不同DO下MBR内微生物群落结构与运行效果关系

应用A/O-MBR处理实际生活污水,考察了不同溶解氧(DO)条件下,微生物群落结构与其处理效果的对应关系.结果表明,DO浓度在0.2~4.0mg/L对COD去除效果无明显影响,COD平均去除率均在90%以上.DO浓度变化对NH4+-N去除影响较大,DO浓度下降到0.2mg/L时,NH4+-N平均去除率由99%下降到65%.通过PCR-DGGE分析,较高DO条件下(4.0,2.0mg/L)的总细菌微生物群落多样性高于较低DO条件(0.5,0.2mg/L),但其群落结构变化与与反应器的处理效果对应关系不明显;氨氧化菌的群落结构变化较明显,且在不同的DO条件下起主要作用的氨氧化菌的菌属不同,其群落变化与反应器的NH4+-N去除效果相对应,DO为2.0,0.5mg/L时氨氧化菌群落结构比较相似,此时反应系统的脱氮效果也比较好.     

不同MBR反应器中硝化菌群落结构的研究

采用PCR-DGGE技术研究了正常运行工况下6个不同MBR反应器中的硝酸菌和反硝化菌的群落结构.结果表明,不同的MBR反应器好氧段中硝酸菌之间的相似性较高,相似性数值为78.7%~92.1%,但环境条件、进水水质及运行参数等因素的不同导致了不同MBR反应器硝酸菌群落的差异.MBR反应器中有5种硝酸菌和3种反硝化菌,其中优势硝酸菌种以α-变形细菌(Alpha proteobacteria)、生根瘤菌(Bradyrhizobium)、维氏硝酸菌(Nitrobacter winogradskyi)为主,反硝化菌以好氧反硝化菌-产碱杆菌属(Alcaligenes)、脱氮副球菌(Paracoccus denitrificans)、红球菌属(Rhodococcus)为主,说明反应器内同时存在好氧反硝化菌,推断MBR反应器内可能同时存在多种硝化和脱氮途径.     

MBR和CAS工艺污泥在贫营养培养条件下的微生物群落结构研究

采用聚合酶链式-变性梯度凝胶电泳（PCR-DGGE）技术,研究了膜生物反应器（MBR）和传统活性污泥工艺（CAS）反应器中微生物在贫营养条件下的总细菌群落结构.结果表明,在培养过程中,污泥的微生物种群经历了一个比较明显的变化过程,且以CAS污泥微生物种群的变化更为明显,演替过程中既有原始优势种群的消亡,又有新的优势种群...     

常温厌氧MBR中微生物群落结构与膜污染研究

为考察微生物群落结构与膜污染的关系,在常温下运行厌氧膜生物反应器,并应用末端限制性片段长度多态性分析(T-RFLP)技术,对膜丝表面微生物群落结构变化进行了研究,同时考察了微生物群落结构变化与反应器中溶解性微生物产物(SMP)、胞外聚合物(EPS)的关系.结果表明:在常温状态下膜污染周期约为18d,CODCr的去除率约为93%,运行效果稳定;微生物代谢产物的浓度随着微生物种群的演替呈逐渐升高的趋势,加速了膜污染进程;膜压(pTM)处于缓慢上升期时,膜丝表面微生物优势菌群为Raoultella、Owenweeksia hongkongensis,膜压(pTM)处于稳定上升期时,膜丝表面的优势菌群演替为 Delftia acidovorans、Halothiobacillus neapolitanus,最后当膜压(pTM)处于快速上升期时,bp78的微生物成为了膜丝表面的顶级群落.膜压(pTM)处于缓慢上升期和稳定上升期时,膜压(pTM)与微生物群落结构的多样性呈显著正相关;膜污染进入快速上升期时,膜丝表面出现了顶级群落,此时微生物群落多样性明显降低且与膜压升高呈弱相关;膜丝表面微生物群落均匀度随着膜压(pTM)的升高呈现出先增高后降低的趋势,膜丝表面微生物群落经历了不断附着,相互竞争至顶级群落出现的演替过程.     

