灾后承接非政府组织援助系统工程的综合集成模式——以汶川8.0级地震为例

分析了承接非政府组织(NGO)援助复杂巨系统的框架结构、时空结构、运行结构及整体特性;提出了地震灾后承接援助系统工程的综合集成模式;分别就承接援建集成工程的运作模式和具体实施框架进行了讨论;就援建系统工程、迎建系统工程、应急组织系统工程和保障系统工程等具体实施工程做了细致的阐述。     

NGO与地方政府合作参与灾后重建的综合集成模式——以汶川大地震为例

对汶川大地震国外非政府组织NGO的援建工作进行了深入调研;针对国外NGO—国内NGO—当地政府综合集成模式进行了分析。统筹优选三者之间的关系,综合外部、集成内部、统筹环境、优选效益最大化模式,构建了国外NGO与当地政府综合集成模式框架。通过互反馈结构说明灾后重建工程是开放的复杂的巨系统网络结构;并提出运行模式与实践框架;运用统筹优选的方法,分析了国外NGO、国内NGO、当地政府的关系及统筹优选图。     

中国大型企业综合风险管理战略与模式

在扼要介绍国内外大型企业风险管理研究进展的基础上,阐述了中国大型企业综合风险管理的战略与模式。中国大型企业风险管理起步较晚,体系尚不健全。要从大型企业可持续发展的战略高度,构建由政府、企业与社区共同组成的综合风险管理体系,建立集安全建设、应急管理、风险控制与风险金融为一体的大型企业综合风险管理模式。提出了大型企业综合风险应包括8个方面,即：财务、投资、产销、人力资源、技术、生态环境、灾害与决策风险;构建了大型企业综合风险管理模式,即：完善企业财务风险管理体系投融资风险管理体系与灾害风险管理体系;论证了大型企业实施综合风险管理的主要措施,即：制定综合安全规划、编制综合应急预案和制定综合风险响应计划。     

交叉学科视角下的综合灾害风险防范凝聚力模式与优化路径

综合灾害风险防范凝聚力模式是凝聚力在应急管理领域的应用,在综合防灾减灾救灾中发挥着重要的作用。加强对综合灾害风险防范凝聚力模式的研究既是应对自然灾害和突发事件的需求,也是总结和优化中国综合减灾模式的需求。该文综述了不同领域凝聚力的研究特征,梳理了不同领域凝聚力的作用机制和逻辑关系,阐述了综合灾害风险防范凝聚力运作的中国实践。研究发现：(1)综合灾害风险防范凝聚力模式运行受到灾害经济学、政府治理体制机制和社会网络的影响。(2)综合灾害风险防范凝聚力模式与灾害韧性和应急管理能力在主体特征、运作逻辑和灾前、灾中、灾后三阶段的任务有明显区别。(3)综合灾害风险防范凝聚力模式受到多个因素的影响,包括多元主体的利益取向、主体特征及其之间的关系和规章制度的完善程度等。提高综合灾害风险防范凝聚力模式运作效率的路径包括增加多元主体参与渠道和完善非政府主体参与的奖励机制、提高资源分配公平度、适当放权和完善监督机制、加强防灾减灾常态化建设、推动综合减灾的“举民体制”建设。     

The promise of acceptance as an NGO security management approach

This paper explores three questions related to acceptance as a security management approach. Acceptance draws upon relationships with community members, authorities, belligerents and other stakeholders to provide consent for the presence and activities of a non‐governmental organisation (NGO), thereby reducing threats from these actors. Little is documented about how NGOs gain and maintain acceptance, how they assess and monitor the presence and degree of acceptance, or how they determine whether acceptance is effective in a particular context. Based on field research conducted in April 2011 in Kenya, South Sudan and Uganda, we address each of these three issues and argue that acceptance must be actively sought as both a programme and a security management strategy. In the paper we delineate elements common to all three contexts as well as missed opportunities, which identify areas that NGOs can and should address as part of an acceptance approach.     

Success in Kashmir: a positive trend in civil–military integration during humanitarian assistance operations

The modern cast of disaster relief actors includes host nations, non-governmental organisations, private volunteer organisations, military organisations and others. Each group, civilian or military, has valuable skills and experiences critical to disaster relief work. The goal of this paper is to supplement the study of civil–military relief efforts with contemporary anecdotal experience. The paper examines the interaction between US military forces and other disaster relief actors during the 2005 Kashmir earthquake relief effort. The author uses direct observations made while working in Pakistan to contrast the relationships and activities from that effort with other accounts in prevailing scholarly disaster literature and military doctrine. Finally, this paper suggests that the Kashmir model of integration, coordination and transparency of intent creates a framework in which future humanitarian assistance operations could be successfully executed. Recommendations to improve civil–military interaction in future relief efforts will also be addressed.     

