湘江长沙段水环境健康风险评价

为评价湘江长沙段水环境中污染物对人体健康产生的危害风险,以湘江长沙段2011~2015年的水质监测资料为基础,采用美国环境保护局推荐的健康风险评价模型,对湘江长沙段水环境进行健康风险评价。湘江长沙段由饮水途径所致健康危害的总个人年风险低于国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的最大可接受风险水平。化学致癌物由饮水途径所致健康危害的个人年风险顺序为AsCd;非致癌物由饮水途径所致健康危害的个人年风险顺序为PbNH3-NCu挥发酚;化学致癌物对人体健康危害的个人年风险远超过非致癌物。     

环境健康风险评估在某市河流型饮用水源中的应用

根据某市连续5年生活饮用水的常规监测数据,应用EPA健康风险评价模型对饮用水中的污染物进行健康风险评价,定量评估饮水途径对某市不同人群健康产生的潜在危害。结果表明:致癌物中的砷和非致癌物中的硝酸盐分别为日均暴露剂量最大的化学物,致癌及非致癌化学物通过饮水途径对不同人群所致暴露剂量大小顺序均为:儿童成年男性成年女性;致癌物健康风险总值排序为:砷四氯化碳三氯甲烷,非致癌物健康风险总值排序为:硝酸盐氨氮氟化物硒锰挥发酚汞。某市河流型饮用水中化学物的人群健康总风险连续5年的风险值都低于最大可接受水平,不会对人体产生较大的健康危害。     

东道海子湖水中苯系物的分析研究

本文以新疆古尔班通古特沙漠腹地的东道海子湖水为对象,研究东道海子湖水中苯系物的污染特征,并对湖水中苯系物的潜在生态危害进行分析评价。结果表明:东道海子湖水中苯系物的含量均满足我国水环境质量一级标准,苯的浓度仍然小于我国生活饮用水卫生标准中规定的0.01 mg/L,但经过健康风险评价,发现其仍会对人体产生一定的致癌风险。苯、甲苯、乙苯、邻二甲苯、间二甲苯、对二甲苯的非化学致癌物风险(HQ)值远低于1,表明各类苯系物均无非致癌物的化学风险。     

饮用水水源地健康风险研究和实例分析

本论文以安庆市9个饮用水源地作为健康风险评价对象,选取2005～2008年的部分水质资料,运用健康风险评价模式,结合安庆地区人群状况修正部分参数,对该地区9个水源地经饮水途径造成的健康风险进行计算和评价。结果表明:化学致癌物所致的健康风险远远高出非致癌物,水源地健康风险主要来源于化学致癌物,在所评价的水源地中以铬(六价)的风险值最大,且有8个水源地铬(六价)的风险值均超过国际辐射防护委员会推荐的最大可接受风险水平,最高值出现在花凉亭水库。     

黄山市新安江流域水环境质量评价与管理措施

新安江是我国江南跨省级行政区的一条重要河流，其水质和水量对下游浙江省的生态安全和资源支持具有重要作用。针对安徽省黄山市境内新安江流域内存在的主要水环境问题，采用尼梅罗水质指数和超标加权法对新安江流域水环境质量进行了评价和分析。结果表明，新安江流域水环境质量整体较好，达到Ⅱ、Ⅲ类标准，大部分河段均能满足地表水环境功能要求；下游河段水质略差，但符合地表水Ⅲ类标准。在此基础上，提出了新安江流域水环境管理措施。     

环境健康风险评估在水源重金属污染中的应用

采用原子荧光分光光度计和原子吸收光谱仪测定某校生活饮用水中As、Hg、Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、Fe的含量,并应用美国环保局推荐的健康风险评估模型,对饮用水途径所引起的健康风险做初步评估,评价其对人群健康带来的风险大小。结果显示,该校4个采样点的饮用水中重金属污染物对人体健康产生的个人年总风险均未超过国际防辐射委员会规定的最大可接受健康风险水平。     

土壤污染风险评价研究进展

随着工业化和城镇化快速发展,土壤污染带来的人体健康和生态风险日益凸显.本文针对我国土壤污染环境风险评价体系在风险管控中的缺失问题,系统总结了国内外土壤污染的风险研究发展成果,按照土壤污染的人体健康风险和生态风险,分别进行评价方法、评价标准和管理实践的总结与评述.文章着重指出:土壤污染风险评价在生态系统水平及区域流域尺度上缺失,评价方法未能与污染物存在形态完全匹配,评价指标还不能覆盖大部分重金属和有机物,健康风险与生态风险还没有实现综合评价.     

