上海浦东东滩鸟类栖息地生态修复区的水鸟群落变化

河口和海岸带自然湿地的大量退化与丧失导致了迁徙路线上水鸟栖息地的大量减少,从而加剧了迁徙水鸟种群数量的下降,一般认为,栖息地修复能够缓解上述过程。于2010年、2012年对位于上海浦东东滩的鸟类栖息地生态修复区和自然退化区（对照样地）进行调查,比较两个区域的水鸟群落结构差异与年际变化,研究生态修复区的水鸟群落变化并评价其在水鸟保育方面的作用。结果表明：生态修复区的水鸟种类、数量和物种多样性均极显著高于自然退化区,而均匀度与自然退化区无显著差异;生态修复区2012年水鸟种类显著低于2010年,而水鸟数量、物种多样性和均匀度均无显著差异;自然退化区2012年水鸟种类、数量和物种多样性均极显著低于2010年,而均匀度无显著差异。生态修复区通过营造浅滩、浅水区、深水区等多样化生境,为迁徙水鸟提供了重要的补充栖息地,对水鸟保育工作起到了积极作用     

上海崇明东滩人工湿地冬春季水鸟的生境因子分析

为了解围垦后不同土地利用方式对水鸟的影响,于2011年11月~2012年5月对上海市崇明东滩湿地公园、北八滧鱼塘、98大堤内抛荒鱼塘、以及捕鱼港互花米草控制示范区的芦苇塘4类人工湿地开展水鸟调查,在冬季共统计到水鸟20 050只,隶属于5目9科34种,春季共统计到水鸟5 080只,隶属于6目7科47种。方差分析表明,冬、春季4类人工湿地水鸟种类、密度、多样性均有显著差异。运用相关分析对水鸟种类、密度、物种多样性、均匀性指数等群落特征及调查样方内明水面面积、平均水位、人为干扰、裸露浅滩面积、植被面积等环境因子进行水鸟生境因子选择分析,结果表明,冬季水鸟种类、多样性与明水面面积呈极显著正相关,水鸟种类与植被面积呈极显著负相关;春季种类、密度、多样性都与裸露浅滩面积呈极显著正相关。崇明东滩人工湿地在水鸟保育中起到了重要的作用,根据不同水鸟对生境因子的要求,冬季应保持较大的明水面面积和一定的水深,为雁鸭类建立合适的栖息地。春季应保持一定的裸露浅滩面积,为鸻鹬类提供良好的避难所。因此,水位调控成为崇明东滩人工湿地自然保育的重要手段     

长江口滩涂湿地景观变化对典型水鸟生境适宜性的影响

近年来在海平面上升、长江水沙变化、植被演替等自然因素以及促淤圈围工程、深水航道建设等人为因素的共同作用下,长江口滩涂湿地水鸟适宜生境发生了巨大变化。针对长江口滩涂湿地典型水鸟中的鸻鹬类(Charadriiformes)与雁鸭类(Anseriformes),采用空间多样性指数、人为干扰度等指标研究1980～2010年长江口滩涂湿地景观变化对两类水鸟生境适宜性的影响。结果表明：两类水鸟的不适宜生境、边缘生境、次级生境面积均呈增长趋势,鸻鹬类共增加682 km2,雁鸭类共增加314 km2。而核心生境面积却呈不同的变化趋势,鸻鹬类减少136 km2,雁鸭类增加232 km2,但鸻鹬类和雁鸭类核心生境面积百分比均分别减少566%和194%。1980～2010年鸻鹬类生境适宜性综合评价指数由092下降到053,雁鸭类由089下降到070,鸻鹬类降幅大于雁鸭类。通过定量分析人为干扰度对水鸟生境的影响,发现鸻鹬类对人类干扰更加敏感,中等强度的人类干扰在一定程度上扩大了雁鸭类的适宜生境面积     

鄱阳湖湿地现状问题与未来趋势

近年来鄱阳湖秋冬季水文呈干枯态势,湿地生态系统及其关键因子也发生了变化。如何合理保护和利用鄱阳湖湿地引起各方关注。系统综述了鄱阳湖湿地生态系统在水文、江湖关系、水质、水鸟栖息地、渔业资源等方面存在的问题,梳理了引起这些问题的外部和内部因素。针对"一切照常"和"水位调控"两种情景,预测了湿地未来的变化趋势,并指出了当前研究中的不确定性问题。研究认为:鄱阳湖秋冬季的低枯水位,对水质、湿地植被、水鸟栖息地以及鱼类食物资源和"三场"(即:产卵场、洄游通道、索饵场)产生了一定不利影响。建议通过模型模拟和情景预测来分析不同调控方案的影响效果,优化调控方案、将生态系统的负面影响降到最低。     

