、AQY、LSP、LCP和Rd都具有显著差异,而SPAD、Fv/F0、Yield、qP差异不显著.得出结论为:酸雨对植物的作用机理随酸雨浓度而定,重度酸雨胁迫下,直接和间接作用都有;而中、轻度酸雨胁迫下,主要是通过土壤酸化后对植物起间接作用.     

单线态氧氧化水中对氨基苯胂酸的研究

阿散酸(p-ASA)作为一种有机砷饲料添加剂被广泛应用于养殖业以促进动物生长.因其几乎不被动物体吸收转化而易进入到养殖业环境中,其氧化降解则会向环境中释放无机砷而造成环境砷污染.以LED灯(λ=660 nm)为激发光源、亚甲基蓝(MB)为光敏剂,产生单线态氧(1O2),研究1O2对水中p-ASA的氧化降解形成无机砷的过程.同时考察体系初始p H、光照强度、光敏剂浓度等因素对反应的影响.结果表明,p-ASA经光敏反应而显著降解,并产生以As(V)为主的无机砷.p-ASA在偏碱性条件下降解显著;p-ASA降解率与光照强度呈正相关;p-ASA降解率随着光敏剂MB浓度增大先有明显提高,MB浓度大于3 mg·L-1后趋于稳定.选取糠醇(FFA)作为参考物,利用竞争动力学方法估算得出p H=10时1O2与p-ASA的反应速率常数为7.44×106L·mol-1·s-1.     

植物化感物质壬酸和焦酚对大型溞生长繁殖的毒性效应

为评估植物化感抑藻物质的生态安全性,通过48 h急性毒性实验和21 d慢性毒性实验,研究了穗花狐尾藻（Myriophyllum spicatum）典型化感物质壬酸和焦酚对大型溞（Daphnia magna）生长和繁殖的毒性效应.结果显示,壬酸对大型溞24 h和48 h的LC₅₀分别为75.08 mg·L^-1和38.55 mg·L^-1,焦酚对大型溞24 h和48 h的LC₅₀分别为18.89 mg·L^-1和13.71 mg·L^-1.21 d慢性毒性实验中,2.0 mg·L^-1的壬酸和焦酚对大型溞生长仍没有显著影响（p>0.05）,但在高于0.5 mg·L^-1浓度水平即显著延长大型溞首次产溞时间,降低其产溞个数（p<0.05）.大型溞净增殖率和内禀增长率随壬酸和焦酚浓度增加而减小,2.0 mg·L^-1壬酸和焦酚对大型溞净增殖率的抑制率分别为42.40%和38.86%,对大型溞内禀增长率的抑制率分别为25.00%和20.83%.研究表明,壬酸和焦酚对大型溞的繁殖过程产生一定程度的影响,但仍需结合原位试验在更大尺度上评估植物化感抑藻物质的生态安全性.     

水杨酸对多氯联苯污染土壤的修复和微生物群落结构的影响

以浙江省台州电子垃圾拆解地附近多氯联苯污染的农田土壤为研究对象,考察了施肥基础上添加不同剂量水杨酸(5、10、20 mmol·kg-1)对土壤中多氯联苯的去除、脱氢酶活、微生物群落结构及联苯双加氧酶基因相对丰度的影响.结果表明,施肥和施肥基础上添加水杨酸均能显著提高多氯联苯的去除率(p0.05),其中,三氯联苯的去除率最高(28.98%~34.53%).土壤脱氢酶活与多氯联苯去除率随水杨酸添加量的升高呈先增大后减小的趋势,均在10 mmol·kg-1水杨酸处理中达到最大.PCR-DGGE结果显示,水杨酸处理土壤中新增伯克氏菌属(Burkholderia)、潘多拉菌属(Pandoraea)、噬油脂极小单胞菌属(Pusillimonas)、鞘脂菌属(Sphingobium)、甲基杆菌属(Methylobacterium)和青枯菌属(Ralstonia).Shannon指数表明,10 mmol·kg-1水杨酸处理下土壤微生物最为丰富(p0.05).荧光定量PCR显示,bph A基因在不同处理间没有显著差异,但施肥和施肥基础上添加10、20 mmol·kg-1的水杨酸处理都显著提高了bph D.1.B、bph D.1.C、bph D.2.A和bph D.2.A/B基因的相对丰度.     

