甲基对硫磷降解菌DLL-E4降解对-硝基苯酚特性

甲基对硫磷降解菌DLL-E4(Pseudomonas putida)能以对-硝基苯酚(PNP)为唯一碳源和氮源生长,还可以利用对-硝基苯酚代谢产生的亚硝酸根为唯一氮源.DLL-E4降解对-硝基苯酚的酶系是诱导产生的,甲基对硫磷(MP)和PNP驯化菌株,能有效诱导DLL-E4对PNP的降解,生长延滞期由原来的6h减少到3h,降解完全的时间由9h缩短为7h和6h.对苯二酚(HQ)诱导,降解完全的时间延长为15h.该诱导酶同时能够降解2-硝基酚.DLL-E4菌株中含有大质粒,在丢失对-硝基苯酚降解性状的突变株M+P-中依然存在.     

七株有机磷农药降解菌的降解特性比较

对分离自同一有机磷农药污染土壤的7株有机磷农药降解菌的降解特性进行了比较,7株降解菌都能利用甲基对硫磷为唯一碳源生长,并生成中间代谢产物对硝基苯酚.对硝基苯酚的降解经过一段延滞期,不同菌株降解对硝基苯酚的能力和延滞期有很大差异.降解菌株对多种有机磷类农药和芳香族化合物具有降解能力,其降解谱表现了一定的差异.用PCR方法从7株降解菌中克隆了有机磷农药水解酶基因.     

降解甲基对硫磷菌株YL8的分离、纯化及降解机理

从农药厂污水处理池的活性污泥中分离到1株能降解甲基对硫磷(MP)和对硝基苯酚(PNP)的菌株YL8,经生理生化试验和16SrRNA同源性分析,初步将YL8归类为节杆菌属(Arthrobactersp.).该菌株能以MP和PNP为唯一碳源生长,在5h内将起始浓度为50mg/L的MP降解近90%;在9h内将50mg/L的PNP完全降解.YL8在降解MP的过程中几乎检测不到PNP的产生.     

高效苯酚降解菌Bacillus sp.L5-1的分离及其降解特性

从污水处理厂活性污泥中分离筛选出一株高效苯酚降解菌L5-1,经菌落形态观察和16S rDNA基因测序,结果表明菌株L5-1为蜡样芽胞杆菌（Bacillus cereus）,美国国家生物信息中心（NCBI）的注册号为MN784421.将苯酚设置为唯一碳源,对其生长和苯酚降解特性展开研究.结果表明：菌株L5-1在10%接种量、温度30~35℃、pH值7~8的条件下,均能高效降解培养基中苯酚（培养基体积为100mL,初始苯酚浓度为500mg/L,14h时降解率>93%）.而在最优降解条件下（10%接种量,培养温度为35℃,pH值7.0,NaCl浓度为1%）,初始苯酚浓度为500mg/L,菌株在14h内的苯酚降解率可达97.1%;而当初始苯酚浓度为1000mg/L,菌株也可在46h内达到97.71%的降解率.运用Haldance方程动力学模拟菌株在不同浓度苯酚下的生长过程,其最大比生长速率为0.355h^-1,半饱合常数104.27mg/L,抑制常数为322.83mg/L,R²=0.997.菌株L5-1为目前已报道的Bacillus菌属中降解苯酚能力较强的菌株,为实际处理含酚废水中提供理论参考.     

