1986年干旱及其影响评价

本文使用全国160个站1952—1986年的降水量资料,计算了年、季、月的旱涝指标。在此基础上分析了1986年的干旱分布,分析表明:1986年的干旱就其发生范围而言是近10年来最大的一年,其中北方比南方干旱范围大,持续时间也长,河南、山西、山东和内蒙等省区的干旱最严重。同时,讨论了干旱对国民经济的影响。     

山东省旱,涝,地震灾害的时序特征及其相互关系

分析了山东地区历史干旱、洪涝和地震灾害时间分布特征及其相互关系，发现旱涝与地震灾害一样具有不同时间尺度的准周期活动特征，且地震与旱涝具有一定相关关系．如内陆大地震多与干旱活动相继发生，海域地震多发生在洪涝活动时期；破坏性地震前多发生干旱，震后又常有洪涝相随等。进而对山东旱涝活动进行了初步分期。文中还对上述现象的成因作了简单分析。     

皖西北旱涝气候分析与区划

根据皖西北地区近５０年实际发生的旱涝灾害划分为８种干旱类型和６种雨涝害类型，结合相应的降水资料，确定了各类旱涝的降水指标，以其为尺度，统计分析历年降水资料，得出各地近５０年气候旱涝发生次数与频率，在认识各类旱涝降水地域分布及发生规律基础上，进行了蜡涝区划，并提出了趋利避害，防汛抗旱等建议，为旱涝的综合治理提供了依据。     

黑龙江省旱涝灾害农业气候指标及地理分布区划

作者根据水分平衡原理，在考虑水分供应和植物蒸散的基础上，研究了符合黑龙江省实际的农作物旱涝灾动态指标，提出用月气象资料计算旱涝起止日期的模型和计算公式，并制作了黑龙江省春旱区划、春涝区划、夏涝区划和综合旱涝区划。     

山西旱涝灾害生态损失补偿机制研究

山西旱涝灾害的发生使当地造成严重的生态损害,为有效补偿旱涝灾害带来的生态损失,现对山西旱涝灾害生态损失补偿机制进行研究。通过对山西地理位置的分析和特殊气候环境的分析,对当地形成的干旱和洪涝两种灾害以及造成的损失进行调查分析,从而建立山西旱涝灾害生态损失补偿机制,完成生态系统功能的恢复和改善。通过对生态补偿的规划区域分析和调查,构建生态补偿标准成本核算体系需结合三大理论以及三性原则,并制定补偿标准,量化拟定旱涝灾生态损失,以及确定补偿主体、补偿客体,根据居民的收入水平和产业的人均收入,制定生态损失经济补偿分配标准,根据生态损失的类别、量化损失数目的不同,确定生态补偿顺序、规划生态补偿时效,最终实现旱涝灾害生态损失补偿。     

东北三省近55a旱涝时空演变特征

东北三省是我国重要的粮食主产区,而干旱和雨涝对该区域农业生产的影响不容忽视。为全面反映东北三省旱涝时空分布特征,基于研究区70个气象站点1960-2014年逐月降水数据,计算了不同时间尺度的标准化降水指数(SPI)。在分析旱涝频率、旱涝发生范围及旱涝空间分布特征的基础上,利用经验正交函数(EOF)及K-means聚类方法,对不同时间尺度分别进行了旱涝分区。结果表明:(1)旱涝时空变化特征:不同时间尺度旱涝频率与其发生范围差异显著,1960-2014年间东北三省春季与冬季存在湿润化趋势,夏季、秋季、生长季及年际尺度均略呈干旱化趋势,且东北三省遭遇雨涝的风险略大于干旱;(2)旱涝分区方面:黑龙江省同时受干旱和雨涝风险最大,其次分别为辽宁省与吉林省。     

长江中下游地区旱涝气候年景和评定方法的研究

采用经过修改的Z值指标,利用1961～1995年5～9月的总降水量,建立了长江中下游地区7省市逐年的旱涝等级序列;同时通过计算干旱指数、洪涝指数和旱涝综合指数,对长江中下游地区的旱涝和旱涝气候年景进行了评定,初步实现了气候年景评定从定性向定量的转变,并得到一致的可比的历史序列。     

旱涝灾害指标的研究

本文通过对黄淮海地区500年旱涝资料的计算、分析,得出了以旱涝灾害指数作为鉴别干旱的指标,能较确切地反映出新研究范围内各年旱涝灾害程度。这对分析各年灾害程度、探讨灾害的成因以及灾害的变化规律都是有益的。     

