论小于63μm粒级作为水体颗粒物重金属研究介质的合理性及有关粒级转换模型研究

粒度是影响水体颗粒物中重金属含量的重要因素。研究了与此有关的两个问题：１．对各种粒度校正方法进行了讨论，论证了以小于６３μｍ粒级作为水体颗粒物中重金属研究介质的合理性：２．由于我国文献中大量资料是关于小于５０μｍ粒级颗粒物的，为使其与小于６３μｍ粒级数据有对比性，我们采集了我国东部自北至南地理、水文条件显著不同的十数条河流共２７个表层沉积物样品，对Ｃｕ、Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｄ、Ｃｏ、Ｎｉ、Ｆｅ、Ｍｎ等７种重金属元素在小于５０μｍ和小于６３μｍ两种粒级中的含量进行了分析，以简约主轴法回归模型Ⅱ建立了两种粒级中重金属含量的回归模型。     

安徽北淮阳沙坪沟钼矿区水系沉积物粒级试验研究

通过在安徽省北淮阳沙坪沟超大型钼矿区开展水系沉积物测量粒级试验,基于沙坪沟钼矿区分散流长度试验研究,对不同粒级(截取粒级和细粒级)水系沉积物粒级占比、元素含量变化特征等进行对比分析,探讨研究区主要成矿元素含量衰减特征。通过总结不同粒级水系沉积物的构成特征,认为在北淮阳地区开展水系沉积物测量适宜采用截取粒级的采样方法,为该地区开展1∶50 000化探普查提供参考。     

鸭绿江口邻近海域夏季粒级叶绿素a分布及影响因素研究

于2016年8月在鸭绿江口邻近海域采集水样,讨论了鸭绿江口邻近海域夏季粒级Chl a含量的空间分布规律及环境影响因素。结果表明,调查海域总Chl a含量介于2.91~17.46 μg/L之间,平均含量为6.54±3.56 μg/L,表层Chl a含量高于底层。小型级（Micro）Chl a含量表、底层分布规律相近,高值区均位于河流入海口处;表层和底层微微型级（Pico）Chl a分布规律相近,含量值在河流入海口处由东北向西南逐渐降低。微型级（Nano）Chl a含量在表层高值区位于河流入海口处偏西方向,底层则呈现北低南高的分布趋势。Micro级Chl a为夏季鸭绿江口邻近海域总Chl a的主要贡献者,平均贡献率为55.10%;Pico级和Nano级Chl a平均贡献率为27.61%和17.29%。Chl a主成分分析结果表明:底层各粒级Chl a含量与各环境因子均呈显著正相关（p < 0.05）;表层各粒级Chl a含量与盐度、透明度呈显著负相关,与硝酸盐（NO₃-N）、亚硝酸盐（NO₂-N）、磷酸盐（PO₄-P）、DIN、氮磷比、悬浮物浓度等呈显著正相关（p < 0.05）;Micro级Chl a含量与营养盐因子相关性更显著。     

辽东湾网采浮游植物粒级结构的胁迫响应

基于2012~2014年春、夏、秋、冬季辽东湾网采浮游植物及环境因子的调查资料,对辽东湾南、北2个区域的浮游植物粒级结构分布规律及其环境胁迫响应进行了分析,并评估了浮游植物群落结构的稳定性.结果表明,辽东湾海域浮游植物春、夏、秋季丰度主要集中在小粒径范围,冬季主要集中在中粒径范围;生物量春、夏、秋季主要集中在中粒径范围,冬季主要集中在大粒径范围,南部区域浮游植物粒径整体上大于北部区域.寡营养水域以及较低的水温环境更适于大粒径浮游植物生存.春、秋、冬季浮游植物群落结构比较稳定,但夏季偏离平衡点.南部区域群落结构整体上比北部区域稳定,网采中、大粒径组的W统计量可以作为浮游植物群落结构稳定性的评估指标.     

西辽河不同粒级沉积物对磷的吸附特征

采用平衡吸附法研究了西辽河不同粒级沉积物对磷的吸附特征.结果表明,不同粒级沉积物对磷的吸附特征圴符合Langmuir吸附等温式和Freundlich吸附等温式;黏粒级和粉粒级的磷饱和吸附量较大,分别为3791.12,2323.33mg/kg,分别相当于粗砂的6.68和4.09倍;黏粒级和粉粒级沉积物吸附的磷是磷素循环的重要组成部分,西辽河冲泻质泥沙黏粒和粉粒所携载的吸附态磷的理论入海通量分别为3791.12,2323.33mg/kg冲泻质泥沙.占沉积物磷吸附总量的28.30%.沉积物对磷的比表面积标化吸附分配系数与松结态腐殖质相关性最大,比表面积标化饱和吸附量与稳结态腐殖质相关性最大,在稳结态和紧结态腐殖质所形成的团聚体结构沉积物中存在孔隙填充方式的磷吸附.     

