NGO与地方政府合作参与灾后重建的综合集成模式——以汶川大地震为例

对汶川大地震国外非政府组织NGO的援建工作进行了深入调研;针对国外NGO—国内NGO—当地政府综合集成模式进行了分析。统筹优选三者之间的关系,综合外部、集成内部、统筹环境、优选效益最大化模式,构建了国外NGO与当地政府综合集成模式框架。通过互反馈结构说明灾后重建工程是开放的复杂的巨系统网络结构;并提出运行模式与实践框架;运用统筹优选的方法,分析了国外NGO、国内NGO、当地政府的关系及统筹优选图。     

砖混建筑在泥石流冲击作用下的破坏形态模拟

我国山地泥石流活动频繁,建筑物防护是山区城镇建设及泥石流堆积扇开发利用中必须解决的问题.了解建筑物在泥石流冲击力作用下的破坏形态,有助于防灾工程设计.利用实际观测数据和泥石流破坏现场调查分析结果,对砖混建筑在受到泥石流冲击力作用下的受力形式及破坏形态进行了理论模拟和计算.在此基础上,进行了墙片的破坏性试验,现场观测墙体在冲击作用下的破坏形态和历程,验证理论模拟结果,提出了加强砖混建筑抵抗泥石流冲击的措施,为建筑物抵抗泥石流冲击设计提供参考.     

减灾与可持续发展模式--从第二次世界减灾大会看中国减灾战略的调整

简要介绍了2005年1月17日-22日在日本神户召开的世界减灾大会的基本内容,并着重论述了当前国际减灾领域的重要进展和发展趋向,就减灾与可持续发展作了系统的论证,提出了我国减灾领域近期发展的主要方向.从世界减灾大会的各项议程和各类论坛可以看出,未来世界减灾的战略可以概括如下:加强减灾能力建设是促进区域可持续发展的核心任务,全面推进社区减灾体系的建设是实现未来10年减灾目标的关键任务;建立与灾害风险共存的经济与社会体系,必须把减灾与区域发展有机地整合起来,寻求除害与兴利并举的可持续发展模式,建设接受一定风险水平的安全社区体系;重视包括全球气候变化、经济全球化、世界城镇化等自然与人文过程引发或孕育的新的灾害风险;建立满足区域减灾目标需要的预警系统,加强减灾信息共享,充分利用现有的减灾资源.针对国际减灾发展趋向,提出了中国减灾战略调整的建议,即实施"区域减灾"、"综合减灾"、"科教减灾"、"提高区域减灾能力"和"加强减灾科技能力建设".     

水污染灾害的政府监管与企业治污博弈分析——松花江流域案例研究

松花江流域的水质问题日益严峻.2005 年11月发生的松花江重大水污染事件再次表明,加强企业污染防治和强化环境监督管理仍将是今后一段时间水污染防治的重要任务.利用博弈论的纳什均衡分析方法,对污染物排放过程中政府监管与企业污染治理的实际决策行为进行了博弈分析,并对流域水污染防治和水环境保护提出了利用市场手段、加强水环境监管制度等若干建议.     

加强管理和监督 搞好新建工程设防

本文以常州市为例,就地震基本烈度Ⅵ度区重要城市抗震设防问题,阐述了Ⅵ度区重大工程地震设防的意义、作用以及如何加强管理问题。     

"十一·五"期间中国重大地震灾害预测预警和防治对策

地震灾害曾经对我国的国民经济与社会发展造成巨大的破坏.地震事件已经成为影响公共安全的重要问题.提高地震灾害预测预警科学技术水平、加强房屋的抗震能力和地震应急能力、强化救灾物资储备基本建设是"十一·五"期间我国应对重大地震灾害的基本对策.     

社区灾害风险管理现状与展望

加强社区灾害风险管理是当前国际减灾的主要趋势之一。经验表明,社区灾害风险管理是治理和减少风险并确保可持续发展的有效手段。在分析国内外社区灾害风险管理成效基础上,指出我国社区灾害风险管理还存在总体发展不平衡、社会化参与程度不高、综合减灾协调机制不完善、防灾规划和应急预案针对性不强、防灾减灾宣传教育力度和减灾资源整合力度不够等问题。在全球化背景下,与日俱增的各种灾害风险对社区减灾提出了更高的要求,建议从以下几方面加强我国社区灾害管理工作:促进社区灾害管理立法,建立社会参与的长效激励机制,健全参与式社区减灾机制,加强社区防灾减灾综合能力建设,加强灾害资源化利用,并注重多方共同参与的社区灾害风险管理模式的研究。     

