后疫情时期全国碳市场政策对经济和排放的影响

新冠肺炎疫情暴发一年多以来,国际国内形势仍面临极大不确定性。疫情显著降低了短期排放水平,但是经济恢复政策和疫情发展形势的不确定使得对未来经济发展和碳排放的判断变得复杂,碳排放是否会反弹对实现《巴黎协定》目标造成挑战,已经投入运行的全国碳市场能多大程度发挥政策效果等问题值得关注。本文首先定量评估了疫情对经济和环境的短期和长期的影响,基于此分析疫情后全国碳市场政策的实施效果。结果显示:疫情造成中国经济活动以及碳排放短期显著下降,2020年中国全年的GDP增长较基准情景下降3.84%,能源消费和碳排放分别较基准情景下降4.47%和5.12%。但是,接下来的十年内,GDP会逐渐恢复至基准情景,累计碳排放较基准情景增加0.06%。在没有其他气候政策干预的情况下,疫情带来的短期减排效应不足以保障中国各项气候目标的实现,落实碳市场政策十分必要。疫情之后启动全国碳市场,可以促进投资、减少能源使用和碳排放,到2030年,能源消费将下降7.44%,碳排放下降10.49%,碳价为229.73元/t。国外疫情若在2021年还不能得到控制,将会继续影响中国的对外贸易,使得中国GDP损失略有提高,但不会改变国内疫情之后经济恢复的大趋势。     

碳达峰政策体系建设的思路与重点任务

我国2030年前实现碳达峰面临巨大压力,需要系统研究构建碳达峰政策体系,为碳达峰提供政策动力。本文分析了我国碳达峰相关政策实施情况,探讨了碳达峰政策创新思路,提出了碳达峰政策体系建设的重点任务以及政策实施保障。以减污降碳为主线,推进低碳发展政策与生态环境保护政策的统筹融合,构建完善以碳排放总量控制为核心的,涵盖行业部门、重点区域地区、减排相关方的,多手段类型相结合的碳达峰政策体系,促进产业、能源、交通结构调整和低碳发展,有效推动重点行业和领域碳排放达峰路径与关键举措的顺利落地。从建立健全碳排放总量控制考评制度、加快构建排污许可证与碳排放管控协同制度、深化能源资源价格机制改革、全面推开碳排放权交易市场等方面提出重点政策建议。     

中国能源产业技术创新效率对碳排放的影响研究

运用Super-SBM模型对中国能源产业技术创新效率进行测算,构建VAR模型,运用Johansen协整检验、脉冲响应函数和方差分解等方法研究能源产业技术创新效率对中国碳排放的影响。研究表明,多数年份中国能源产业技术创新综合效率基本上是有效的;碳排放与能源产业技术创新效率存在长期动态均衡关系;能源产业技术创新效率对碳排放的影响具有一定的滞后性;碳排放量的波动主要由其自身因素决定,但能源产业技术创新效率的影响占30%左右。从能源产业技术创新的视角提出中国降低碳排放的对策建议。     

基于LMDI分解法的我国碳生产率影响因素研究

运用LMDI分解法,以1995-2010年为样本期,按东、中、西三大区域把我国碳生产率总体变动分解为能源效率、碳排放能耗和碳排放结构3个影响因素,得出以下主要结论:1995-2010年我国碳生产率变化除了2003-2005年为负数外,其余期间均为正数,表明我国碳生产率在逐年提高.碳生产率总体变动因素分解的贡献值和贡献率表明,能源效率因素是影响我国碳生产率变动的主要因素,贡献值为0.9722,贡献率为87.66％,其变动趋势决定了碳生产率的变动趋势;单位碳排放能耗因素贡献值为0.1431,贡献率仅为12.9％,影响较小;而碳排放结构因素的贡献值和贡献率分别为-0.0063和-0.56％,表明碳排放结构抑制了碳生产率的增加.因此,提高区域能源效率,改善区域碳排放结构,对提高我国碳生产率具有重要意义.     

