水环境中滥用药物的环境学研究进展

滥用药物是一类非医用并被法律明令禁止使用的药物,近年来在世界各地的不同水环境中,包括污水、地表水、地下水甚至饮用水中均有检出,被视为一类新型污染物,逐渐成为环境领域的研究热点之一.本文在总结了国内外滥用药物相关环境学研究进展的基础上,对水环境中滥用药物的生态毒性、污染来源和途径、不同水体中的污染现状、环境行为及风险评估等进行了综述,总结了当前水环境中滥用药物分析检测方法和污水流行病学研究进展,并进一步分析了我国目前在滥用药物研究方面的现状,提出了该领域今后的研究方向和重点.     

新疆库尔勒市平原区地下水有机污染评价

本文采用有机污染现状评价法和环境影响度评价法对新疆库尔勒市平原区22组地下水水样进行评价,并对其影响因素进行了分析.地下水有机污染物检测结果显示,无有机污染物超标项,有6项有机污染物检出,分别为反-1,2-二氯乙烯、顺-1,2-二氯乙烯、三氯甲烷、1,2-二氯乙烷、四氯乙烯和甲苯,检出率最高的指标是甲苯(检出率为27.3%),其余5项检出率均为4.5%.地下水有机污染现状评价结果表明,研究区内甲苯未污染占72.7%、轻度污染占27.3%,其余5项未污染占95.5%、轻度污染占4.5%.地下水环境影响度评价结果表明,研究区地下水体中的有机污染物对人和环境没有明显的潜在危害.库尔勒市平原区地下水中有机污染物检出主要受工业污染源、生活污染源、农业污染源、土地利用类型和包气带岩性的影响.     

太原市某垃圾填埋场渗滤液及周边环境重金属污染及健康风险评估

探讨垃圾渗滤液、填埋场周围土壤和地下水中的重金属污染特征及其对生态环境和人体健康的影响.采集山西省太原市某垃圾填埋场和中转站冬夏季渗滤液、填埋场周边土壤和地下水样本,测定其中重金属含量;分析渗滤液中金属污染的季节性变化;利用健康风险评估模型,估计不同暴露途径下填埋场附近重金属污染对成人和儿童的健康风险.结果表明:(1)夏季填埋场渗滤液(陈年渗滤液)中重金属检出的种类较冬季多.夏季中转站渗滤液(新鲜渗滤液)中检出重金属种类比填埋场中的少,但其金属浓度(除Cr外)较高.(2)土壤重金属平均浓度的顺序为Cu>Cr>Zn>Pb>Ni>As>Hg,地下水中重金属平均含量顺序为Zn>Ni>Cu>Cr>Pb.(3)重金属污染对成人的非致癌总风险在安全阈值内,但对儿童的非致癌总风险接近安全阈值.重金属污染非致癌风险的主要暴露途径为经饮水摄入.有潜在健康风险的重金属主要是As、Pb和Cr.(4)重金属污染对人群的致癌总风险在安全阈值内,主要暴露途径为土壤口食摄入和呼吸吸入.垃圾填埋场和中转站渗滤液中重金属的种类和浓度不同;填埋场附近土壤和地下水中重金属的种类和浓度也有差异.填埋场附近环境的重金属污染对成人和儿童没有健康风险,但有潜在安全隐患.     

城市屋面雨水绿地水平流渗透净化研究

把城区屋面汇集的雨水径流通过绿地或人工土层净化后收集利用或渗透地下,既可涵养地下水,又截留处置了部分雨水,减轻了雨洪负荷和雨水径流对受纳水体的污染,是一种经济有效的雨水利用方案。但为保证雨水渗入地下后不污染土层和地下水源,本文研究了屋面雨水在天然和人工配制的两种土壤中水平流动的净化作用及其规律。为屋面雨水绿地渗透方案的工程实施提供技术依据。     

和田河流域绿洲区地下水“三氮”污染状况及影响因素

以和田河流域绿洲区地下水污染调查数据为基础,对地下水"三氮"的污染状况及影响因素进行了研究.结果表明,和田河流域绿洲区地下水"三氮"污染不是很严重,但随时间呈不断加重的趋势.硝酸盐氮是绿洲区地下水中"三氮"的主要存在形态,其含量、检出率和超标率最高,氨氮次之,亚硝酸盐氮最低.地下水中"三氮"含量的空间分布表现出一定的规律性,水平方向上,绿洲南部硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮的含量普遍高于绿洲北部,而氨氮在北部的分布范围比南部广;垂直方向上,浅层潜水中"三氮"的含量高于中深层潜水;与新疆其他地区相比,和田河流域绿洲区地下水中硝酸盐氮含量较高,亚硝酸盐氮和氨氮含量较低.绿洲区地下水中"三氮"的来源主要与居民日常生活和农业生产有关,其存在形态和分布特征主要与水化学环境、包气带岩性和厚度及地下水径流条件等因素有关.     