Revealing the anaerobic acclimation of microbial community in a membrane bioreactor for coking wastewater treatment by Illumina Miseq sequencing

The dynamic change of microbial community during sludge acclimation from aerobic to anaerobic in a MBR for coking wastewater treatment was revealed by Illumina Miseq sequencing in this study. The diversity of both Bacteria and Archaea showed an increase–decrease trajectory during acclimation, and exhibited the highest at the domestication interim. Ignavibacteria changed from a tiny minority(less than 1%) to the dominant bacterial group(54.0%) along with acclimation. The relative abundance of Betaproteobacteria kept relatively steady, as in this class some species increased coupled with some other species decreased during acclimation. The dominant Archaea shifted from Halobacteria in initial aerobic sludge to Methanobacteria in the acclimated anaerobic sludge. The dominant bacterial and archaeal groups in different acclimation stages were indigenous microorganisms in the initial sludge, though some of them were very rare. This study supported that the species in"rare biosphere" might eventually become dominant in response to environmental change.     

甲烷为唯一电子供体驱动硝酸盐/亚硝酸生物还原及微生物群落结构分析

反硝化厌氧甲烷微生物生长缓慢、倍增时间长,难以在短时间内成功富集.为快速大量富集以甲烷为唯一电子供体的硝酸盐/亚硝酸盐还原微生物,选择甲烷通量适宜的中空纤维膜材料并设计高效无泡曝气膜生物膜反应器（MBfR）.在反应器运行初期,两个反应器分别手动添加200 mg·L^-1的硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐,两个反应器进行闭合自循环的76 d内,均可在10 d内将200 mg·L^-1的硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐完全去除.稳定后,200 mg·L^-1硝酸盐可在2 d之内全部还原,还原速率略快于亚硝酸盐.在MBfR运行第77~124 d,改为序批式生物反应器方式运行,两个反应器内反硝化速率均可达到50 mg·L^-1·d^-1,表明以甲烷为唯一电子供体驱动的反硝化微生物成功富集并挂膜.在微生物富集过程MBfR出水中均检出挥发性脂肪酸（VFAs）,以硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐为电子受体的反应器最高VFAs含量分别可达948 mg·L^-1和997 mg·L^-1.高通量测序结果发现,以硝酸盐为电子受体的反应器内产酸菌Propionispora和Proteiniphilum的丰度可以达到39.1%和3.1%,而在以亚硝酸盐作为电子受体时,产酸菌Propionispora和Proteiniphilum丰度分别为80.9%和2.4%,是反应器内部的优势菌属.而异养反硝化菌Pseudomonas在两组微生物富集阶段均具有较高丰度.由此推测在本研究中甲烷为唯一电子供体驱动的硝酸盐/亚硝酸盐生物还原过程由VFAs作为中间产物介导完成.本研究结果可为推进污水脱氮技术的发展提供参考.     

A novel approach to treat combined domestic wastewater and excess sludge in MBR

Domestic wastewater was treated by combined anaerobic biofilm-aerobic membrane bioreactor(MBR) process, and part biomass in MBR was withdrawn, to treat with ozone, then the ozonated sludge was returned to anaerobic inlet. In aerobic MBR, MLSS and DO were controlled at 3000—3500 mg/L and 0.8 mg/L respectively. Comparing the experimental results of two stages, it was noticed that ozonation did not affect the removal efficiency for organics but had a significant influence on the removals of NHs-N and TN. During the ozonation period of two months, no excess sludge was wasted, and a zero sludge yield was obtained.     