“双碳”目标下青岛高新区低碳发展路径研究

工业园区是我国工业发展的重要载体和强大引擎,是实现碳达峰和碳中和目标的重要抓手。本文以青岛高新区为研究对象,编制了2016—2020年该园区的温室气体排放清单,通过情景分析探讨了其碳达峰路径,并为中国工业园区的低碳发展提出了低碳发展政策建议。研究显示,2016—2020年,青岛高新区碳排放总量从32.88万t增加至43.78万t,碳排放强度由0.47 t/万元降至0.36 t/万元。工业能耗是青岛高新区碳排放的最大贡献者,也是其实现碳达峰的关键部门。生活用能的碳排放占比逐年增大,是青岛高新区实现碳达峰的重要影响因素。通过优化能源消费结构、提升能源利用效率、推进集中供热设施、煤改气等举措,青岛高新区预计在2025年实现碳达峰,碳排放总量达到71.58万t,碳排放强度降至0.27 t/万元。我国需制定统一的工业园区温室气体排放核算方法,建立工业园区温室气体排放数据库,将碳达峰碳中和目标要求纳入工业园区经济社会发展中长期规划,充分挖掘能源及环境基础设施的减排潜力,促进我国工业园区低碳发展。     

碳市场和电力市场耦合研究

低碳化、清洁化是我国电力行业未来发展的方向。碳市场启动,电力作为试点行业,碳市场和电力市场面临着协调和融合问题。为研究碳市场和电力市场的耦合关系,本文首先分析了碳市场机制的成本节约效应以及与电力市场改革的互动效应;然后给出考虑碳排放价格的电力市场发电电能成本模型——LCOEe;最后以广东省为例,对广东碳市场碳价传导至电价设定情景并进行模拟分析。结果显示,碳市场和电力市场存在相互制约的关系,碳排放外部成本内部化影响电力市场出清电价,而电力市场能够缓解碳市场的减排压力,抑制碳市场的活跃度。两市场的耦合研究对于优化电源结构、促进新能源市场的发展,以及启发政策制定者重视两大市场的协同发展具有非常重要的现实意义。     

建筑碳排放核算及降碳价值实现机制研究——以河北省为例

建筑领域绿色低碳发展对我国“双碳”目标的实现有重要意义。通过碳排放系数法对河北省建筑的建材生产、建筑施工、建筑运营整个生命周期不同阶段的碳排放进行核算,对河北省2010—2020年建筑进行碳排放趋势分析。研究发现：2010—2020年河北省建筑碳排放呈现波动式增加趋势,河北省建筑碳排放主要由建材生产阶段和运行阶段构成,河北省应着重关注如何降低建材生产阶段和运行阶段的碳排放量。河北省开发建筑降碳产品具有较大的降碳和经济价值潜力。为推动河北省建筑领域实现绿色低碳发展,提出了应建立健全绿色建筑材料研发与应用、建筑节能降碳价值实现交易体系、增强居民节能消费意识和行为、优化能源结构、清洁能源逐步替代化石能源的机制。     

基于双重关联市场的林业CCER相关研究进展及问题

提升生态系统碳汇能力和健全碳排放权市场交易制度是中国“积极稳妥推进碳达峰碳中和”的重要举措。林业自愿核证减排量(CCER)抵消强制性碳排放配额在市场上交易为减排提供碳汇,有利于充分发挥自然生态系统整体增汇和减排功能。然而,作为主要林业碳汇贡献国之一,中国尚未构建纳入林业行业的全国统一碳交易市场。以林业CCER经营开发和抵消强制碳排放配额双重关联市场为视角,首先,基于林业CCER第一重关联市场——森林经营的碳汇增量市场,综述了林业CCER项目经营开发以及木材和碳汇联合产出相关研究;其次,基于林业CCER第二重关联市场——抵消碳配额的存量交易市场,梳理了林业CCER参与碳配额市场交易机制、价格形成机制以及与碳排放权价格的关联机制等相关研究。研究发现:林业CCER项目投入产出市场要素纵向关联市场价格传导机制、林业碳汇定价机制以及林业CCER与碳配额价格传导机制等问题需要进一步研究,以期为完善林业CCER经营开发和抵消碳配额清缴,推进林业CCER与碳市场有效衔接以及加快林业CCER纳入碳交易提供参考。     