成果管理的政策导向刍议

从成果管理的政策导向必须是领导行为、成果管理的政策导向作用必须贯穿于管理的全过程、成果管理的政策导向作用是成果管理的原动力等方面探讨了成果管理的导向问题，从而提出了成果管理导向的参考做法。     

中国水旱灾害特点及水利减灾措施效果排序研究

改革开放以来,农村减灾防灾投入不断加强,水利减灾措施对农业发展做出了巨大贡献。特别是2011年中央进一步强调加强水利基础设施建设的重要作用,决定在"十二五"期间加大水利投资,新一轮的水利建设正在全国全面展开。为了更有效地发挥水利综合减灾措施的作用,合理地进行投入,科学配置各种水利减灾资源,必须了解和掌握灾害承受体如水库、堤防等的承灾能力状况,以指导我们合理安排水利减灾投入。应用灰色关联分析法对各个减灾措施的效果进行了排序分析,并据此提出了对今后投入调整的建议。     

陕西省城市地质环境灾害防治实例分析与对策

在实地调查和充分收集资料基础上,筛选典型城市西安、宝鸡、铜川分别进行实例分析.通过对这3个具有代表性的城市地质环境问题与防治的分析,表明城市地质环境问题最显著的特征是人类活动的干预和改造,具有综合性特征.城市地质环境灾害的防治必须要约束人类活动,城市地质环境的整治必须要走综合整治的道路.     

Devastating earthquakes facilitating civil societies in developing countries: across-national analysis

ABSTRACT

Developing countries, which often have emerging or fledgling civil societies, are vulnerable to disasters, and especially devastating earthquakes. The long-term influence of devastating earthquakes on civil societies in developing countries is a critical research topic while receives relatively little attention. From a comprehensive literature review, this study identified four key areas of the civil society: civic participation, voluntary organizations, social capital, and democratic governance, and then examined four devastating earthquakes in India, Iran, Pakistan and China in the first decade of the twenty-first century as case studies, to identify the effects these earthquakes had on these four areas. It was found that from a long-term perspective, while the earthquakes strengthened the civil society, they had beneficial but limited effects. We argue that by promoting local community participation, facilitating extensive non-government organization (NGO) cooperation, and streamlining state-civil society relationships, an enabling environment can be developed to further sustain the advances made by a civil society after a disaster.     

The politics of NGO registration in international protectorates: the cases of Bosnia and Iraq

Following international interventions in Bosnia-Herzegovina(1) and Iraq, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) have played a central role in delivering humanitarian relief, encouraging participation in new systems of government, and advocating on behalf of marginalised groups. Although intervening agencies have framed such autonomous organisations as unquestionably virtuous, scholars have increasingly questioned the agency of NGOs, pointing to the constraining effects of funding and regulatory mechanisms. This paper contributes to this body of work by offering a detailed examination of legislation requiring NGOs to register with nascent state institutions. Drawing on case study material from Bosnia and Iraq, it argues that NGO registration should not be dismissed as a technical or legal matter, but that it should be embraced as a significant political practice embedded in relations of power. Registration legislation has increased the transparency of NGO funding origins and institutional practices, yet it has simultaneously acted as a barrier to smaller organisations and led to the transmission of international objectives through civil society entities.     

NGO initiatives in risk reduction: an overview

NGOs appear to be well placed to play a significant role in natural disaster mitigation and preparedness (DMP), working, as they do, with poorer and marginalised groups in society. However, there is little information on the scale or nature of NGO DMP activities. This paper reports the findings of a study seeking to address that gap. It confirms that NGOs are involved in a diverse range of DMP activities but that a number of them are not labelled as such. Moreover, evidence of the demonstrable quality and benefits of DMP involvement is poor. The paper concludes that a number of problems need to be overcome before DMP can be satisfactorily mainstreamed into NGO development and post-disaster rehabilitation programmes. However, there are some early indications of momentum for change.     

