美国臭氧污染治理的经验借鉴与思考

自2013年国家发布和实施《大气污染防治行动计划》以来,城市空气质量呈现整体改善的良好态势。但同时,臭氧污染的问题却带来新的忧患——尽管我国的臭氧浓度整体处于轻度污染水平,但近几年呈现上升趋势。如何在降低颗粒物浓度的同时解决臭氧问题,成为实现清洁空气之路上无法回避的难题。美国在治理臭氧的历程中也曾遭遇坎坷,并最终通过科学治理、区域管控和持续、渐进的政策实现了大幅度改善,其经验可供我国参考借鉴。     

中国环境保护产业协会废气净化委员会第五届委员代表大会成功召开

正2017年10月13日,中国环境保护产业协会废气净化委员会第五届委员代表大会在北京顺利召开。来自全国VOCs治理领域的30多位技术专家、130多位委员及企业代表参加了此次会议。会议由会员部主任王玉红主持,中国环境保护产业协会副会长兼秘书长易斌致开幕辞。易秘书长强调了"十三五"期间以PM2.5和臭氧为主要特征的大气复合污染问题的严峻性和VOCs治理技术装备的复杂性和紧迫性,并对废气净化委员会开展的行业协调与调研、技术交     

比利时环境治理典型经验分析——以弗拉芒大区为例

作为欧盟的核心成员国之一,近年来比利时在环境治理方面成效显著。尤其是弗拉芒大区,逐渐形成了以"土地证书"为标志的土壤污染治理、"从摇篮到坟墓"的废弃物治理和以"许可证制度"为核心的空气污染治理等一系列特点鲜明的环境治理措施和方法。本文着重分析弗拉芒大区环境治理的机构设置和目标,以及其土地污染治理中的"土地证书"和土地交易管理,空气污治理中的工业污染源和交通污染源治理,废弃物治理中的法律、经济与自愿工具使用三个方面的典型经验。结合比利时弗拉芒大区的典型经验和现阶段我国环境政策体系存在的主要问题,建议我国环境政策体系的改进和完善,应更加注重实现污染外部性的内部化、利用市场手段来实现土壤保护和开发新的环境政策工具。     

我国农业面源污染治理技术研究进展

农业面源污染逐渐成为制约我国现代农业和经济社会可持续发展的重大障碍,其治理工作在我国生态环境保护与治理工作中的重要性日益加强。本文概述了农业面源污染的基本概念、特征与成因,根据农业面源污染的"产-流-汇"3个发生发展阶段,总结了现阶段农业面源氮磷污染的治理理论与技术,并根据各阶段治理技术的优缺点提出我国未来农业面源污染治理过程中应该加强污染产生机制和迁移转化过程的研究,同时,通过少量的人工干预,努力提高单项治理技术的治理效率,将农业面源污染发生与发展的"产-流-汇"3个阶段的治理技术结合起来,突出流域治理思路。     

实施综合整治淘汰落后工艺--凤翔县整治土建小石灰窑活动纪实

环境保护的希望和未来在哪里?在学校,在孩子。为使孩子从小接受环境教育,从小了解我国环境污染的严重 性和污染治理的紧迫性,本刊特设"环境前沿"专栏,采用栏目主持的方式,向广大读者提供环境问题和污染治理 的前沿报告。以期促进全国环保工作的开展和全国公众环境意识的提高。     

环境保护部部长陈吉宁在十二届全国人大四次会议记者会上回应热点环保问题

<正>2016年3月11日,十二届全国人大四次会议在北京举行记者会,环境保护部部长陈吉宁就"加强生态环境保护"相关问题回答中外记者的提问。我国治理雾霾已到"第二阶段"陈吉宁在回应关于大气污染治理的问题时说,治理雾霾共分三个阶段,我国目前正处在第二个阶段。"第一个阶段污染的排放量超过环境的容量,这个阶段可能对污染原因没搞清楚,付出再大努力也见效微弱;第二个阶段是持续治理阶段,但易受风速、湿度、     

专家带您看展会 VOCs治理领域行业纵观

正挥发性有机物(VOCs)具有光化学活性,在大气中可产生臭氧污染,形成二次有机气溶胶(PM2.5组成成分之一),是形成大气复合污染的重要前体物之一,危害人体健康。近年来随着大气污染治理工作的不断推进,我国的总体空气质量状况不断改善,SO_2、NO_x和PM_(2.5)浓     

油气田企业污染治理市场化对策研究

在调研某典型油气田企业污染排放特征、污染治理设施建设与运行情况的基础上,结合我国污染治理市场化发展现状调查,通过综合分析目前污染治理市场化的特点、政策和管理方面存在的主要问题,提出了油气田企业应对污染治理市场化的对策建议。     