湘中某矿区地下水重金属污染特征及健康风险评估

以湘中某矿区地下水为研究对象,对矿区14口监测井15项重金属指标开展监测分析。结果表明,矿区地下水中As、Sb、Co、Fe和Mn 5项重金属指标超标,超标率分别为14. 3%、64. 3%、50. 0%、10. 7%和14. 3%;最大超标倍数分别为5. 4、30. 4、0. 9、34. 0和18. 3,地下水中Sb污染最严重。污染评价结果表明研究区地下水在平水期极重污染占比达到78. 5%,丰水期污染相对较轻,极重污染占比为50%。研究区地下水污染健康风险评估确定的主要健康风险指标为As、Sb、Co,主要污染途径为饮用水。由地下水健康风险评估模型得到研究区地下水As致癌风险最大,风险值为1. 08×10-3~2. 89×10-3,远超最大可接受致癌风险限值; As、Sb和Co的最大非致癌危害商分别为1. 48×102、89. 2和69. 0,均超过可接受水平,研究区地下水饮用水途径对当地敏感人群的健康构成危害。     

重庆主城都市区地下水质量与污染评价——基于层级阶梯评价法

为查明重庆主城都市区的水质及污染状况并区分天然背景和人类污染对地下水水质的影响,进行了地下水采样和测试,利用层级阶梯评价法,对地下水水质和污染状态进行了分析与评价。结果表明,研究区内地下水受到天然背景和人类污染的共同影响,Ⅲ类和Ⅳ类水为主要水质类别,各占45.9%,主要的超标指标为硝酸盐、锰、砷、总硬度等,研究区地下水有机污染程度为轻微,农业面源污染和未经处理的生活排污是地下水污染的主要原因。相比传统的单因子评价数学方法,层级阶样评价法将污染源纳入考虑,突出了人类污染属性,对于地下水污染防治可以提供更有针对性的决策。     

某基岩裂隙水型危险废物填埋场地下水污染特征分析

为了解某基岩裂隙水型危险废物填埋场的地下水污染特征,探索地下水污染与渗滤液泄漏的关系,在对该场地进行水文地质勘探的基础上,布设监测点位、进行地下水和渗滤液原液采样分析,得到pH、化学需氧量(COD)、悬浮物、氨氮(NH_3-N)、总磷(TP)、铬(Cr)、铬(六价,Cr~(6+))、铅(Pb)等23项指标的含量水平检测数据,对检测数据进行分析;采用标准指数法评价地下水质量现状,采用单因子污染指数法和综合污染指数法评价地下水污染程度,利用SPSS19.0软件进行主成分分析和相关性分析.分析结果表明,地下水质量较差,未达到《地下水质量标准》Ⅲ类标准限值要求;50%指标的单因子污染指数大于1,说明已经发生了污染现象;主成分分析结果显示,地下水主要污染指标为氨氮、总磷、大肠菌群数、总锌和氯化物;相关性分析结果显示,多个污染指标间呈显著相关或极显著相关,说明地下水污染主要来源于填埋场渗滤液泄漏.     

地下水及其污染物

地下水是最大的饮用水源,它主要来自进入土壤并蓄存于含水层中的降水。本文描述了含水层类型,以及造成地下水运动的各种力,主要的地下水污染源是废物填埋场或堆放场、坑塘、地下贮罐和化粪池,非点源对此问题也有贡献。采用一种特定的污染处理方法是否合适,取决于污染物的化学性质。作者对若干种方法进行了讨论。     

地下水砷污染形成机制研究进展

地下水砷污染是全球饮用水的主要威胁之一,目前全世界有超过一亿人受砷污染地下水问题的困扰.因此,深入研究地下水砷污染的形成机制,对预测地下水中砷的分布及解决地下水砷污染问题具有重要意义.本文在归纳总结前人相关研究的基础上,综述了关于地下水砷污染形成机制的不同解释及最新研究进展,重点阐述了铁氧化物还原溶解释放砷机制,并详细...     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.