富里酸存在条件下铜对普通小球藻光合作用与细胞生理的影响

为探究富里酸存在条件下,铜对普通小球藻光合作用与细胞生理的影响,对普通小球藻进行富里酸及铜的复合暴露,检测相关的光合作用及细胞生理指标,并与单独暴露富里酸的普通小球藻指标水平进行比较分析.结果表明,铜的加入会影响藻细胞的光合作用,增加细胞膜通透性,使藻细胞体积增大,并导致藻细胞的死亡.富里酸可以明显减弱铜的毒性,减少藻细胞的死亡.随富里酸浓度升高,藻细胞死亡率呈下降趋势;高浓度的富里酸(74.5 mg·L~(-1)和119.2 mg·L~(-1))可以明显减弱铜对藻细胞体积增大的作用,低浓度的富里酸(20 mg·L~(-1)和54 mg·L~(-1))无明显影响.富里酸单独作用能够增强普通小球藻的光合作用,增加藻细胞的细胞膜通透性,但不具有致死性.     

Adsorptive behaviors of humic acid onto freshly prepared hydrous manganese dioxides

This study focused on the adsorptive behaviors of humic acid onto freshly prepared hydrous MnO₂(s) (δMnO₂), and investigated the feasibility of employing δMnO₂ for humic acid removal from drinking water. Effects of such parameters as molecular mass of humic acid, kinds of divalent cations on adsorptive behaviors and possible mechanisms involved were investigated. This study indicated that humic acid with higher molecular mass exhibited more tendency of adsorbing onto δMnO₂ than that with lower molecular mass. Ca²⁺ facilitated more humic acid adsorption than Mg²⁺; UV-Vis spectra analysis indicated higher capabilities of Ca²⁺ coordinating with acidic functional groups of humic acid than that of Mg²⁺. Additionally, ζ potential characterization indicated that Ca²⁺ showed higher potential of increasing gz potential of δMnO₂ than Mg²⁺. Ca²⁺ of 1.0 mmol/L increased ζ potential of δMnO₂ from −37 mV (pH 7.9) to +7 mV (pH 7.2), while 1.0 mmol/L Mg²⁺ increased to lower value as −9 mV (pH 6.5), correspondingly. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra demonstrated the adsorption of humic acid onto δMnO₂, showing the important roles of-COO⁻ functional groups and surface Mn-OH in the adsorption of humic acid onto δMnO₂. Translated from Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2005, 25(3): 351–355 [译自: 环境科学学报]     

Effects of humic acid on phytodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in soil simultaneously contaminated with heavy metals

Effects of humic acid on phytoremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons in soil simultaneously contaminated with heavy metals were evaluated.     

基于不同能源底物和营养水平的酸性矿山废水产生机制研究

硫化矿物在氧气、水和铁氧化细菌的共同作用下会形成pH值极低、富含可溶性Fe、SO₄^2-和重金属离子等的酸性矿山废水.本研究选取黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿和黄铜矿作为能源底物,以及0×9K、1/4×9K、1/2×9K、1×9K培养基作为营养水平,在氧化亚铁硫杆菌（Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans）的参与下,从能源底物和营养水平角度探索不同硫化矿物酸性废水的产生特点和机制.结果表明,3种硫化矿物的生物产酸能力依次为黄铁矿>磁黄铁矿≈黄铜矿.经过38 d的生化反应后,黄铁矿体系的pH值达到1.41,总Fe （TFe）和SO₄^2-浓度分别达到771.82 mg·L^-1和357.25 mg·L^-1.水体营养水平在黄铁矿的生物产酸过程中起着至关重要的作用.经过16 d的生化反应后,0×9K、1/4×9K、1/2×9K、1×9K培养基处理的终点pH值分别为1.68、1.44、1.30、1.29.根据各营养体系中Fe²⁺和TFe浓度的变化趋势,以及反应终点收集矿物的X射线衍射（XRD）和扫描电镜（SEM）,分析认为充足的营养会提高Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans的活性或密度,加快Fe²⁺生物氧化形成Fe³⁺并通过水解产酸作用合成黄钾铁矾等次生铁矿物,从而导致溶液的pH值更低.本研究所得结果对明晰酸性矿山废水形成规律具有一定的指导意义.     