臭氧污染典型案例分析及减排策略探讨

近地面的臭氧污染已成为当今大气环境污染的热门话题,也是环保工作者迫切需要解决的问题。文章基于臭氧污染的现状,对污染减排策略提出一些改进意见。介绍了臭氧的生成机理,阐述了城区臭氧污染和郊区臭氧污染的性质有所不同,可根据挥发性有机物与氮氧化物的比值进行判断。并结合广东省的河源、珠海、汕尾三个城市2015~2016年的典型污染案例,运用后向轨迹等方法分析了期间的区域污染变化过程,进一步印证了城区和郊区臭氧污染的性质不同。针对惯用的行政减排策略的合理性和公平性,进行了探讨并提出了建议。     

油气开采企业污染治理市场化探讨

在调研某典型油气田企业污染排放特征、污染治理设施建设与运行情况的基础上,结合我国污染治理市场化发展现状调查,通过综合分析目前污染治理市场化的特点、政策和管理方面存在的主要问题,提出了油气田企业应对污染治理市场化的对策建议。     

我国大气环境管理历程与展望

随着大气环境问题从煤烟型向以PM_2.5和O₃为特征的区域复合型污染演变，我国大气污染控制模式从以污染物排放浓度控制为核心、以污染物排放总量控制为核心逐渐走向以大气环境质量改善为核心。特别是近几年，全国各地在空气质量管理、科学精准治污等领域开展一系列积极的探索与实践，取得了显著成效。本文系统回顾了近50年来我国不同阶段大气环境管理工作的特点，重点梳理了2013年《大气污染防治行动计划》实施以来，空气质量管理经验与成绩，结合减污降碳总体部署对我国2035年“美丽中国建设目标基本实现”时的空气质量进行了展望，从PM_2.5与O₃协同控制的角度出发，提出了“十四五”期间我国大气环境管理的总体思路。     

Multi-objective analysis of ground-level ozone concentration control

To develop sound air quality plans, regional authorities should have instruments that link the complex behaviour of pollutants both in time and space with costs of emission reduction. The problem is particularly important for ground level ozone which forms kilometres away, hours later from the emission of its precursors. To approach this problem, a method (1) to identify local pollutant-precursor models on the basis of results from a large photochemical model (CALGRID), (2) to integrate them in a multi-objective mathematical program, together with an estimate of the emission reduction costs, is suggested. The method has been used to assess action priorities in Lombardy (Northern Italy). This area, characterised by a complex terrain, high urban and industrial emissions and a dense road network is often affected by severe photochemical pollution episodes during summer.     

Treatment of E. coli HB101 and the tetM gene by Fenton’s reagent and ozone in cow manure

The destruction of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms at the source of contamination is necessary due to their adverse effects and to their increasingly widespread occurrence in the environment. To address this problem, Fenton and ozone oxidation processes were applied to synthetically contaminated cow manure to remove the tetM gene and its host, Escherichia coli HB101. The efficiency of the processes was evaluated by enumeration of E. coli HB101 and by PCR amplification of the tetM gene. The results of this study show that 56.60% bacterial inactivation (corresponding to a 0.36 log reduction) was achieved by a Fenton reagent dose of 50 mM H₂O₂ and 5 mM Fe²⁺ without acidifying the manure. Despite the high organic content of cow manure, 98.50% bacterial inactivation (corresponding to a 1.83 log reduction) was obtained by the ozonation process with an applied dose of 3.125 mg ozone/g manure slurry. The PCR study revealed that the band intensity of the tetM gene gradually decreased by increasing the Fenton reagent and the applied ozone dose. However, significantly high doses of oxidants would be required to completely eliminate bacterial pollution in manure.     

Impacts on air pollution in urban areas

Environmental management involves controlling various forms of pollution to levels that do not pose a threat to the health of the people and the environment in general. This paper presents a framework to analyze sources of local air pollution in cities. Using an OLS model, an investigation is performed of the relationship among the concentrations of air pollutants [more precisely, concentrations of sulfur dioxide (SO₂), dust, nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), carbon oxide (CO) and ozone (O₃)], economic activities, and meteorology. Time series analysis leads to a model, that explains a high degree of the variance in the air pollution data. The model is applied to daily time series from three measurement stations in innsbruck, Austria. Estimation results of the model generally fit with the expected relations. Space heating influences SO₂, dust, and NO, while NO₂ levels are primarily affected by traffic. These results also indicate interdependent relations among the pollutants NO, NO₂, O₃, and CO; O₃ levels depend on temperature and sunshine.     

Photochemical model evaluation of the surface ozone impact of a power plant in a heavily industrialized area of southwestern Spain