SVI在生物铁MBR与普通MBR中的变化分析

污泥指数SVI可反映出污泥的凝聚和沉降性能,因此可通过分析系统的SVI值来分析和判断系统运行的情况。文章通过分析生物铁MBR与普通MBR中污泥SVI值的变化情况,得出:生物铁MBR系统的污泥沉降性能良好,且SVI值均低于普通MBR,不会随进水负荷的变化发生很大的波动,系统的净水头压差也没有发生很大的波动;而普通MBR系统污泥SVI值随进水负荷增加变化迅速,且容易发生污泥膨胀,系统的净水头压差迅速攀升,而为了保证处理流量,必须提升净水头压差,说明膜污染比较严重。     

Performance and microbial community of a membrane bioreactor system——Treating wastewater from ethanol fermentation of food waste

In this study, a lab-scale biological anaerobic/anaerobic/anoxic/membrane bioreactor(A_-~3MBR) was designed to treat wastewater from the ethanol fermentation of food waste,a promising way for the disposal of food waste and reclamation of resources. The 454 pyrosequencing technique was used to investigate the composition of the microbial community in the treatment system. The system yielded a stable effluent concentration of chemical oxygen demand(202 ± 23 mg/L), total nitrogen(62.1 ± 7.1 mg/L), ammonia(0.3 ±0.13 mg/L) and total phosphorus(8.3 ± 0.9 mg/L), and the reactors played different roles in specific pollutant removal. The exploration of the microbial community in the system revealed that:(1) the microbial diversity of anaerobic reactors A_1 and A_2, in which organic pollutants were massively degraded, was much higher than that in anoxic A_3 and aerobic MBR;(2) although the community composition in each reactor was quite different, bacteria assigned to the classes Clostridia, Bacteroidia, and Synergistia were important and common microorganisms for organic pollutant degradation in the anaerobic units, and bacteria from Alphaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria were the dominant microbial population in A_3 and MBR;(3) the taxon identification indicated that Arcobacter in the anaerobic reactors and Thauera in the anoxic reactor were two representative genera in the biological process. Our results proved that the biological A_-~3MBR process is an alternative technique for treating wastewater from food waste.     

Influence of microbial community structure of seed sludge on the properties of aerobic nitrifying granules

In order to evaluate the influence of microbial community structure of seed sludge on the properties of aerobic nitrifying granules, these granules were cultivated with different seed sludge, and the variation of microbial community and dominant bacterial groups that impact the nitrogen removal efficiency of the aerobic nitrifying granules were analyzed and identified using 16s rDNA sequence and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) profiles. The results presented here demonstrated that the influence of the community structure of seed sludge on the properties of aerobic nitrifying granules was remarkable, and the granules cultivated by activated sludge from a beer wastewater treatment plant showed better performance, with a stable sludge volume index (SVI) value of 20 mL/g, high extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) content of 183.3 mg/L, high NH₄⁺-N removal rate of 89.42% and abundant microbial population with 10 dominant bacterial groups. This indicated that activated sludge with abundant communities is suitable for use as seed sludge in culturing aerobic nitrifying granules.     

CSTR和MBR反应器的短程硝化快速启动

为实现短程硝化的快速启动,采用完全混合反应器(CSTR)和膜生物反应器(MBR)进行短程硝化启动性能对比研究,考察两个反应器在启动时间、氮素转化和污泥性能3个方面的差异.结果表明在进水C/N=1,温度为30℃±1℃,pH为7.5~8.0,DO为0.6~1.0 mg·L~(-1),结合缺氧/好氧比为1∶3(15 min∶45 min)和缩短HRT,CSTR和MBR分别运行56 d和44 d成功启动短程硝化,MBR启动周期较短.运行至第14 d、第28 d和第56 d时,CSTR和MBR亚硝累积率平均为51%、66%、89%和50%、71%、93%,硝酸盐氮生成速率(以NO_3~--N/MLVSS计)依次为7.4、4.0、1.7和7.6、3.5、1.0 mg·(g·h)~(-1),MBR在第28 d和第56 d表现出较高的亚硝累积率和较低的NO_3~--N产率,有利于短程硝化的快速启动.整个运行过程中,两个反应器内的亚硝化污泥均呈黄色,SVI在55~110 mL·g~(-1),MLVSS/MLSS稳定在0.6~0.8左右,良好的污泥性能为CSTR和MBR短程硝化的快速启动创造了有利条件.MBR在短程硝化快速启动中展现出更明显的优势.     