3种填料A.ferrooxidans挂膜效果及对模拟酸性矿山废水中Fe2+生物矿化能力比较

氧化亚铁硫杆菌（A.ferrooxidans）介导的生物矿化方法可促使酸性矿山废水（Acid Mine Drainage,AMD）中Fe离子向次生铁矿物转变. 采用固定化的方式来提高A.ferrooxidans密度有助于强化Fe²⁺的生物矿化能力.选取流化床19孔填料、弹性填料、悬浮球填料作为挂膜对象, 通过多批次的连续培养来考察3种填料的A.ferrooxidans挂膜能力及稳定挂膜所需周期,继而比较3种挂膜填料对模拟AMD中Fe²⁺的生物矿化能力,并估算A.ferrooxidans有效生物量.结果表明,3种填料（5.00 g）的A.ferrooxidans挂膜能力依次为弹性填料（1.76 g）＞流化床19孔填料（0.90 g）＞悬浮球填料（0.78 g）（干重）,且挂膜启动至稳定状态至少需要4批次.X射线衍射分析（X-ray diffraction,XRD）表明,3种填料表面 含矿生物膜均为施氏矿物和黄钾铁矾的混合物.以游离态A.ferrooxidans的Fe²⁺氧化速率作为参比,估算出流化床19孔填料、弹性填料、悬浮球填料生物膜中A.ferrooxidans有效生物量依次为1.67×10⁸、8.52×10⁸、1.92×10⁸ cells·g^-1 （干基）.研究还发现,等同Fe²⁺生物氧化速率下, A.ferrooxidans挂膜填料比游离态A.ferrooxidans具有更强的AMD矿化驱动能力.     

不同粒径纳米TiO2对大型溞的毒性效应及腐殖酸的调控作用

为评估纳米TiO₂在环境水体中的暴露风险,选用大型溞作为模式生物,研究了不同粒径纳米TiO₂（20、40、60和100 nm）对大型溞毒性效应的影响,并探究了腐殖酸对不同粒径纳米TiO₂毒性效应的调控作用.结果表明,粒径是影响纳米TiO₂颗粒毒性效应的重要因素,以大型溞半数致死时间（LT₅₀）为指标,不同粒径纳米TiO₂对大型溞的毒性作用强弱顺序依次为：20 nm颗粒 > 40 nm颗粒 > 60 nm颗粒 > 100 nm颗粒（p<0.05）.腐殖酸的存在可以显著降低纳米TiO₂颗粒对大型溞的毒性作用,腐殖酸对小尺寸纳米TiO₂颗粒的毒性抑制作用更为明显（p<0.05）.大型溞体内ROS水平与抗氧化系统相关酶活分析表明,纳米TiO₂导致大型溞体内活性氧自由基（ROS）浓度升高是其产生毒性作用的重要原因,腐殖酸的存在可以显著降低大型溞体内由于纳米TiO₂暴露而引起的ROS浓度上升（p<0.05）,进而减轻纳米TiO₂对大型溞的毒性作用.此外,腐殖酸可以减小不同粒径纳米TiO₂之间的毒性差异.本研究结果可为纳米TiO₂在环境水体中的暴露风险评估提供参考依据.     

