京津冀地区生态系统服务价值估算与分析

基于单位面积价值当量因子法计算2015年京津冀地区生态系统服务功能价值,并对生态系统服务价值和生态压力的空间特征进行深入分析。结果表明,2015年,京津冀地区各生态系统服务功能的总价值量为8539.4亿元。不同生态系统类型提供生态服务的价值依次为森林生态系统>草地生态系统>水域生态系统>农田生态系统>荒漠生态系统,不同生态功能类型的价值量依次为调节服务价值>支持服务>供给服务>文化服务。京津冀三地各生态系统的总价值分别为788.3亿元、812.9亿元和6938.2亿元京津冀地区单位面积的生态服务价值与2010年全国平均水平持平,为395.3万元/km^2。京津冀地区人均生态功能价值分别为3727.5,8072.0,9521.4元/人,生态压力北京>天津>河北,但都远远低于全国平均的27941.2元/人。京津冀地区生态资源少,人口数量多,生态压力较大,迫切需要三地通过多渠道保护和共建生态环境,不断提高生态系统服务功能,促进区域可持续发展。     

御临河流域河流湿地生态系统服务价值评价

御临河流域河流湿地具有非常重要的生态服务功能,包括直接使用价值和间接使用价值。直接使用价值有物质生产功能、水资源服务、旅游休闲功能、科研文化功能等,间接使用价值包括气体调节功能、水分调蓄功能及河岸带湿地污染净化功能的价值等。本研究采用市场价值法、碳税法、影子工程法、类比法及旅行费用法对御临河流域河流湿地生态系统服务价值进行了初步估算,其生态系统服务总价值为4.39亿元人民币,是2000年该流域GDP的28.52%。研究结果表明,御临河流域河流湿地生态系统的服务价值是不容忽视的。在进行流域规划管理时必须重视自然生态系统的潜在价值,才能保证流域生态系统的健康及可持续发展。     

淮河流域蚌埠城市水生态系统服务价值评估

根据淮河流域城市水生态系统服务特点，将蚌埠城市水生态系统服务划分为直接使用价值和间接使用价值2大类11个小类，同时建立了一套价值评估指标体系，对2003年蚌埠城市水生态系统服务功能的经济价值进行了评估。结果表明，2003年蚌埠城市水生态系统服务功能的总价值为6．34亿元，占当年城市国内生产总值（109．5亿元）的5．79％，其中航运功能及水资源调蓄功能的价值较高，水质净化功能的价值仅占总价值的0．24％，但该部分价值对维持城市水生态系统健康和其它功能的正常发挥具有积极的支撑作用，对改善城市水环境具有重要意义。     

庐山森林生态系统服务功能探析

在借鉴国内外森林生态系统服务功能基本分析方法的基础上,对庐山自然保护区的森林生态系统的价值进行了评估,得出庐山森林生态系统的服务总价值约为114221.26万元/a.其中,直接经济价值70855万元/a,占总价值的62.03%;生态价值为43357.26万元/a,占总价值的37.97%.此外,庐山的景观游憩价值63600万元/a,占总价值的55.68%,在庐山森林生态系统服务价值中占主要地位.因此,庐山森林生态系统服务功能的保护开发,一方面体现在森林生态功能的保护开发,另一方面要促进生态系统保护和旅游资源开发的有机结合.     

基于生态绿当量模式的生态资产核算研究——以抚仙湖流域为例CSSCI

生态资产是以货币的形式来度量生态系统为人类社会提供物资和生态服务的价值,核算一个区域的生态资产实际上就是评估一个区域的可持续发展能力。生态绿当量依据"服务功能相当、服务价值相当"的理论,以森林生态系统生态资产为参考标准,能简单、高效、可计量地核算出区域的生态资产价值。通过生态绿当量模式,核算了云南省抚仙湖流域1992—2014年间的生态资产价值。结果表明:1抚仙湖流域1992年、1996年、2001年、2006年、2010年、2014年生态资产价值分别为161.44亿元、162.02亿元、160.56亿元、160.49亿元、160.52亿元、160.45亿元,总体呈逐年下降趋势;2抚仙湖提供的生态价值占总资产价值的90%,湖泊在维持生态稳定方面起着非常重要的作用。     