盐城海滨湿地资源利用变化及其对丹顶鹤越冬生境的影响

湿地是世界上最具生物多样性的重要生态系统之一,湿地资源开发利用的时空动态变化对物种生境、分布及多样性有着极其重要的影响。江苏盐城海滨湿地是全球丹顶鹤最重要的越冬地之一,湿地景观的变化势必会影响丹顶鹤生境结构及其质量。本研究以盐城海滨湿地带相对连续的16期遥感解译影像为空间数据源,分析了8个丹顶鹤越冬栖息热点地区的湿地资源利用以及丹顶鹤越冬生境及其质量的时空动态变化,利用逐步回归和典型相关等方法分析湿地资源利用变化对丹顶鹤生境的影响。结果显示:研究区自然湿地大面积地被转变成人工湿地以及非湿地,其主要变化特征是碱蓬、芦苇等自然湿地被围垦成耕地、水产养殖塘等人类活动强度较高的覆被类型;丹顶鹤适宜生境面积持续下降,补充生境及非生境面积都大幅度增加;综合生境因子在每个热点地区总体上呈现下降的趋势,热点地区丹顶鹤生境质量都呈现出分时段、不同程度的下降趋势;丹顶鹤生境质量受到多种覆被类型的综合影响,其中,芦苇湿地和碱蓬湿地对丹顶鹤各种生境因子都有显著影响,主要发挥改善和提高生境质量的作用;盐田、建筑用地和水产养殖塘所产生的干扰是不利于生境质量提高的覆被类型。研究分析表明:芦苇湿地和碱篷湿地作为丹顶鹤越冬最适宜生境,宜进一步加大保护力度;盐田和水产养殖塘等人工湿地作为补充生境,虽然在一定程度上为丹顶鹤提供了食物和水分,但其经营管理活动所产生的干扰则影响了生境质量,因而需减少其在越冬季节的干扰活动。     

两栖动物栖息地保护与构建前沿及其对喀斯特地区的启示

随着石漠化的发生与发展,生境的丧失和破碎化使得喀斯特地区两栖动物的生存环境逐渐恶劣。通过分析国内外各地区的尝试和经验,在原生环境保护、被破坏生境恢复、人工栖息地模拟、区域规划建设、景观生态建设等5个方面,对两栖动物栖息地保护与构建的方法作了总结。综合近年来我国主要喀斯特地貌分布区——贵州、云南、广西3省两栖动物资源调查和监测的数据,最终收集到有关3省的公开发表的两栖动物物种记录共265种,隶属3目12科49属,其中117种两栖动物分布于喀斯特地貌区。通过从生境临时化、生境单一化、生境趋劣化3方面对喀斯特地区两栖动物的生境现状进行了探讨,提出了在该地区进行两栖动物栖息地保护与构建的5点建议:(1)对原生水源、沼泽等湿地进行有效保护;(2)将两栖动物栖息地的保护与建设纳入石漠化治理;(3)对地势条件较好的暂时性坑塘进行防渗处理;(4)在道路、住房等的规划中融入生态建设理念;(5)构建两栖动物生态廊道。     

垦殖后洲滩湿地生态恢复的景观设计途径——以长江新济洲滩为例

长江南京段新济洲滩是一处由心滩不断扩大形成的洲滩湿地,由于人类长期垦殖、修筑垸堤等活动,导致洲滩湿地的景观格局和过程发生根本性改变,湿地生态系统服务退化。从景观生态学的角度出发,参照Steinitz景观设计六步骤模式,构建了描述、过程、评价、改变、评估和决策模型,探讨洲滩湿地的生态恢复途径,指出拆除垸堤、去除人类过分干扰是新济洲滩生态恢复的关键,恢复自然洪水过程、让自然做功、恢复季节性湿地及生境是其基本途径。模拟维持现状、拆除圩堤、拆除防洪堤3种预景,分析不同预景洲滩湿地面积、生物栖息地面积变化,结果表明拆除防洪堤将使洲滩季节性、洪水泛滥湿地面积所占比重分别将由5%、4%增加到56%、24%,长江鱼类、龟鳄类、涉禽类栖息地面积所占比重由7%、11%、5%分别增加到21%、75%、56%。湿地是重要的景观生态系统,利用Steinitz六步骤模式进行生态恢复途径的探讨,对其他湿地生态恢复的规划和设计也有重要的借鉴意义     