不同生物质炭对酸雨及氧化性沉降下花生生长及累积砷镉的影响

通过温室盆栽试验,研究了普通生物质炭和铁基生物质炭对酸雨及氧化性沉降下不同生育期花生生长及累积砷、镉(As、Cd)的影响.结果表明,酸雨及50μmol·L-1H2O2沉降处理对处于花期及成熟期中花生的生物量、根瘤数和瘤干重的影响不显著(p0.05),但却显著增加了花生籽粒中Cd的含量和花生壳中As的含量(p0.05).其中,铁基生物质炭可显著降低酸雨及氧化性沉降下花生地上部、根部、籽粒、壳中累积As、Cd含量(p0.05),且作用效果明显强于普通生物质炭.由此可知,酸雨及氧化性沉降增加了花生对土壤重金属As、Cd的富集,而施加铁基生物质炭可有效降低作物的As、Cd累积,为有效防控酸雨及氧化性沉降区域的花生砷、镉重金属污染具有重要现实意义.     

Enhanced bio-decolorization of 1-amino-4-bromoanthraquinone-2-sulfonic acid by Sphingomonas xenophaga with nutrient amendment

Bacterial decolorization of anthraquinone dye intermediates is a slow process under aerobic conditions. To speed up the process, in the present study, effects of various nutrients on 1-amino-4-bromoanthraquinone-2-sulfonic acid (ABAS) decolorization by Sphingomonas xenophaga QYY were investigated. The results showed that peptone, yeast extract and casamino acid amendments promoted ABAS bio-decolorization. In particular, the addition of peptone and casamino acids could improve the decolorization activity of strain QYY. Further experiments showed that L-proline had a more significant accelerating effect on ABAS decolorization compared with other amino acids. L-Proline not only supported cell growth, but also significantly increased the decolorization activity of strain QYY. Membrane proteins of strain QYY exhibited ABAS decolorization activities in the presence of L-proline or reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, while this behavior was not observed in the presence of other amino acids. Moreover, the positive correlation between L-proline concentration and the decolorization activity of membrane proteins was observed, indicating that L-proline plays an important role in ABAS decolorization. The above findings provide us not only a novel insight into bacterial ABAS decolorization, but also an L-proline-supplemented bioaugmentation strategy for enhancing ABAS bio-decolorization.     

Unexpected phenotypes of malformations induced in Xenopus tropicalis embryos by combined exposure to triphenyltin and 9-cis-retinoic acid

Xenopus tropicalis embryos were exposed for 48 hr to the mixtures of 5 g Sn/L triphenyltin(TPT), which is a well-known endocrine disruptor, and 0.25–5 g/L 9-cis retinoic acid(9c-RA), which is the natural ligand of retinoid X receptor. The phenotypes induced by combined exposure were more variable than those resulting from single exposure to either TPT or 9c-RA. The prominent phenotypes included underdeveloped head structures, abnormal eyes, narrow fins, enlarged proctodaeum, etc. Especially, combined exposure induced unexpected notochord malformations, which ranged from small swellings of the surface of the tails to the extension and extrusion of notochord out of the posterior tails. Compared with the 5 g Sn/L TPT-treated group, the index of fin deficiency was not affected, and the index of axis deficiency was significantly increased with increasing RA concentrations in the mixtures. Our results suggest that combined exposure to TPT and 9c-RA induced not only more variable phenotypes of malformations than exposure to single compound but also some new and unexpected phenotypes.     