基于生态绿当量模式的生态资产核算研究——以抚仙湖流域为例

生态资产是以货币的形式来度量生态系统为人类社会提供物资和生态服务的价值,核算一个区域的生态资产实际上就是评估一个区域的可持续发展能力。生态绿当量依据"服务功能相当、服务价值相当"的理论,以森林生态系统生态资产为参考标准,能简单、高效、可计量地核算出区域的生态资产价值。通过生态绿当量模式,核算了云南省抚仙湖流域1992—2014年间的生态资产价值。结果表明:1抚仙湖流域1992年、1996年、2001年、2006年、2010年、2014年生态资产价值分别为161.44亿元、162.02亿元、160.56亿元、160.49亿元、160.52亿元、160.45亿元,总体呈逐年下降趋势;2抚仙湖提供的生态价值占总资产价值的90%,湖泊在维持生态稳定方面起着非常重要的作用。     

秦皇岛市内陆湿地生态系统服务功能价值评估

通过构建湿地生态系统评价指标体系,对2005年、2010年和2015年秦皇岛市内陆湿地生态系统供给、文化、调节和支持4类服务功能的9项具体指标进行价值评估.秦皇岛湿地生态系统服务的总价值从2005-2015年增加趋势明显,分别为237574.45万元/a、316151.67万元/a和550627.40万元/a.其中,文...     

国家级公益林生态效益价值核算

对国家级公益林生态效益的研究是当前制定森林生态补偿政策方面的一个研究热点。构建了国家级公益林生态效益的评估体系,并运用市场价值法、影子价格法等多种方法对国家级公益林的生态效益进行了实物量与价值量评估。结果表明,国家级公益林面积为9.38×1011m2,其生态服务功能的实物量总计为29566.69亿t,提供的生态效益总价值为261179.86亿元,单位面积价值为27.85元/(m2.a)。国家级公益林的生态效益巨大,平衡兼顾其生态效益有助于促进生态保护的协调。     

乐山市森林生态系统服务价值评估

根据林业调查统计数据和有关文献资料,利用市场价格法、影子价值法、机会成本法和费用支出法等对乐山市森林生态系统2004~2012年的实物产品价值、水源涵养功能价值、土壤保持功能价值、生物多样性保护功能价值、积累营养物质价值及森林休憩价值进行了分别评估和综合评估。按照各类生态服务功能2004~2012年总价值比例从高到低排序为土壤保持价值(56.6%)生物多样性保护价值(22.05%)水源涵养价值(14.22%)实物产品价值(4.34%)森林游憩价值(2.41%)积累营养物质价值(0.39%);2012年乐山市森林生态系统服务功能总价值达163.61亿元,比2004年增长了6.21%。     

新疆复合类型植被生态系统效益评估——以阿克苏地区为例

植被生态系统在整个生态环境体系中的作用至关重要。综合运用机会成本和生态服务价值当量等方法评估新疆阿克苏地区五类植被的生态服务功能价值,测算得2013年总价值为6222.58亿元。结果表明,草地植被是构成研究区生态服务功能的核心价值,之后依次为湿地植被、林地植被、农田植被和荒漠植被,这与面积及功能发挥的物质量和价值当量有重要联系;土壤保育、气候调节和涵养水源功能对当地环境改善作用明显;特定服务功能在各植被类型中占比存在差异。环境资源货币化、充分保护和发挥植被生态系统的服务功能将是南疆社会经济可持续发展的关键。     

丝绸之路经济带资源环境成本及生态负荷强度的时空演变分析

为了科学地评价丝绸之路经济带生态系统对经济与社会发展的服务支撑能力,本研究引入生态系统服务理论,构建资源环境成本及绿色GDP核算、生态负荷强度模型,计算出丝绸之路经济带辐射国家2005—2012年的资源环境成本、生态负荷强度,并在此基础上利用探索性空间数据分析方法,对2005年以来丝绸之路经济带的生态负荷强度随时间演变的趋势及其空间分布特征进行分析和探讨(数据获取难易程度,仅分析了部分带内国家)。结果表明:在研究时段内,带内国家或地区的资源环境成本由2005年的675.02×108元攀升至1 178.51×108元(2005年可比价),生态负荷强度由0.3369下降到0.2307;丝绸之路经济带生态负荷强度呈现出由欧洲经济圈向中国西北地区集聚的空间分布特征,其中中亚及中国西北地区为高-高集聚区、欧洲经济圈为低-低集聚区;这种西、东集聚现象的显著性在研究时段内逐渐减弱,且区域生态效益或经济效益持续向周边溢出。     

新安江流域生态补偿政策效果评价研究

本文基于流域生态补偿的经济学原理,以成本效益分析(CBA)为基本框架,通过对新安江流域生态补偿政策实施的成本和效益进行定性定量的分析,对黄山市实施新安江流域生态补偿政策的成效比E1以及外部效应内部化程度指数E2进行计算,进而科学合理地衡量新安江流域生态补偿政策的实施效果。2010—2013年,黄山市在新安江流域生态补偿工作中的成本总计189.06亿元,黄山市环境效益增加33.52亿元,黄山市新安江流域生态补偿工作成效比E1为0.24,外部效应内部化程度指数E2为0.81,说明新安江流域生态补偿起到了一定的效果,黄山市环境效益预测结果表明,流域生态补偿的效果会随着时间的推移更加明显。由此提出建议,现阶段黄山市应继续以解决经济发展与环境保护的矛盾为重心,同时注重流域生态补偿工作的落实。     