武汉市金银湖水鸟多样性及其与水环境关系的初步研究

2007年11月～2009年3月对金银湖越冬期和迁徙期水鸟进行了调查研究,共计水鸟34种,隶属于8目11科,其中冬候鸟21种,夏候鸟6种,留鸟5种,旅鸟2种;古北种21种,东洋种2种,广布种11种;列入国家重点保护Ⅱ级鸟类和中国濒危动物红皮书名录的有白琵鹭（Platalea leucorodia）1种,省级保护鸟类10种。按食性分,主食鱼虾类水鸟种数占优势,而主食水生植物类水鸟生物量较大。水质测试结果表明金银湖为劣Ⅴ类水体。通过分析不同季节以及栖息地环境改变前后水鸟多样性指数的变化,认为重建湿生植被和通过调节水位改变滩涂与水域的面积可提高水鸟多样性。武汉城市湖泊与远郊湖泊的水鸟多样性及环境条件的比较结果显示：水鸟多样性与水体污染程度呈负相关,与水域面积呈明显正相关,因此应严禁湿地的过度开发和蚕食湿地的行为,同时改善湖泊水质迫在眉睫。     

基于InVEST模型的鄱阳湖湿地生物多样性情景分析

生态系统服务与功能的评估越来越多地被应用到自然资源管理政策制定中。通过参与式评估框架(FoPIA)方法建立鄱阳湖湿地到2020年的不同土地利用情景,以此作为参数应用到生态系统服务与功能的评估权衡模型(InVEST),以鄱阳湖湿地指示性生物(越冬候鸟)的栖息地为研究对象,定量和空间化评估典型村落未来土地利用情景下候鸟栖息地质量和空间分布特征。结果表明:在生态保育情景下,受生态退耕等因素的影响,栖息地规模增加,人类胁迫活动减少,鄱阳湖湿地典型村落候鸟栖息地的平均质量提高到0.89,比现状水平提高27.0%;在经济发展情景下,人类活动范围的扩张使得候鸟栖息地受到的胁迫增强,栖息地的平均质量下降为0.57,比现状水平低14.0%;在自然增长情景下,候鸟栖息地平均质量为0.66,比现状水平增加了1.5%。     

杭州湾及钱塘江河口冬季水鸟群落多样性及其空间分布

在2007、2009和2011年的冬季,对杭州湾及钱塘江河口段曹娥江口至甬江口之间潮间带及其附近围垦区大水面的水鸟群落进行了调查,共记录7目14科69种,其中冬候鸟45种,占总数的65.2％;国家一二级重点保护鸟类7种;超过其东亚地理种群数1%标准的水鸟有6种。研究显示：杭州湾及钱塘江河口湿地越冬水鸟分布的重点区域有4个,即杭州湾慈溪段(记录的水鸟达65种,占总数的94.2%)、钱塘江上虞段（38种,占总数的55.1%）、杭州湾镇海段（37种,占总数的53.6%）和钱塘江海宁段（28种,占总数的40.6%）。对主要类群在4个重点区域的分布比较表明,除与杭州湾镇海段的鸻鹬类分布物种数、钱塘江上虞段的雁鸭类个体数量之间无显著差异外,杭州湾慈溪段分布的鸻鹬类、雁鸭类和鸥类物种最为丰富,该区域记录的鸻鹬类、雁鸭类个体数量也显著高于其它区域。从水鸟群落组成年际动态看, 2007～2011年,杭州湾及钱塘江河口冬季水鸟群落多样性指数变动不大,但个体数量出现了较大波动,雁鸭类和秧鸡类数量呈现增加趋势,而鸻鹬类和鸥类则出现下降态势,且秧鸡类、鸻鹬类及鸥类的个体数量变动最大。湿地资源尤其是滩涂面积可能是影响杭州湾区域水鸟分布的重要因素。拥有大水面的海涂水库、围垦区自然抛荒而待开发的滩涂能为水鸟提供重要的越冬场所。从整个杭州湾来看,人为活动如近年来高强度的大规模围垦可能是导致该区域越冬水鸟群落组成和种群数量发生剧烈变动的主要原因。在加强自然潮间带资源保护的同时,改进围垦区人工湿地的管理,将有利于提高当地乃至整个区域的水鸟多样性水平     