电活化过硫酸盐降解全氟辛酸及其中间产物的探究分析

全氟化合物（PFCs）是一种新兴的持久性有机污染物,具有环境持久性、高毒性和难降解性,因此急需研发高效的降解方法.本文采用电化学恒电位电解法活化过硫酸盐,利用得到的具有强氧化性的SO₄^·-有效降解全氟辛酸（PFOA）,考察了恒定电位值、过硫酸钠的初始浓度、溶液初始pH值和共存离子对电活化过硫酸盐降解PFOA的影响.同时,结合超高效液相色谱-三重串联四级杆质谱联用仪（UPLC-MS/MS）和气相色谱与质谱联用仪（GC-MS）,对其降解的液相和气相中间产物进行探究.结果表明,在控制阴极电位为-1.8 V,初始过硫酸钠溶液浓度为200 mmol·L^-1,初始溶液pH=3.29,恒电位电解4 h后,PFOA去除率约达到60%.当体系中有NO₃^-、异丙醇和过硫酸钠共存时,PFOA降解效率明显提高（91%,4 h）,当有ClO₄^-存在时PFOA去除率约达到76.8%,但HCO₃^-和Cl^-的存在会出现抑制效果.通过对降解中间产物（短链PFCAs和加氢产物）和TOC去除率（62.5%,24 h）的监测分析,进而推断其可能的降解机理为SO₄^·-介导的Kolbe脱羧过程和羧酸逐步被加氢还原的过程.     

镉和酸雨对苦楝幼苗细胞膜透性及渗透调节物质含量的影响

采用盆栽法研究了3个梯度模拟酸雨(p H=5.6、4.5、3.5)和不同剂量Cd2+(0、30、60、90、120、150、180 mg·kg~(-1))单一及复合处理,对苦楝(Melia azedarach L.)幼苗生长、质膜透性和主要渗透调节物质含量的影响.结果表明,p H=4.5和30 mg·kg~(-1)Cd2+复合处理对苦楝生物量的积累和幼苗的生长具有一定促进作用;p H=4.5和低剂量Cd2+(≤60 mg·kg~(-1))单一及复合处理下,株高和干重变化不显著(p0.05),叶色、叶绿素含量、相对电导率和丙二醛含量也无明显变化;而强酸雨(p H=3.5)和高剂量Cd2+(≥90 mg·kg~(-1))处理下,叶片发黄卷曲,叶绿素含量下降,相对电导率和丙二醛含量增大,且酸雨和Cd2+复合处理较单一酸雨和单一Cd2+处理毒害作用更明显,表现为复合叠加效应;随酸雨强度和Cd2+剂量的增加,可溶性糖含量下降,可溶性蛋白和游离脯氨酸含量先升后降,二者峰值均出现在p H=4.5和60 mg·kg~(-1)Cd2+处理,且Cd2+剂量≤120 mg·kg~(-1)时,各酸雨梯度下可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量均高于CK.综上认为,在Cd2+剂量≤60 mg·kg~(-1)、酸雨p H≥4.5的区域,苦楝可以正常生长且保持较大生物量,可将其作为Cd污染典型酸雨区的绿化和修复树种.     

酸性矿山5种植被恢复措施下土壤碱性磷酸酶基因细菌群落特征及其与重金属关系

为揭示酸性矿山不同植被恢复措施下碱性磷酸酶基因（pho D）细菌群落特征及其与重金属的关系,以赣州龙南稀土矿区为研究区域,收集了5种植被（百喜草、香根草、桉树、玉兰、芥兰）的土壤,测量不同植被土壤理化性质和重金属含量,利用高通量测序技术分析16S rRNA细菌和pho D基因细菌多样性及其群落特征,并计算pho D基因细菌与重金属含量的相关性.结果表明：不同植被土壤存在Cd、As、Pb、Mn超过江西省背景值现象,其中桉树、香根草土壤Pb含量分别为背景值的5.96倍、4.4倍,桉树土壤Cd含量为背景值的2.6倍. pho D基因细菌多样性Chao1指数排序为百喜草<香根草<桉树<玉兰<芥兰.慢生根瘤菌属（Bradyrhizobium）、假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）、链霉菌属（streptomyces）为主要pho D基因菌属.相关性分析结果表明,Cd、As、Mn含量与铵态氮、硝态氮呈显著正相关,Cd、As、Pb同pho D基因细菌Chao1指数呈显著负相关,pH、TN、OM、TP、AP与pho D基因细菌多样性呈显著正相关.Heatmap热图显示,新根瘤菌...     