环渤海地区碳排放影响因素分解及其差异研究

在Kaya公式的基础上对环渤海地区碳排放影响因素进行了分解,并对各省市碳排放状况进行了对比分析。结果发现,环渤海地区碳排放量大致呈现持续均匀的增长趋势。其碳排放主要受能源结构、碳排放系数、能源强度、产业结构、经济规模5个因素影响。各省市碳排放量均呈加速增长趋势,能源结构仍以煤炭为主,产业结构有待优化。结合研究结果,从加强低碳技术创新、优化能源消费结构、开发绿色能源、宣传低碳观念角度提出了相关碳减排建议。     

主要发达国家碳达峰碳中和的实践经验及对中国的启示

气候变化问题是人类社会共同面临的重大挑战，关系到人类生存和各国利益。推进碳达峰碳中和是中国的一项重大战略决策，是负责任大国对国际社会的庄严承诺，也是推动高质量发展的内在要求。本文归纳分析欧盟、美国、日本、韩国、德国、英国等主要发达经济体碳达峰的经济社会特征、碳中和的路径共识，系统梳理推动实现碳达峰碳中和的经验举措，对比分析中国国内进展和差距，并提出重点借鉴的国际经验与启示。研究发现，中国已经逐步具备实现碳达峰国家的基本特征，但相比发达国家，在降碳效果核算评估、低碳安全高效能源系统构建、碳价格传导机制设计、低碳技术创新和新业态模式打造、法规制度系统化构建等方面仍有差距，仍需加强政策驱动和重点国际经验借鉴，进一步优化“双碳”目标评估指标体系，将构建清洁、低碳、安全、高效能源系统作为能源生产和消费革命的主要目标，有序推进碳排放权交易市场建设和能源资源市场化价格调控，强化绿色低碳技术的研发创新，加快构建形成系统性推动“双碳”目标的法规体系。     

Energy consumption trends in high growth Asian economies before and after 1986

In 1986, world oil prices declined sharply. Lower oil prices have been favourable to economic growth and price stability in Asia. However, oil consumption has also been growing rapidly in developing Asian countries including those dependent on imported oil. The increasing dependence on oil as a source of energy since 1986 is a striking reversal of the previous trend. In their pursuit of rapid industrialization, Asian countries have neglected energy conservation and diversification strategies. Unless energy policy is redirected, countries like Korea, Thailand and the Philippines could be seriously hurt by a sharp rise in oil prices. An increase in oil prices is almost inevitable in the next few years.     

我国稀土进出口量与价格关联度状况分析

稀土是我国五大优势矿产资源之一,在我国国民经济建设中具有重要的战略意义.近年来,我国稀土矿产品进出口贸易逐年增长,而进出口价格却呈现较大幅度的波动趋势.从对我国稀土进出口总量、进出口价格走势的分析入手,利用灰色关联度模型评估稀土出口总量分别对出口价格、进口价格、进口总量的相关程度,提出了我国稀土贸易的相关建议.     

International coal prices

The place coal will occupy among the world's energy supplies depends on many factors, including its price trends. This paper reviews recent price trends and supports the thesis that future coal prices are independent of oil prices, and that they will fluctuate between two limits which are based on production and transport costs in the USA and Australia.     

猪肉价格周期波动的时空差异特征及影响因素研究

我国作为猪肉生产大国、消费大国,猪肉价格波动事关普通百姓生活。利用2001—2019年猪肉价格省级面板数据,对猪肉价格长期波动的空间差异性进行了分析。结果表明:①从我国八大经济区及调入区、调出区猪肉价格区域差异测度结果来看,北部沿海区域内各省份猪肉价格差异最大,东北区域和长江中游区域差异较小;同时从猪肉价格差异贡献率来看,区域内差异贡献率更大。②从猪肉价格波动时空演进测度结果来看,地区间差异明显存在,同时各省份之间空间集聚性呈现出波动状态,表现出先减弱后增强的长期趋势。③从对猪肉价格周期性变化规律分析结果来看,价格波动存在明显的周期性,“猪瘟”、重大疫情等突发因素短期影响作用较大,而常规因素的影响才是价格波动真正推手。④在所筛选的猪肉价格常规影响因素中,育肥猪配合饲料价格、仔猪价格、地区生产总值引起猪肉价格差异的作用显著,且育肥猪配合饲料价格对猪肉价格差异影响程度最大。     