福建省农村房屋抗震性能调查与现状分析

以福建省农村住宅建筑结构为研究对象,在现场采集该省村镇房屋基本资料的基础上,围绕课题如何提高农村住宅抗震性能,分析了框架结构、砖砌体结构、底框结构、石砌结构、砖木结构和土木结构房屋等在建筑结构设计和施工方式方面所存在的问题,提出了加强农村建筑抗震的相应措施,为福建省农村建筑抗震性能评估提供了参考标准,同时向农村普及建筑结构设计基本常识、建筑结构抗震知识也提供了资料。     

The promise of acceptance as an NGO security management approach

This paper explores three questions related to acceptance as a security management approach. Acceptance draws upon relationships with community members, authorities, belligerents and other stakeholders to provide consent for the presence and activities of a non‐governmental organisation (NGO), thereby reducing threats from these actors. Little is documented about how NGOs gain and maintain acceptance, how they assess and monitor the presence and degree of acceptance, or how they determine whether acceptance is effective in a particular context. Based on field research conducted in April 2011 in Kenya, South Sudan and Uganda, we address each of these three issues and argue that acceptance must be actively sought as both a programme and a security management strategy. In the paper we delineate elements common to all three contexts as well as missed opportunities, which identify areas that NGOs can and should address as part of an acceptance approach.     

基于振动的土木工程结构损伤诊断研究进展

评估土木工程结构的安全状况已成为当前国际上土木工程师十分关心的问题,也是当前国际上的研究热点.在综述近几年国内外有关结构损伤诊断研究进展的基础上,重点介绍了基于振动的结构损伤诊断方法的发展,并对相关问题进行了讨论和评述.最后对基于振动的结构损伤诊断的未来研究提出了几点建议与展望.     

再生污水绿地灌溉生态效应研究进展

水资源短缺已成为制约我国经济及环境发展的重大问题,然而大量的绿地仍然在采用井水或自来水进行灌溉,造成了巨大的浪费,同时也加重了城市的用水危机。开辟城市第二水资源——再生水来灌溉绿地是解决这一矛盾的新途径。但由于再生污水水质的特殊性,使得其在作为一种宝贵肥源的同时,也产生了许多负面的效应。为此,提出了今后需要加强研究的几个问题:(1)加强干旱半干旱地区再生(污)水绿地灌溉可行性的理论和实践研究;(2)筛选出特定区域适合于一定水质标准之下的灌溉的植物种;(3)深入研究不同地区气候、土壤、植物之间的关系,进一步探讨适合于该区域的合理的灌溉技术体系和灌溉方式,并建立合理的评价体系。     

'Scaling-up' in emergencies: British NGOs after Hurricane Mitch

This article examines research on NGO 'scaling-up' in a disaster context and links it to a broader discussion on whether scaling-up is a useful concept for understanding NGO processes in an emergency. Using concepts of scaling-up from development literature, research findings from a study of the responses of British NGOs to Hurricane Mitch in Central America are presented. The article assesses the extent and type of scaling-up that occurred, constraints faced by the agencies and the impact of scaling-up on support to partners. Broader issues relating to scaling-up post-Mitch are also explored. The conclusion suggests that while the concept of scaling-up is useful, the tendency for its use to refer to organisational growth has limited a wider understanding and evaluation of the role of Northern NGOs in humanitarian crises.     

Reflections: Resolving conflicting demands within disaster risk and recovery

This ‘reflection’ describes conflicting experiences, drawn from the author’s career in varied aspects of disaster risk management and recovery (1973–2016) delving into his memory, Ian Davis explores conflicts he has felt in four parallel roles he has adopted as architect, NGO board member, academic and the personal challenges he has faced working within the humanitarian sector. After describing these encounters, some practical solutions are suggested. The reflection concludes with a suggestion that at the root of these conflicts there is a need for people working in the humanitarian field to become more accountable in a downward direction towards those they seek to serve, who often lack power and influence. These include an architect’s clients, the beneficiaries of an NGO’s concern, an academic’s students or trainees and more broadly an ethical challenge that the author strives after, to regard his work as a vocation, highlighting the need for service to others rather than self-promotion.     

The academic medical centre and nongovernmental organisation partnership following a natural disaster

The global response to the 12 January 2010 earthquake in Haiti revealed the ability to mobilise medical teams quickly and effectively when academic medical centres partner non-governmental organisations (NGO) that already have a presence in a zone of devastation. Most established NGOs based in a certain region are accustomed to managing the medical conditions that are common to that area and will need additional and specialised support to treat the flux of myriad injured persons. Furthermore, an NGO with an established presence in a region prior to a disaster appears better positioned to provide sustained recovery and rehabilitation relief. Academic medical centres can supply these essential specialised resources for a prolonged time. This relationship between NGOs and academic medical centres should be further developed prior to another disaster response. This model has great potential with regard to the rapid preparation and worldwide deployment of skilled medical and surgical teams when needed following a disaster, as well as to the subsequent critical recovery phase.