Isolation and characterization of heterotrophic nitrifying bacteria in MBR

The study presented the method for isolating the heterotrophic nitrifiers and the characterization of heterotrophic nitrification. Continuous tests via a membrane bioreactor (MBR) were operated under the controlled conditions to proliferate the nitrifiers. Heterotrophic nitrifying bacteria were isolated from the system in which the efficiency of total nitrogen(TN) removal was up to 80%. Since no autotrophic ammonium and nitrite oxidizers could be detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH), oxidized-N production was unlikely to be catalyzed by autotrophic nitrifiers during the heterotrophic nitrifiers‘ isolation in this study. The batch test results indicate that the isolated heterotrophic bacteria were able to nitrify. After 3 weeks incubation, the efficiencies of the COD removal by the three isolated bacterial strains B1,B2 and B3 were 52.6%, 71.7%, and 77.7%, respectively. The efficiencies of the TN removal by B1, B2, and B3 were 35.6%, 61.2% and 68.7%, respectively.     

制药废水受纳河流中四环素抗药基因及微生物群落结构变化研究

考察了含有土霉素制药废水的污水处理厂排放在冬季和夏季对受纳河流中四环素抗药基因及微生物群落结构的影响.利用PCR方法,对该河流中16种四环素抗药基因(TRGs)进行了检测,其中6种在排放口及下游被检出.通过Real-timePCR对其中的3种抗药基因(tet(L)、tet(W)和tet(X))及总细菌的16SrRNA基因进行定量分析(TRGs/16SrRNA基因),结果表明:tet(L)、tet(W)和tet(X)与16SrRNA基因的比值在排放口和下游(3.34×10-3～2.38×10-1)显著高于排放口上游(1.16×10-5～2.38×10-2),表明污水排放造成了抗药基因的增加.夏季河水中TRGs/16SrRNA基因明显低于冬季.利用PCR-DGGE对不同河流沉积物中微生物群落结构进行了研究,结果表明,污水的排放显著改变了河流中的微生物群落结构,一些代表性TRGs宿主细菌的条带在排放点和河流下游明显增加.     

雄黄矿区不同砷污染土壤中微生物群落结构及碳源利用特征

土壤砷污染是我国乃至世界范围内比较严重的环境问题.有关砷污染的生态毒理效应有很多研究,但对砷污染土壤中微生物群落的关注相对较少.本文以我国湖南省石门县雄黄矿地区长期砷污染土壤为例,采用PLFA及BIOLOG微平板技术考察了7个砷(As)污染程度不同的样点以及一个对照样点土壤微生物群落结构及碳源利用特征.结果发现,雄黄矿区存在多种重金属复合污染,除As含量较高以外,镉(Cd)和镍(Ni)的含量也超过了国家土壤环境质量三级标准.雄黄矿区土壤微生物的群落结构受到土壤有机碳(SOC)、有效磷(AP)、p H以及镁(Mg)、Cd、铁(Fe)、铜(Cu)含量的显著影响.各样点土壤微生物群落均以细菌为主,占微生物总量的71.54%~80.66%,真菌次之,放线菌最少.雄黄矿区土壤中的有效砷对微生物造成了较严重的胁迫.严重砷污染降低了微生物对于碳源利用的多样性以及均匀度.各样点微生物对于碳源的利用也表现出明显的差异.31种碳源中微生物利用较多的只有7类,分别属于糖类、胺类、羧酸类与多聚物,并且以糖类为主.     