The characterization and evaluation of the impact that an industry is likely to have on the surrounding ozone levels is one of many problems confronting air quality managers and should be taken into consideration when authorizing its installation. The correct management of an environment, in terms of monitoring existing industries and planning new activities, requires adequate knowledge of the processes sustained by the industrial emissions therein.This paper explores the improvements in air quality management arising from taking into account the uncertainties involved in the photochemical modeling of the impact of an industry on surface ozone levels.For this, we evaluate the impact on ozone levels of a power plant located in an industrial area of southwestern Spain (Huelva). The evaluation takes into account the effects of both emissions' uncertainty and the non-linear chemistry between ozone and its precursors, thus providing a probable range of increase over the normative values (hourly and 8-hourly maximums) defined in the European Directive. The proposed methodology is easily applicable by air quality managers.Advanced modeling techniques were used for the power plant assessment, MM5 atmospheric modeling system, and air quality model CAMx. The results from meteorology and ozone forecasts have shown acceptable agreement with the observations.The spatial distribution of the impact is found to be strongly determined by mesoscale meteorological processes, which are reinforced by the local orography; there is also a marked temporal evolution. The industrial plume is observed to induce a decrease (or maintenance) of the ozone levels near the emission source (0–10 km), and an increase in the ozone concentrations farther away (with maximums between 10 and 50 km). In fact, in the meteorological episodes with a predominance of local breeze circulations, impacts have been detected at distances of more than 100 km from the emission source.Sensitivity of the power plant impact to variations in ozone precursor emissions is described, and the scenarios and the points in the domain presenting higher sensitivity and registering larger impacts are also identified. The results show that the largest impacts take place in emission scenarios where the NO_x has been reduced with respect to the base case scenario. In contrast, in scenarios where the VOC emissions are reduced with respect to the base case scenario, the impact is smaller or remains unchanged. This is important in areas like the study case, where there is a high percentage of biogenic VOC emissions and the industrial areas are close to natural protected areas and agricultural fields.     

减污降碳协同增效的关键路径与政策研究

全面推动实现减污降碳协同增效是新发展阶段我国兑现碳达峰碳中和庄严承诺、深入打好污染防治攻坚战、建设美丽中国的必然要求。环境污染物与二氧化碳排放的高度同源性是实现减污降碳协同增效的理论基础。本文首先就目标指标、管控区域、控制对象、措施任务、政策工具五个方面的协同性系统讨论了减污降碳协同增效的基本内涵。其次，着眼于当前大气环境治理与碳减排在中国的重要性，本文在国家层面讨论了二者的中长期协同控制路线图，阐述了重点协同区域的识别方法和重点部门的协同治理思路，系统提出了大气环境治理与碳减排的协同路径。再次，本文还就“无废城市”建设和生态保护这两个领域与碳减排的协同治理思路展开分析讨论。最后，针对减污降碳协同治理对政策体系的需求，提出了统筹优化减污降碳协同目标、建立协同法规标准、建立减污降碳协同管理制度三个方面的建议。本研究将有助于厘清各方对减污降碳协同增效的认识，对各级政府后续推进减污降碳协同治理工作提供理论和科学基础。     

攀枝花市区及盐边县城区城市臭氧污染状况研究

攀枝花市区臭氧污染负荷逐年上升,盐边县城区近年来臭氧污染负荷均高于20％,臭氧污染已成为影响城市空气质量的重要因素.对2017年1月～2020牟2月攀枝花市区和盐边县城区臭氧污染物浓度时空变化规律和相关性进行了研究,并结合攀枝花各地太阳能和天气网记录的气象数据,统计了太阳辐射强度、紫外线辐射强度、日最高气温、日平均风向...     

Application of an entropy-based Bayesian optimization technique to the redesign of an existing monitoring network for single air pollutants

We apply the entropy-based Bayesian optimizing approach of Le and Zidek to the spatial redesign of the extensive air pollution monitoring network operated by Metro Vancouver, in the Lower Fraser Valley, British Columbia. This method is chosen because of its statistical sophistication, relative to other possible approaches, and because of the very rich, two-decade long data record available from this network. The redesign analysis is applied to ozone, carbon monoxide and PM_2.5 pollutants.     

成都市大气中O3污染水平及来源分析

根据2009年夏季成都市区大气中O3的监测结果,对大气中O3的浓度、分布进行了分析,并与2001年夏季成都市区的监测结果比较,分析臭氧污染水平的变化。结合同期NO2、VOCs监测结果,研究O3与两种前体物之间的相互关系。结果表明,近年来成都市区O3浓度呈上升趋势;O3浓度与NO2浓度变化趋势相反,表现为消耗NO2型光化学污染。     

欧美经验对我国“十三五”大气污染防治战略的启示

当前,我国大气污染形势严峻,复合型污染特征突出。新修订的《中华人民共和国环境保护法》、《中华人民共和国大气污染防治法》、《环境空气质量标准》以及《大气污染防治行动计划》的发布和实施,对我国大气污染防治工作提出了更高要求。"十三五"时期是我国环境保护负重前行困难期和大有作为关键期,也是我国改善大气环境质量的攻坚期,需要系统谋划大气污染防治战略。欧盟和美国在制定大气污染防治战略时,以改善空气质量为核心,构建了涵盖一次污染物和二次污染物的多污染物目标体系,规定了环境浓度、排放量、直观感受(能见度)、健康以及管理等约束性指标,并且针对大气污染防治政策分析实施的成本与收益,开发相应的模型工具,基于收益成本比进行科学决策。本文对欧美环境规划和战略中的多污染物协同控制目标体系以及大气污染防治政策成本效益评估经验进行梳理,分析我国大气污染防治战略的现状和问题,并提出相关政策建议,以期为解决"心肺之患"、实现环保"十三五"总体目标提供参考。