NGO collaboration in community post‐disaster reconstruction: field research following the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China

The number of communities affected by disasters has been rising. As a result, non‐governmental organisations (NGOs) that attend community post‐disaster reconstruction are often unable to deliver all requirements and have to develop cooperative approaches. However, this collaboration can cause problems because of the complex environments, the fight for limited resources and uncoordinated management, all of which result in poor service delivery to the communities, adding to their woes. From extensive field research and case studies conducted in the post‐Wenchuan earthquake‐stricken communities, this paper introduces an integrated collaboration framework for community post‐disaster reconstruction with the focus on three types of NGOs: international, government organised and civil. The proposed collaboration framework examines the three interrelated components of organisational structure, operational processes and reconstruction goals/implementation areas. Of great significance in better promoting collaborative participation between NGOs are the crucial concepts of participatory reconstruction, double‐layer collaborative networks, and circular review and revision.     

低碳生态视角下的灾后统筹重建模式——以汶川地震为例

在汶川8.0级地震及其次生灾害的共用作用下,地震灾区生态环境变得更加脆弱.灾后3年灾区重建任务主要集中在经济社会方面,对生态环境重建的投入不足,以及灾区高碳化产业结构,造成灾区生态系统功能退化,灾区生态系统出现弱均衡现象,严重影响灾区生态系统的可持续发展.灾区生态弱均衡可防可控,通过在灾区树立低碳均衡发展思想,制定灾区生态低碳发展路径;加大节能减排工作力度,调整灾区产业结构;推行退耕还林政策,发展林木产业,推进生态农业低碳建设;构建森林碳汇示范基地,实施低碳生态战略,推动灾区生态系统全面可持续发展.     

Post-disaster behavior of some communicable diseases

The surveillance of communicable diseases after a natural disaster reflects the permanent state of effectiveness of the health services and the adverse factors of the natural, physical and family environments. Diarrhoeal diseases may be the best indicator of a community's period of recovery. The return of these diseases to endemic levels means that the pre-disaster situation has been reestablished.     

典型震害遥感图像的模型分析

实际震害复杂多样,反映在遥感影像上很难用某种固定的模式进行概括分析,因而震害遥感影像的解释至今还停留在人工判读水平上,难以做到快速、准确。地震应急响应要求尽量在最短时间内了解灾情以救灾抢险,利用遥感技术和图像模式识别技术是快速确定震害乃至灾情的重要途径。本文以1976年中国唐山地震震后航空遥感图像为主要样本图像,参照国内外其它地区震害遥感图像,进行了震害的分级,概括了相应的遥感图像特征,在此基础上,建立了提取震害样本图像各种特征参量的数学模型,初步分析了表征各种震害样本图像的参量组合及其阈值范围的确定方式。     

白龙江宝珠寺水库库区塌岸模式研究

通过对宝珠寺水库库区塌岸情况的现场调查及其典型塌岸区的工程地质测绘,查明了其塌岸主要发生在第四系残坡积及古滑坡堆积体库岸的规律;建立了库区塌岸的3种主要模式:冲刷塌岸型,蠕动-张裂变形,牵引式滑移-拉裂错落;重点剖析了各模式典型塌岸段的形成发展过程及机制,计算分析出不同水位下的典型滑坡的稳定性变化规律;统计得出冲刷塌岸后各类岸坡的水上稳定坡角、水下磨蚀坡角;最后,阐明了水库岸坡的地层岩性及地质构造条件是塌岸发生的内因,而水库水位消落时岩体中排水不畅所形成的滞后的动水压力,是使滑坡及土体发生蠕动的外因。     

西方灾后重建经济理论及其借鉴意义

介绍了Yasuh ide Okuyam a的灾后重建经济理论,重点分析了灾害发生以后经济的变动情况,以及在灾害后的经济重建过程中,储蓄率和技术进步率等变量将如何变化,进而如何影响灾后的经济重建过程。阐述了借鉴此理论对中国汶川8.0级地震灾后重建的指导意义。