不同填料甲苯生物滤塔中微生物群落结构与代谢功能解析

对填料为珍珠岩、玻璃珠和聚苯乙烯泡沫(EPS)的甲苯生物滤塔中微生物群落的结构和代谢功能进行了分析.结果表明,在稳定运行阶段,生物滤塔的微生物群落结构相似且与接种物存在较大差异.3种填料的生物滤塔中在门水平上的优势菌均为变形菌门Proteobacteria(36.1%~67.5%)、放线菌门Actinobacteria(4.3%~43.4%)、厚壁菌门Firmicutes(3.0%~16.4%)和拟杆菌门Bacteroidetes(1.9%~10.2%);属水平上,相同的优势属为红球菌属Rhodococcus(2.4%~38.5%)和假单胞菌属Pseudomonas(5.9%~25.3%),在珍珠岩生物滤塔中相对丰度更高的属为戴沃斯氏菌属Devosia、戈登氏菌属Gordonia和根瘤菌科某属Rhizobiales_E,在玻璃珠和EPS生物滤塔中相对丰度更高的属为着色菌科某属Chromatiaceae_A和Fluviicola.不同填料的生物滤塔中微生物群落整体碳源代谢能力相似且相比接种物均显著下降,微生物群落结构与代谢呈现一致性,多样性水平均为珍珠岩EPS玻璃珠.与接种物相比,不同填料的生物滤塔中微生物结构物种多样性都降低,代谢多样性都升高.     

驯化对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化系统微生物群落结构的影响

为研究驯化对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化系统微生物群落结构的影响,在单相完全搅拌式(CSTR)反应器内,以农村户用沼气池污泥为接种污泥,进行了餐厨垃圾中温厌氧消化.反应器在3 g·L-1·d-1(以VS计)的负荷下成功启动,并连续45 d维持性能稳定,表明驯化成功.期间采用454焦磷酸测序技术分析了驯化前后系统内的微生物群落结构.结果表明,微生物群落结构与底物密切相关,驯化后细菌及古菌群落都发生明显变化.从细菌群落看,与复杂有机物降解相关的菌类显著下降(如梭菌纲(Clostridia)和(vadin HA17),而易降解碳水化合物发酵菌(如Petrimonas)和脂肪降解菌(如Erysipelotrichia)显著增加.这与餐厨垃圾易降解有机物含量高,且富含淀粉和脂肪相关.丰富的易降解有机物还使得反应器内总挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)浓度((2203±174)mg·L-1)远高于种泥水平((222.0±0.3)mg·L-1),这导致了产甲烷菌由乙酸型的甲烷鬃菌属(Methanosaeta,占85.01%)绝对主导转向氢营养型的甲烷螺菌属(Methanospirillum,占35.35%)、甲烷囊菌属(Methanoculleus,占9.89%)与之(46.97%)共同主导的局面.然而,驯化后Methanosaeta在非最优条件下依然保持主导地位,可见接种污泥的群落组成对厌氧消化系统群落结构的塑造也具有重大影响.     

安徽某铁矿酸性矿山废水夏季和秋季微生物群落结构特征

分别采集了夏秋两季安徽某铁矿的酸性矿山废水样品,分析其物理化学参数,并利用分子生物学方法研究了该酸性矿山废水中微生物群落结构随时间和空间的变化规律.结果表明:该矿山废水酸性极强,夏季所采样品pH在2.80左右,且阴阳离子含量很高,Al~(3+)为1108~1138mg·L~(-1),SO_4~(2-)则高达19.80~23.79 g·L~(-1).秋季样品p H没有明显变化,但由于两次采样期间的大量降水,样品中各离子含量明显低于夏季.值得注意的是,该极端酸性的矿山废水中叶绿素a含量较高,夏季达63.8~94.2μg·L~(-1),秋季则降至16.6~32.7μg·L~(-1).无论是在夏季还是秋季,Alphaproteobacteria在绝大多数位点的细菌群落中占据着优势地位.化能异养菌Acidiphilium是最主要的细菌菌属,它在夏季和秋季各位点群落中所占比例都达20%左右,这应该与其丰富的代谢方式有关.对于真核微生物群落,夏季主要为尖毛虫和小球藻,秋季主要为棕鞭藻和小球藻.小球藻是该酸性生态系统主要的生产者,尖毛虫和棕鞭藻则扮演着顶级消费者的角色.该酸性废水应处于酸水形成末期,所以细菌群落中化能异养菌占据着优势地位,化能自养菌比例较少.由于温度等理化性质的不同,微生物群落结构随时间和空间发生了一定变化,其中以真核微生物群落结构变化最为显著.     