上海郊区三类典型生境的两栖类分布特征

上海郊区农田,林地,湿地(池塘)三类典型生境是两栖类最主要的栖息地,生境的差异以及两栖类生态特征的不同造成了两栖类在分布上的差异。2014年和2016年5~8月对上海郊区三类典型生境的30个研究样点两栖类生物多样性进行调查,并运用单因素方差分析对三类生境的两栖类群落结构进行比较,通过层次聚类法分析不同生境的两栖类组成相似性。结果显示:(1)两年间共记录到上海郊区两栖类动物1目4科4属5种5 397只,其中泽陆蛙(Fejervarya multistriata),金线侧褶蛙(Pelophylax plancyi)为优势种。黑斑侧褶蛙(Pelophylax nigromaculata),中华蟾蜍(Bufo gargarizans),饰纹姬蛙(Microhyla fissipes)为常见种。这5种两栖类都为广型分布种。(2)三类生境的两栖类物种丰富度无显著性差异,而两栖类多度差异显著。(3)泽陆蛙,饰纹姬蛙的种群密度在三类生境中差异显著,且在农田生境中最高。黑斑侧褶蛙,金线侧褶蛙的种群密度在三类生境中差异显著且在池塘生境中最高。中华蟾蜍在三类生境中的种群密度无显著性差异。(4)聚类结果为30个研究样点中林地生境与池塘生境被聚为一类,农田生境被单独聚为一类。建议通过对不同生境的保护与恢复达到对上海郊区两栖类生物多样性保护的目的。     

Coastal wetland loss and environmental change due to rapid urban expansion in Lianyungang,Jiangsu, China

To address the growing need for developable land, many coastal cities are draining and filling wetlands, transforming them into urban built-up areas, and thereby substantially altering the structure and function of coastal ecosystems. We demonstrate an integrative approach for investigating the dynamics and impacts of coastal development in China’s Jiangsu Province, where urban expansion has resulted in extensive wetland losses and sea reclamation (the process of creating new land from ocean or coastal waters). Remotely sensed data reveal that landscape change in the study area has been accompanied by an increase in total impervious surface area and an increase in mean surface “heat island effect.” These indicators of change can be detected with remote sensing data and used to support a strategic environmental assessment (SEA) for urban coastal planning. Changes detected in Lianyungang during 2000–2006 suggest that reclaimed areas are environmentally sensitive and should be a focus of concern in future development planning, which has historically targeted coastal salt pond wetlands for conversion to land for the development. Given the current and projected rate of coastal development in China and elsewhere in the developing world, our findings and assessment approach have implications for coastal management decisions in the developing coastal zones of China and other regions of the world that are experiencing rapid urban growth.     

湖北省湿地冬季水鸟多样性研究

报道了2004年1~4月湖北冬季水鸟调查结果,记录水鸟 66 种,种群数量 59 613 只,分属8目15科,其中列入国家重点保护的一级鸟类 4 种,115 只,国家二级 7 种,2 968 只。分析了冬季水鸟群落结构、分布和种群变动,并用生物多样性指数、物种丰富度与生物量3个不同的测度指标对其中12个湖泊的水鸟群落进行了评价,认为沉湖、梁子湖、龙感湖和网湖是较为成熟稳定的群落;并从沉湖东方白鹳（Ciconia boyciana）、龙感湖白头鹤（Grus monacha）、洪湖鸭科水鸟近40年的种群动态探讨了湿地水鸟现状,认为种群衰退趋势明显、湿地干扰和威胁严重。对此提出了加强湿地保护区的建设,理顺管理体制,合理规划与发展湿地产业和保护湿地资源对策。     

China's coastal wetlands: Conservation history,implementation efforts,existing issues and strategies for future improvement