Emergy Evaluation of the Natural Value of Water Resources in Chinese Rivers

Emergy theory and method were used to evaluate the economy of China and the contributions of water resources in Chinese rivers to the real wealth of the Chinese economy. The water cycle and energy conversion were reviewed, and an emergy method for evaluating the natural value of water resources in a river watershed was developed. The indices for China calculated from the emergy evaluation were close to those of developing countries. Despite a small surplus in its balance of payments, China had a net emergy loss from its trade in 2002. The efficiency of Chinese natural resource use was still not high and did not match its economic growth rate. Furthermore, the Chinese economy placed a stress on its ecological environment and natural resources. Several indices of Chinese rivers from the emergy evaluation were close to those of average global river water. The main average indices of Chinese rivers were transformity (4.17 × 10⁴ sej/J), emergy per volume (2.05 × 10¹¹ sej/m³), and emdollar per volume (0.06 $/m³). The total value of all the rivers’ water made up 13.0% of the GDP of China in 2002, and that of water consumption accounted for 2.1%. The value of the water resources in the Haihe-luanhe River (11.39 × 10⁴ sej/J) was the highest, followed by the Yellow River (10.27 × 10⁴ sej/J), while the rivers in Southwest China had the lowest values (2.92 × 10⁴ sej/J).     

The Spatio-Temporal Dynamic Pattern of Rural Residential Land in China in the 1990s Using Landsat TM Images and GIS

Through interpreting Landsat TM images, this study analyzes the spatial distribution of rural settlements in China in 2000. It calculates rural residential land percentage for every 1-km² cell. The entire country is divided into 33 regions to investigate the spatio-temporal dynamic patterns of rural residential land during the 1990s. According to the remote sensing survey, the rural residential land increased by 7.88 × 10⁵ ha in the 1990s. The increment of rural residential land was 0.55 million ha in 1990–1995 and 0.23 million ha in 1995–2000. In 1990–1995, rural residential land increased dramatically in the eastern regions such as the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, and North China Plain, accounting for 80.80% of the national growth; the expansion in the western regions was much more moderate. In 1995–2000, the expansion of rural residential land in eastern regions slowed, accounting for only 58.54% of the increase at the national level, whereas the expansion in the western regions accelerated. Rapid rural residential development resulted from increasing home construction and the limited control on rural land. The great regional disparity reflected the regional economic development and land-use policy change. Our finding shows that nearly 60% of the rural residential area came from cropland.     

Particulate phosphorus removal via wetland filtration: An examination of potential for hypertrophic lake restoration

Lake Apopka in Florida, USA, is a large (area=124 km²), hypertrophic (mean total phosphorus=0.220 g/m³; mean chlorophylla=60 mg/m³) lake, with a large sedimentary store of available P (1635 × 10⁶ g P). Phosphorus loading from floodplain farms (132 × 10⁶ g P/yr) has been the primary cause of eutrophication. Assuming elimination of farm P loading, the Vollenweider model predicts a decline in equilibrium P concentration from 0.270 to 0.024 g/m³, if the P sedimentation coefficient (σ) remains constant. It is likely, however, that the value for σ will fall with the elimination of farm loading due to unabated internal P loading from the sediments. Under a worst-case scenario (σ=0), the model predicts that exportation of P from the lake via wetland filtration will greatly accelerate the lake's recovery. Recirculation of lake water through a 21-km², created wetland and elimination of farm P loading is projected to result in a negative P balance for the lake (−23 × 10⁶ g P/yr) leading to depletion of P stores in the lake in about 60 yr. The estimated cost of the project, $20 million, is less than 3% of the estimated cost of dredging. A 3.65-km² demonstration project is underway to test and refine the wetland filtration technique. We believe the technique could be cost-effective for other hypertrophic lakes.     