农村水源地水质重金属健康风险评估研究

介绍了饮用水水源地中基因毒物质和躯体毒物质所致的健康危害的风险度计算模型,并根据雅安市雨城区农村水源地水质实测资料,进行健康风险评价与分析。结果表明:(1)基因毒物质由饮水途径所致健康危害的个人年风险按大小排列为Cr(VI)>As>Cd,而躯体毒物质的个人年风险按大小排列为Hg>Pb>Mn>Fe,但前者的影响远大于后者;(2)水源地中的3种基因毒物质所致健康危害的个人年风险,远远超过瑞典环保局、荷兰建设和环境部推荐的最大可接受水平1.00×10-6a-1,且Cr(VI)的健康风险危害超过国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的最大可接受值5.00×10-5a-1,应将Cr(VI)视为本区饮水的优先治理污染物。     

南京市PM_(2.5)中重金属污染特征分析及健康风险评价

自2013年12月至2014年11月,采集了南京市大气颗粒物PM_(2.5)样品共计56个,分析了As、Cd、Cr、Ni、Pb、Zn、Cu和Mn这8种重金属元素的含量及污染特征,并应用美国环保局推荐的健康风险评价模型,对其通过呼吸途径引起的人体健康风险进行了初步评价。结果表明,南京市大气PM_(2.5)质量浓度呈现明显季节特征,冬季秋季春季夏季,全年均值为86μg/m3,超我国年均二级标准的1.4倍。PM_(2.5)中8种元素浓度排序为:ZnPbMnCuCrAsNiCd,As均值超标77%,其他未超。4种致癌重金属(As、Cd、Cr、Ni)及4种非致癌重金属(Pb、Zn、Cu、Mn)中,Cr对人体健康具有很高的潜在性危害,其他7种重金属的风险可忽略,不会对暴露人群构成明显的危害。     

从水污染防治角度出发的全国分省域水环境安全研究

针对我国日益严峻的水环境安全问题,本文从水污染防治角度出发,依据影响我国水环境安全的关键污染问题,即水环境质量、水污染物排放、水环境风险,构建了水环境安全指标体系。利用相关分析法、主成分分析法,简化、优化评价指标体系。利用层次分析法与专家打分法,估算各指标权重,采集各指标数据对全国31个省(自治区、直辖市)2011—2013年的水环境安全状况进行评估。结果表明:该指标体系在一定条件和范围内是合理的,我国水环境安全大体呈西高中东低的空间分布,京津冀区域水环境安全评价值较低。"十三五"时期,京津冀地区应着重于降低主要污染物浓度,削减劣V类断面比例,提高水环境质量,海南、福建、广东等地区着力于减少农业等水污染物排放强度,湖南等地区则需要重点关注涉重企业的污染物排放。     

Projecting Cumulative Benefits of Multiple River Restoration Projects: An Example from the Sacramento-San Joaquin River System in California

Despite increasingly large investments, the potential ecological effects of river restoration programs are still small compared to the degree of human alterations to physical and ecological function. Thus, it is rarely possible to “restore” pre-disturbance conditions; rather restoration programs (even large, well-funded ones) will nearly always involve multiple small projects, each of which can make some modest change to selected ecosystem processes and habitats. At present, such projects are typically selected based on their attributes as individual projects (e.g., consistency with programmatic goals of the funders, scientific soundness, and acceptance by local communities), and ease of implementation. Projects are rarely prioritized (at least explicitly) based on how they will cumulatively affect ecosystem function over coming decades. Such projections require an understanding of the form of the restoration response curve, or at least that we assume some plausible relations and estimate cumulative effects based thereon. Drawing on our experience with the CALFED Bay-Delta Ecosystem Restoration Program in California, we consider potential cumulative system-wide benefits of a restoration activity extensively implemented in the region: isolating/filling abandoned floodplain gravel pits captured by rivers to reduce predation of outmigrating juvenile salmon by exotic warmwater species inhabiting the pits. We present a simple spreadsheet model to show how different assumptions about gravel pit bathymetry and predator behavior would affect the cumulative benefits of multiple pit-filling and isolation projects, and how these insights could help managers prioritize which pits to fill.     

River Styles, a Geomorphic Approach to Catchment Characterization: Implications for River Rehabilitation in Bega Catchment, New South Wales, Australia

Analysis of the character and condition of each river style in Bega catchment, and their downstream patterns, are used to provide a biophysical basis to prioritorize river management strategies. These reach-scale strategies are prioritorized within an integrative catchment framework. Conserving near-intact sections of the catchment is the first priority. Second, those parts of the catchment that have natural recovery potential are targeted. Finally, rehabilitation priorities are considered for highly degraded reaches. At these sites, erosion and sedimentation problems may reflect irreversible changes to river structure.     

High-Frequency Zone of River Desiccation Disasters in China and Influencing Factors

In recent years, the desiccation of the lower Yellow River has raised concerns in the government, public, and scientific community in China. Long-term and widespread desiccation of rivers is a disaster with many adverse environmental implications. It has been found in this study that there exists a high-frequency zone of river desiccation disasters at 34°–42°N in the North China Plain. The hazardous environment is characterized by semiarid climate, widely distributed thick loess in the basin and a “hanging river bed” in the plain as well as unfavorable man–water–land coupling relationships. In this setting, the sharply increased water diversion by man since the late 1950s led to the occurrence of river desiccation disasters in the lower reaches of the river in this area.     