黄棕壤不同粒级组分对镉的吸附动力学与热力学研究

采用一次平衡法研究了黄棕壤不同粒级组分(粘粒≤2 μm、粉粒2～20 μm、细砂粒20～200 μm、粗砂粒200～2000 μm)对镉的吸附动力学与热力学,并采用拉格朗日假一级动力学方程、假二级动力学方程、颗粒内扩散模型对试验数据进行拟合.结果表明,2种温度下各粒级组分对镉的吸附均可分为快反应和慢反应2个阶段,0～15 min内为快反应阶段,吸附量达到饱和吸附量的95%以上,此后为慢反应阶段;随着温度由25℃升高到45℃,各组分对镉的饱和吸附量增加了4.86%～25.3%;各组分对镉的吸附动力学符合拉格朗日假二级动力学方程,吸附过程以化学吸附为主;二级动力学吸附速率常数表明,随着各组分粒级增大,吸附速率降低;在试验温度范围内随着温度升高,吸附速率加快;吸附过程的限速步骤为颗粒间扩散;各粒级组分对镉的吸附为吸热反应,反应能自发进行.     

黄海北部真核微藻粒级结构及环境关联

采用高通量测序-分子鉴定分级技术于2019年对黄海北部海域真核微藻粒级结构进行了研究.结果发现,春季以中、小粒级为主,夏季以小、大粒级为主,秋季以大粒级为主,春、夏、秋季小、中、大粒级微藻比例为39:51:11、40:24:36、26:13:62.小粒级微藻优势种为细小微胞藻和金牛微球藻,中粒级微藻优势种为剧毒卡尔藻,...     

西辽河不同粒级沉积物对重金属铅的富集特征

重金属铅等污染物以泥沙颗粒为载体迁移转化,颗粒态铅为河流输送铅的主要形态。为估算随泥沙颗粒迁移的重金属铅的质量分数,采用平衡吸附法研究了西辽河不同粒级沉积物对重金属铅的富集特征。结果表明,不同粒级沉积物对重金属铅的富集系数为:黏粒(2.03)>粉粒(1.85)>细砂(0.83)>粗砂(0.51)。细粒级沉积物对重金属铅的富集作用比较强,黏粒和粉粒的铅富集系数分别是粗砂的3.98和3.63倍,富集水平均为低度富集。其原因有二,细粒级沉积物中腐殖质含量明显高于粗粒级;细粒级沉积物中稳结态腐殖质所占比例较高,在稳结态腐殖质胶结形成的疏松多孔团聚体结构中存在的孔隙填充方式Pb吸附,在对Pb富集中发挥重要作用。不同粒级沉积物对铅的富集系数与腐殖质总量呈显著正相关(p<0.01),相关系数(r)为0.964;西辽河沉积物在汛期黏粒级和粉粒级冲泻质泥沙所携载的吸附态铅质量分数可分别按106.02 mg/kg和98.71mg/kg估算。黏粒和粉粒级沉积物所携载的吸附态铅是铅地球化学循环的重要组成部分。     

海洋真核微藻粒级结构及其环境影响因素

采用高通量测序-分子鉴定分级技术于2018年对大长山岛临近海域微藻粒级结构进行了研究,同时探讨了叶绿素a分级法测算微藻粒级结构的误差.结果发现,叶绿素a分级法测算微微型藻类（< 3μm）误差高达82%,严重低估了小粒径微藻的组成,分子鉴定分级法测算春季小粒径微藻生物量组成平均为86%,夏季平均为52%,秋季平均为20%.春季优势种抑食金球藻生物量占41%,夏季优势种金牛微球藻生物量占21%,这2种微微型藻类会严重影响滤食性贝类正常摄食生长,养殖风险较高.总氮、总磷、溶解硅等环境因子和贝类摄食的下行效应影响着该海域微藻粒级结构的变化.     

西辽河不同粒级沉积物的氨氮吸附-解吸特征

为估算辽河吸附态氨氮入海通量,采用平衡吸附-解吸法研究了西辽河不同粒级沉积物对氨氮的吸附-解吸特征. 结果表明:不同粒级沉积物对氨氮的吸附-解吸特征均符合Langmuir和Freundlich吸附-解吸等温式;黏粒级和粉粒级沉积物的氨氮饱和吸附量较大,分别为3 643.82和2 693.71 mg/kg,相当于粗砂的8.04和5.94倍;西辽河冲泻质泥沙黏粒和粉粒所携载的吸附态氨氮的入海通量分别为170.10和164.52 mg/kg. 占沉积物氨氮吸附总量的14.99%;黏粒级和粉粒级沉积物的氨氮解吸比例较小,分别为30.66%和42.04%,入海后可分别为上覆水提供氨氮52.15和69.16 mg/kg;黏粒级和粉粒级沉积物所吸附的氨氮是氮素循环的重要组成部分;黏粒和粉粒级沉积物的腐殖质含量远远高于粗沙,在其所形成的团聚体结构中存在的孔隙填充方式——氨氮吸附是导致黏粒和粉粒级沉积物饱和吸附量较大、解吸比例较低的根本原因.      

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.