《大气污染防治行动计划》实施环境效果模拟

本研究利用2010年污染源普查数据和MEIC排放清单建立全国大气污染物高时空分辨率排放清单,在此基础上利用2012年环境统计数据对其进行修订建立2012年全国大气污染物高时空分辨率排放清单;结合《大气污染防治行动计划》(以下简称《计划》)研究工作,测算了《计划》实施后在污染源综合治理、落后产能淘汰、能源结构调整方面对SO2、NOx、颗粒物、VOCs的减排量,同时对污染物新增量进行了预测,建立了《计划》实施后全国大气污染物高时空分辨率排放清单;利用CMAQ空气质量模型模拟分析了《计划》实施的空气质量改善效果。结果表明:《计划》实施后,将可以减少641万吨SO2、859万吨NOx、547万吨颗粒物(不含扬尘污染控制)、627万吨VOCs,全国、京津冀、长三角及珠三角区域PM2.5年均浓度将分别比2012年下降22.08%、33.99%、23.98%、24.04%。如果《计划》要求全部落实,可以实现空气质量改善目标。     

Assessment of Water Supply as an Ecosystem Service in a Rural-Urban Watershed in Southwestern Mexico City

Studies from the ecosystem services perspective can provide a useful framework because they allow us to fully examine the benefits that humans obtain from socio-ecological systems. Mexico City, the second largest city in the world, has faced severe problems related to water shortages, which have worsened due to increasing population. Demand for space has forced changes in land cover, including covering areas that are essential for groundwater recharge. The city has 880 km² of forest areas that are crucial for the water supply. The Magdalena River Watershed was chosen as a model because it is a well-preserved zone within Mexico City and it provides water for the population. The general aim of this study was to assess the ecosystem service of the water supply in the Magdalena River Watershed by determining its water balance (SWAT model) and the number of beneficiaries of the ecosystem services. The results showed that the watershed provides 18.4 hm³ of water per year. Baseflow was dominant, with a contribution of 85%, while surface runoff only accounted for 15%. The zone provides drinking water to 78,476 inhabitants and could supply 153,203 potential beneficiaries. This work provides an example for understanding how ecosystem processes determine the provision of ecosystem services and benefits to the population in a rural–urban watershed in Mexico City.     

TOTAL SOLUTES LOADS AND GEOCHEMICAL YIELDS IN THE SASKATCHEWAN RIVER BASIN1

ABSTRACT: River solute loads have seldom been measured in very large, complex drainage basins, nor have the methods of calculating loads been critically examined. For sites in the Saskatchewan River Basin, Canada, rating curves were poor predictors of solute loads because correlations between discharge and total solutes concentration were weak (R² < 0.05 in most cases) and suffered from hysteresis. In contrast, the interval method produced reliable estimates in all seasons and sites tested, and was little affected by sampling schedule. The limit of precision (SE) for estimates of mean annual or seasonal solute load was 10–15 percent of the mean (5 percent in very small basins), reached with 10 years or more of data. Two-thirds or more of total annual solute load was transported during the open-water season, but the proportion carried during winter increased from 8 percent to 34 percent from the upstream to the downstream end of the basin, due to reservoirs retaining and mixing water. Annual loads of total solutes varied from 6.2 × 10⁴ tonnes in foothills tributaries to almost 4.0 × 10⁶ tonnes in the Saskatchewan River near the mouth. But, on an areal basis, the mountain and foothills region was the dominant solute source, producing 43–97 tonnes/km²/yr, compared with only 3–22 tonnes/km²/yr for prairie rivers. This difference is a consequence of greater rainfall and, hence, more rapid erosion in the mountains.     

Quantification of hydrochloric acid and particulate deposition resulting from space shuttle launches at John F. Kennedy space center,Florida, USA

Observations of damage to vegetation, acute reductions in surface water pH, and kills of small fish prompted the Biomedical Operations and Research Office at the John F. Kennedy Space Center to initiate intensive environmental evaluations of possible acute and long-term chronic impacts that may be produced by repeated launches of the space shuttle. An important step in this evaluation was the identification of deposition patterns and the quantification of ecosystem loading rates of exhaust constituents from the solid rocket motors (SRMs) in the area of the launch pad. These constituents are primarily aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) and hydrochloric acid (HCl). During three launches of the space transportation system (STS-11, 13, and 14) up to 100 bulk deposition collectors, 83 mm in diameter containing 100 ml of deionized water, were deployed in a grid pattern covering 12.6 ha north of launch pad 39-A. Estimates of HCl and particulate deposition levels were made based on laboratory measurements of items entrained in the collectors. Captured particulates consisted of a variety of items including Al₂O₃, sand grains, sea shell fragments, paint chips, and other debris ablated from the launch pad surface by the initial thrust of the SRMs. Estimated ranges of HCl and particulate deposition in the study area were 0–127 g/m² and 0–246 g/m², respectively. Deposition patterns were highly influenced by wind speed and direction. These measurements indicate that, under certain meteorological conditions, up to 7.1 × 10³ kg of particulates and 3.4 × 10³ kg of HCl can be deposited to the near-field environment beyond the launch pad perimeter fence.