在府南河下游修建生态河堤

本文论述了生态河堤的类型、特点以及河堤建设的发展趋势。为了加速成都市的生态建设，建议在二环路至黄龙溪的府河段修建生态河堤，并把河流整治与旅游开发结合起来，统一规则，分步实施，在沿河两岸筑起绿色长廊，重续人类与大自然的亲妮情缘。     

由长江洪水引发的思考

1998年长江特大洪水给我国人民和国家财产造成巨大损失。本文通过分析长江洪水的原因,提出生态保护对策。     

Establishing a Context for River Rehabilitation, North Fork Gunnison River, Colorado

Initial river rehabilitation efforts along the North Fork Gunnison River in Colorado focused on the use of in-stream structures and channel stabilization to create a single-thread channel with pools along a braided river. These efforts were based on the assumption that the river’s braided planform results primarily from land use during the past century. In order to establish a context for further rehabilitation, we evaluated the possibility that the river might be braided as a result of processes independent of land use. We estimated volume, grain-size distribution, and lithology of sediment sources along the river corridor and evaluated the planform stability of the river during the past century using historical sources, aerial photographs covering 1939–1997, and comparison of bankfull discharge and gradient in the study area to values published for braided and meandering rivers. Our results indicate that the North Fork Gunnison River has been primarily braided in its lower reaches during the past few hundred years, although the channel planform tends toward a single-thread channel during decades of lower precipitation and discharge. Although land use is not the primary cause of braiding along the North Fork Gunnison River, it has decreased channel stability, and rehabilitation efforts should be designed to reduce these effects. Our results illustrate the importance of planning river rehabilitation measures within a historical context that accounts for both catchment-scale and reach-scale controls on channel processes and planform.     

河流底泥重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价——以湘江株洲段为例

通过对湘江株洲段6个监测断面左右两岸共32个底泥样品重金属Pb,Zn,Cd,As,Hg和Cr质量比进行分析研究,并进行潜在生态风险评价。结果表明：霞湾断面是重金属富集最严重的断面;Cd,Hg和As的含量均超过GB15618—1995三级标准和长沙-湘潭-株洲3市土壤背景值;重金属含量大部分分布特征为右岸高于左岸;从重金属污染的潜在生态风险看,湘江株洲段各监测断面潜在生态风险都很高;各重金属元素对生态风险影响程度从大到小的顺序为：Hg〉Cd〉As〉Pb〉Zn〉Cr。     

Hydroclimatology of the Mississippi River Basin

Model estimated monthly water balance (WB) components (i.e., potential evapotranspiration, actual evapotranspiration, and runoff [R]) for 848 United States (U.S.) Geological Survey 8‐digit hydrologic units located in the Mississippi River Basin (MRB) are used to examine the temporal and spatial variability of the MRB WB for water years 1901 through 2014. Results indicate the MRB can be divided into nine subregions with similar temporal variability in R. The WB analyses indicated ~79% of total water‐year MRB runoff is generated by four of the nine subregions and most of the R in the basin is derived from surplus (S) water during the months of December through May. Furthermore, the analyses showed temporal variability in S is largely controlled by the occurrence of negative atmospheric pressure anomalies over the western U.S. and positive atmospheric pressure anomalies over the eastern U.S. coast. This combination of atmospheric pressure anomalies results in an anomalous flow of moist air from the Gulf of Mexico into the MRB. In the context of paleo‐climate reconstructions of the Palmer Drought Severity Index, since about 1900 the MRB has experienced wetter conditions than were experienced during the previous 500 years.     

Millennial‐Length Records of Streamflow From Three Major Upper Colorado River Tributaries1

Gray, Stephen T., Jeffrey J. Lukas, and Connie A. Woodhouse, 2011. Millennial‐Length Records of Streamflow From Three Major Upper Colorado River Tributaries. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(4):702‐712. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00535.x Abstract: Drought, climate change, and shifting consumptive use are prompting a widespread reassessment of water availability in the Upper Colorado River basin. Here, we present millennial‐length records of water year (October‐September) streamflow for key Upper Colorado tributaries: the White, Yampa, and Little Snake Rivers. Based on tree rings, these records represent the first paleohydrological reconstructions from these subbasins to overlap with a series of Medieval droughts (∼ad 800 to 1300). The reconstructions show marked interannual variability imbedded in nonstationary behavior over decadal to multidecadal time scales. These reconstructions suggest that, even in a millennial context, gaged flows from a handful of years (e.g., 1977 and 2002) were extremely dry. However, droughts of much greater duration and magnitude than any in the instrumental record were regular features prior to 1900. Likewise these reconstructions point to the unusual wetness of the gage period, and the potential for recent observations to paint an overly optimistic picture of regional water supplies. The future of the Upper Colorado River will be determined by a combination of inherent hydroclimatic variability and a broad range of human‐induced changes. It is then essential that regional water managers, water users, and policy makers alike consider a broader range of hydroclimatic scenarios than is offered by the gage record alone.     

岷江流域水污染防治对策浅谈

本文分析了岷江水量减少 ,水质变差的原因 ,提出了岷江水污染防治对策。