Petroleum prospects and the need for international cooperation

A review of the world energy situation prior to the Persian Gulf War of 1990-91 shows that periods of oil price instability have distorted the decision-making process. During periods of high prices, investments were made in uneconomic energy sources and in periods of low prices few investments were made at all. To create a rational investment climate, international cooperation between consumers and producers of petroleum is essential. Such cooperation in the form of a forum could help to stabilize prices and assure that the economic decisions needed to meet future demand would be made in a secure framework.     

Oil spills on other commodities

This paper examines the effect of crude oil prices on the prices of 35 internationally traded primary commodities for the 1960–2005 period. It finds that the pass-through of crude oil price changes to the overall non-energy commodity index is 0.16. At a more disaggregated level, the fertilizer index had the highest pass-through (0.33), followed by agriculture (0.17), and metals (0.11). The prices of precious metals also exhibited a strong response to crude oil price. In terms of individual commodities, the estimates of the food group exhibited remarkable similarity while those of raw materials and metals gave a mixed picture. The implication is that if crude oil prices remain high for some time, as most analysts expect, then the recent commodity price boom is likely to last much longer than earlier booms, at least for food commodities. The other commodities, however, are likely to follow diverging paths. On the methodological side, the results show that price indices, while providing useful summary statistics, they need to be supplemented by individual commodity analysis.     

Oil to 2000

Current surplus oil production capacity had its origins in the price increases of the 1970s. Those increases encouraged both energy conservation and the entry of new producers. Recent increases in oil demand reflect the belief among energy users that in real terms in the long term, prices will be stable. There is good reason to believe that this will be so, even at the current rate of increase it will be 15 years before demand matches current capacity. Given that situation it is difficult to see OPEC following any other pricing policy than the one currently in place. In the meantime market prices will further encourage vertical integration.     

Price prospects in Western Europe for internationally traded fossil fuels until 2000

A methodology for the long-term assessment of prices is designed and applied to the international markets for coal, oil and natural gas and likely price developments between 1990 and 2000 are explored. The coal market will remain competitive, and the long-term price will be determined by the total cost of marginal supply. The oil price will be set, even in the long term, substantially above the competitive level, by those who control the exceptional Middle East resource base. The traditional link between gas and oil prices will erode in the 1990s, and gas will be independently and competively priced by the turn of the century. Resource constraints are not expected to push prices upwards within the time horizon of the study. The relative price of gas will fall over the forecast period, and its market share will increase as a consequence.     

不同尺度的区域城镇土地基准地价平衡研究

区域基准地价平衡是区域城镇基准地价评估的重要内容，对地价管理具有重要的现实意义。分析了不同尺度基准地价平衡的内涵、实质及不同尺度平衡的机理，运用多种方法从宏观尺度的城镇间基准地价平衡、中观尺度的土地级别之间基准地价平衡、微观尺度地块间的区片价平衡进行了研究。以广西县级市——桂平市为例，对桂平市所辖的28个城镇基准地价平衡进行了实例研究，为区域城镇基准地价平衡提供了实用的模式与方法，为培育、发展城镇土地市场奠定了基础。     

The supply and demand outlook for energy in the Asia—Pacific region

Years of strong economic growth in the Asia—Pacific region have resulted in unprecedented increases in energy demand in the region, particularly for oil and gas. The supply of oil and gas to the region will become more problematic as the decade progresses. Already 50% dependent on imported oil, this figure will rise to nearly 65% by 2000. Because high rates of domestic oil demand growth among traditional petroleum exporters - Indonesia. China and Malaysia - will absorb exportable surpluses, the region will find itself dependent on the Middle East for at least 90% of its imported oil needs by 2000. Currently linked to oil, LNG prices cannot justify the investments needed to bring new greenfield projects on line. With demand expected to exceed 67 million tonnes (Mt) in 2000 and 100 Mt in 2010. over 50 Mt of new capacity will be needed; satisfying this demand will necessitate a new pricing structure for LNG, raising the price substantially above the relative price of crude oil.