MBBR-MBR组合工艺处理生活污水效能及膜污染研究

构建了移动床生物膜反应器(MBBR)-膜生物反应器(MBR)组合工艺处理生活污水,考察了其对污染物的去除效果和膜污染情况。结果表明,MBBR-MBR对$NH_{4}^{+}$-N和COD的去除率均能达到97%以上。MBR中跨膜压随运行时间延长呈先慢速增加后快速增加的特点,活性污泥微生物胞外聚合物(EPS)和微生物代谢产物(SMP)是膜污染的重要物质,普通的化学清洗并不能使MBR膜组件恢复到新膜的水平,膜污染呈不可逆性。EPS的表观分子量分布较广泛,而SMP的表观分子量呈单峰特征,主要以小分子量物质为主。     

臭氧催化氧化-BAF深度处理抗生素废水效能及微生物群落结构分析

采用臭氧催化氧化-曝气生物滤池（BAF）组合工艺对抗生素废水二级生化处理出水进行深度处理，考察了组合工艺对废水污染物的去除效果，通过三维荧光光谱结合平行因子法（EEMs-PARAFAC）分析了废水中有机物的荧光变化特征，并利用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术对BAF中微生物菌群结构的变化进行研究.结果表明，在最佳运行条件下，抗生素废水COD平均值由232 mg·L^-1降至46 mg·L^-1，NH₄⁺-N平均浓度由12 mg·L^-1降至4.1 mg·L^-1，出水水质可稳定达到《发酵类制药工业水污染物排放标准》（GB21903-2008）.EEMs-PARAFAC从废水中解析出3类荧光组分，主要可归为腐殖酸（胡敏酸）、富里酸及其混合物，经组合工艺处理后荧光强度大幅下降甚至消失.Illumina MiSeq测序显示，污泥经抗生素废水驯化后微生物丰富度和均匀度明显降低，Proteobacteria（变形杆菌门）、Chloroflexi（绿屈挠菌门）和Firmicutes（厚壁菌门）是优势菌门，其中，Thiothrix（发硫菌属）、Thermomonas、Pseudoxanthomonas（假黄单胞菌属）和JG30_KF_CM45是降解抗生素类污染物的主要菌属.     

Rapid aerobic granulation in an SBR treating piggery wastewater by seeding sludge from a municipal WWTP

Aerobic sludge granulation was rapidly obtained in the erlenmeyer bottle and sequencing batch reactor (SBR) using piggery wastewater. Aerobic granulation occurred on day 3 and granules with mean diameter of 0.2 mm and SVI₃₀ of 20.3 mL/g formed in SBR on day 18. High concentrations of Ca and Fe in the raw piggery wastewater and operating mode accelerated aerobic granulation, even though the seed sludge was from a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Alpha diversity analysis revealed Operational Taxonomic Units, Shannon, ACE and Chao 1 indexes in aerobic granules were 2013, 5.51, 4665.5 and 3734.5, which were obviously lower compared to seed sludge. The percentages of major microbial communities, such as Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes were obviously higher in aerobic granules than seed sludge. Chloroflexi, Planctomycetes, Actinobacteria, TM7 and Acidobacteria showed much higher abundances in the inoculum. The main reasons might be the characteristics of raw piggery wastewater and granule structure.