Soil microbial community structure and function responses to successive planting of Eucalyptus

Many studies have shown soil degradation after the conversion of native forests to exotic Eucalyptus plantations. However, few studies have investigated the long-term impacts of short-rotation forestry practices on soil microorganisms. The impacts of Eucalyptus successive rotations on soil microbial communities were evaluated by comparing phospholipid fatty acid （PLFA） abundances, compositions, and enzyme activities of native Pinus massoniana plantations and adjacent 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th generation Eucalyptus plantations. The conversion from P. massoniana to Eucalyptus plantations significantly decreased soil microbial community size and enzyme activities, and increased microbial physiological stress. However, the PLFA abundances formed ＂U＂ shaped quadratic functions with Eucalyptus plantation age. Alternatively, physiological stress biomarkers, the ratios of monounsaturated to saturated fatty acid and Gram＋ to Gram- bacteria, formed ＂∩＂ shaped quadratic functions, and the ratio of cy17：0 to 16： 1ω7c decreased with plantation age. The activities of phenol oxidase, peroxidase, and acid phosphatase increased with Eucalyptus plantation age, while the cellobiobydrolase activity formed ＂U＂ shaped quadratic functions. Soil N：P, alkaline hydrolytic nitrogen, soil organic carbon, and understory cover largely explained the variation in PLFA profiles while soil N：P, alkaline hydrolytic nitrogen, and understory cover explained most of the variability in enzyme activity. In conclusion, soil microbial structure and function under Eucalyptus plantations were strongly impacted by plantation age. Most of the changes could be explained by altered soil resource availability and understory cover associated with successive planting of Eucalyptus. Our results highlight the importance of plantation age for assessing the impacts of plantation conversion as well as the importance of reducing disturbance for plantation management.     

三峡库区典型林分土壤呼吸及其组分对模拟酸雨的响应

为研究酸雨对森林土壤呼吸的影响,于2016年1月～2017年4月在重庆缙云山三峡库区针阔混交林内选取3块样地,设置了断根与不断根两组处理,每组处理设置pH为4. 5(对照)、4. 0、3. 25和2. 5共4个梯度的模拟酸雨处理.试验观测模拟酸雨下土壤总呼吸与异养呼吸变化特征及土壤温度、土壤湿度,同时采集土样,研究土壤pH、碳氮比及细根生物量对土壤呼吸的影响.结果表明,土壤总呼吸与异养呼吸均表现出了季节变异趋势.不断根样方的CK、T4. 0、T3. 25和T2. 5处理的年均土壤呼吸速率分别为1. 89、1. 88、1. 75和1. 74μmol·(m~2·s)~(-1),断根样方的RCCK、RCT4. 0、RCT3. 25和RCT2. 5处理的年均土壤呼吸速率分别为1. 37、1. 32、1. 19和1. 08μmol·(m~2·s)~(-1).季度平均土壤总呼吸与异养呼吸在2016年7月前差异不显著(P 0. 05),2016年10月后差异均显著(P 0. 01)并呈现对照 pH4. 0 pH3. 25 pH2. 5. 2016年的累积土壤呼吸量T4. 0、T3. 25和T2. 5处理相比对照分别降低3. 89%、9. 64%和11. 24%,RCT4. 0、RCT3. 25和RCT2. 5处理相比对照分别降低6. 79%、13. 23%和25. 56%.与对照相比,模拟酸雨处理降低了异养呼吸占比,降低程度随着酸雨pH增加而加强,说明了酸雨对于异养呼吸的抑制超过了自养呼吸.模拟酸雨处理虽然增加了土壤呼吸的温度敏感性,但是对土壤温度与湿度无显著影响(P 0. 05); 2016年10月之后相比对照模拟酸雨处理显著增加了土壤碳氮比、降低了细根生物量.土壤呼吸与细根生物量有显著正相关关系,与土壤碳氮比有显著的负相关关系.土壤温度与水分对模拟酸雨下土壤呼吸的差异贡献不大,细根生物量与碳氮比是酸雨处理下呼吸差异的主要影响因素.