40年来本溪地区的旱涝变化特征及其评估方法

利用本溪地区40年（1961-2000年）来的气象和水文资料，对大气和农业两方面的干旱，采用降水Z指数变化方法和彭曼综合法，分析了该地区的旱涝变化规律，探讨了相关的旱涝评估方法和标准。     

气候旱涝指标方法及其分析

在前人研究的基础上，提出了计算单站旱涝指标和区域旱涝指标的方法。并根据１９５１～１９９６年各月降水资料，对华北地区和长江流域地区的旱涝进行了计算和分析，取得了较好的结果。     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

火灾场景中玻璃破裂行为研究综述

建筑物在火场中的结构响应问题中,门窗玻璃在火场中的热响应特性及破裂脱落是影响火灾发展的重要因素之一。通过事故案例分析了火灾场景中玻璃破裂脱落的危害性,指出了研究火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂脱落的意义,并对目前火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂过程和主要形态、玻璃的破裂机理和判据等的研究现状进行了详细的分析,总结了目前实验和计算机模拟的最新研究进展和不足,为今后进一步开展玻璃受热破裂脱落研究提出了若干建议。     

中国内陆自然环境的干旱化与未来趋势

根据中国内陆陕西、甘肃部分地区５０９ａ旱涝资料和主要测站气象、水文实测数据,应用Ｗｏｒｄ９７图形处理系统,证明在５２６ａ序列中目前处在１１ａ、５０ａ滑动的干旱期。近４６ａ气温上升了０．３℃,年降水减少了８０ｍｍ,径流量减少了０．７８％,出现了明显的干旱化,环境变化趋势不容乐观。     

美国的洪泛平原管理

美国开展洪泛平原管理已有约40年历史，洪水保险计划是美国泛平原管理的主要措施。了解并借鉴他们的思路与具体策略，将有助于我国洪泛平原管理政策的制定。     

A general assessment of the environmental impact of refugees in Somalia with attention to the refugee agricultural programme

This paper attempts to examine the broad features of Somalia's harsh physical environment into which several hundreds of thousands of refugees, with mainly a nomadic or semi-nomadic life style and culture, dramatically descended six years ago. The thirty-six rural camps in which at least half of them live are described as is the refugee agricultural programme which is training several thousand families so that they may be "self-supporting." The four regions where the camps are located are each briefly summarized in terms of their soils, their climates, their natural vegetation, and the type of agriculture which the refugee farmers practice. A more detailed analysis is then given on the following critical environmental concerns: Vegetation and erosion on refugee farms, the growing problem of refugee livestock, the destruction of trees, and irrigation practices and salinity on refugee farms. The paper concludes with an argument to preserve Somalia's environment from careless and destructive exploitation, which is leading towards desertification, and calls for an in-depth study of the situation.     

30年来我国农业气象灾害变化趋势和分布特征

利用1979-2008年的统计数据分析了我国近30年来农业气象灾害的时间变化趋势和空间分布特征。结果表明:(1)1979-2008期间,我国农业气象灾害的灾情日趋严重,农业气象灾害总成灾面积和成灾比率都呈增加趋势;各类灾害中,旱灾和霜冻成灾面积和成灾比率呈增加趋势,风雹成灾面积和成灾比率变化不大呈略微下降趋势,而1989-1998年段水灾严重。(2)旱灾成灾面积在总成灾面积中所占比例最大(约占总成灾面积的1/2),其次是水灾(约占总成灾面积的1/4),再次是风雹,而霜冻成灾面积最小。(3)在区域分布方面,旱灾灾情华北地区最为严重,其次是东北,再次是西北;水灾和旱灾的轻重程度往往是一个此消彼长的关系,华中的水灾最严重,其次为华东、华南和西南;风雹灾情的轻重程度在我国的分布也有较强的区域性,华北、西北和东北是风雹的重灾区;霜冻分布各区域差异较小,西北和华中的灾情相对较重。     

Does money work? Cash transfers to ex-combatants in disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration processes

This paper analyses the relevance and potential of cash transfers as part of the disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) assistance packages provided to ex-combatants in transitions from war to peace. To this end, a theoretical framework is established that permits the identification of the advantages and disadvantages of using cash in DDR. Subsequently, an empirical analysis is carried out to compare selected theoretical assumptions on the use of cash with the reality of lessons learned from recent experience in Sierra Leone and other African countries. The study shows that some theoretical drawbacks commonly associated with the use of cash in DDR processes may indeed bear out in practice. At the same time, though, the paper argues that the utility of cash transfers in DDR is affected by a variety of factors that go far beyond the simple choice of employing cash, most notably decisions on payment location, eligibility criteria and targeting.