China has approximately 5.80 × 10⁶ ha coastal wetlands by 2014, accounting for 10.82% of the total area of natural wetlands. Healthy coastal wetland ecosystems play an important role in guaranteeing the territory ecological security and the sustainable development of coastal zone in China. In this paper, the natural geography and the past and present status of China's coastal wetlands were introduced and the five stages (1950s–1970s, 1980s–1991, 1992–2002, 2003–2010 and 2011–present) of China's coastal wetlands conservation from the foundation of the People's Republic in 1949 to present were distinguished and reviewed. Over the past decades, China has made great efforts in coastal wetland conservation, as signified by the implementation of coastal wetland restoration projects, the construction of coastal wetland nature reserves, the practice of routine ecological monitoring and two national wetland surveys, the promulgation of local wetland conservation statutes and specific regulations, the coordination mechanism to enhance management capacity, the wide development of coastal wetland research and public participation, and the extensive communication to strengthen international cooperation. Nonetheless, six major issues recently emerged in China's coastal wetland conservation are evidently existed, including the increasing threats of pollution and human activities, the increasing adverse effects of threaten factors on ecosystem function, the increasing threats of coastal erosion and sea-level rising, the insufficient funding for coastal wetlands conservation, the imperfect legal and management system for coastal wetlands, and the insufficient education, research and international cooperation. Although the threats and pressures on coastal wetlands conservation are still apparent, the future of China's coastal wetlands looks promising since the Chinese government understands that the sustainable development in coastal zone requires new attitudes, sound policies and concerted efforts at all levels. The major strategies for future improvement of China's coastal wetland conservation include: exploring effective measures in response to major threaten factors; improving the conservation and compensation system for coastal wetlands; strengthening coastal wetland legislation and management; increasing funds for coastal wetland conservation and research; and strengthening coastal wetland education and international cooperation.     

An assessment of the impact of motorway runoff on a pond, wetland and stream

The impact of soil filtered runoff from a section of the M25 outer London motorway (constructed in 1981) on a pond, wetland and stream in a nature reserve was investigated by monitoring water, sediment. The tissues of the emergent plants Typha latifolia and Glyceria maxima collected from the pond were analysed for the heavy metals, Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn. Macroinvertebrates were monitored in the stream and biotic indices applied to the data. The plant tissue concentrations for Typha and Glyceria show decreasing metal concentrations from root to rhizome to leaf. This trend has previously been reported for Typha exposed to runoff although the tissue concentrations are lower in this study with the exception of Cd in root tissue. The Biological Monitoring Working Party (BMWP) score and Average Score Per Taxon (ASPT) for the stream at sites above and below the pond outlet are lower than the scores recorded by the Environment Agency for England and Wales at an upstream site above the Pond/Wetland. The sites have an Overall Quality Index of 'moderate water quality', and there is no evidence of a deterioration of biologically assessed water quality between them. The results of the study show the long-term impact on sediment of filtered road runoff discharges to a natural wetland and pond located in a nature reserve. The use of natural wetlands for the discharge of road runoff is inadvisable. Constructed wetlands in combination with other structures including settlement trenches and ponds should be considered as an alternative treatment option.     

Marine biodiversity and sustainability of fishing resources in Brazil: a case study of the coast of Paraná state

The subtropical coastal zone of Paraná state in southern Brazil is only 80 km long yet environmentally diverse, with relatively pristine coastal landscapes and high marine and coastal biodiversity supporting important artisanal fishing grounds. However, this region began to change in the early 1970s. The development of industrial harbors, as well as unregulated tourism and urban settlement and pollution caused the loss of natural habitats. In addition, commercial shrimp trawlers began to operate in the adjacent shallow shelf areas. Biodiversity was seriously affected, and local fish stocks have decreased drastically in the last four decades. This article describes a long-term program to protect coastal habitats, recover marine biodiversity and diversify the economic base of fishing communities in order to guarantee fish stocks for future generations, hence preserving the social and cultural identities of these communities. Although it is difficult to change traditional fishing practices, fishing communities may exploit alternate components of the marine biological resources in order to achieve environmental, social and cultural sustainability in the long term.     

Building resilience to water scarcity in southern Spain: a case study of rice farming in Doñana protected wetlands

Agricultural water management needs to evolve in view of increased water scarcity, especially when farming and natural protected areas are closely linked. In the study site of Doñana (southern Spain), water is shared by rice producers and a world heritage biodiversity ecosystem. Our aim is to contribute to defining adaptation strategies that may build resilience to increasing water scarcity and minimize water conflicts among agricultural and natural systems. The analytical framework links a participatory process with quantitative methods to prioritize the adaptation options. Bottom-up proposed adaptation measures are evaluated by a multi-criteria analysis (MCA) that includes both socioeconomic criteria and criteria of the ecosystem services affected by the adaptation options. Criteria weights are estimated by three different methods—analytic hierarchy process, Likert scale and equal weights—that are then compared. Finally, scores from an MCA are input into an optimization model used to determine the optimal land-use distribution in order to maximize utility and land-use diversification according to different scenarios of funds and water availability. While our results show a spectrum of perceptions of priorities among stakeholders, there is one overriding theme that is to define a way to restore part of the rice fields to natural wetlands. These results hold true under the current climate scenario and even more so under an increased water scarcity scenario.