菌株 Arthrobacter sp. CN2降解对硝基苯酚的特性与动力学

为研究对硝基苯酚降解菌Arthrobacter sp.CN2在实际生产中的应用潜力,本文分别分析了p H、盐浓度和额外添加碳源对降解效率的影响,同时对降解的动力学方程进行拟合分析.菌株CN2在p H 7.0~8.0,Na Cl浓度60 g·L-1之间能够高效降解对硝基苯酚,72 h内对50 mg·L-1对硝基苯酚的降解率均大于90%.同时发现适量添加葡萄糖(0.5%)可显著促进CN2降解对硝基苯酚,与不添加葡萄糖条件下相比,达到90%降解率所需时间缩短了16 h.当对硝基苯酚浓度低于300 mg·L-1时,菌株CN2对对硝基苯酚的降解符合一级动力学方程,降解速率常数在0.021 7~0.025 0之间.在生物反应器中应用菌株CN2模拟处理工业废水,3 L含对硝基苯酚废水(100 mg·L-1)在72h的降解率大于90%.研究表明,菌株Arthrobacter sp.CN2能够高效地降解对硝基苯酚,对于环境有良好适应能力,具有良好的应用前景.     

热带假丝酵母8953菌株对苯酚的降解特性研究

实验室分离的一株热带假丝酵母(编号为8953)具有较强的苯酚降解能力,并可以利用苯酚、间苯二酚、联苯胺等芳烃为唯一碳源和能源生长。该菌株在48h内可完全降解约14.88mmol/L苯酚,完全降解10.63mmol/L苯酚只需要24h,其降解苯酚浓度最高可达19.13mmol/L。在pH4～9,温度20℃～40℃范围内,苯酚浓度为10.0mmol/L条件下该菌株均保持100%的降解率。该菌株降解苯酚的最适pH范围为6.0～8.0,最适温度范围为28℃～30℃,最佳接种量为1%～3%,外源添加氮源能促进酵母生长和苯酚的降解。     

短乳杆菌降解邻硝基苯酚的特性研究

从成都污水处理厂的活性污泥中 ,分离到一株能以邻硝基苯酚 ( o- Nitrophenol,OPN)为唯一碳、氮源生长的细菌。该菌株菌落呈乳白色 ,边缘光滑 ;光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察表明 ,菌体呈短杆状 ,无鞭毛 ,大小约 0 .5× 1.0 μm;革兰氏染色阳性 ;接触酶阴性 ,能利用棉子糖等多种糖类。根据菌体形态、生理生化特征将其鉴定为乳杆菌属的短乳杆菌( L actobacillusbrevis)。用详细研究过的硝基酚降解菌株 Rhodococcus erythropolis H L PM- 1作阳性对照的降解实验表明 ,L.brevis菌株对邻硝基酚有较高的利用率 ,在合适的温度和 p H 条件下 ,18h对邻硝基酚的降解率可达 86.7。用UV-可见光谱和质谱仪对 L.brevis菌株降解邻硝基酚的中间产物进行了分析 ,并对该菌株利用邻硝基酚的可能代谢过程进行了初步探讨     

光催化与Fenton试剂对硝基苯酚降解的研究

文章对光催化/Fenton试剂联合降解硝基苯酚模拟废水进行了研究。探讨了硝基苯酚溶液的初始浓度、pH、亚铁离子浓度、双氧水浓度、催化剂量等对对硝基苯酚降解效果影响。结果表明,对于200mL,浓度为100mg/L的硝基苯酚溶液,当加入Fe2+为20mg/L,5mmol/LH2O2,催化剂TiO2为0.6g/L,紫外灯功率为250W且反应40min后,对硝基苯酚的降解率达到约100%。通过对比试验,发现光催化和Fenton试剂对对硝基苯酚的降解起协同作用,并通过GC/MS技术测定中间产物并给出了可能的降解途径。     

苯酚降解菌CM-HZX1菌株的分离、鉴定及降解性能研究

从污水处理厂的活性污泥中分离出一株以苯酚为唯一碳源生长的高效降解苯酚菌CM-HZX1.通过形态特征、生理生化及16S r DNA基因序列分析,初步鉴定菌株属于红球菌(Rhodococcus sp.),16S r DNA在Gene Bank的登录号为KM014567.实验结果表明,菌株CM-HZX1培养及降解苯酚的最适条件为p H=7.0,温度30℃,转速为150 r·min~(-1).该菌株能耐受4%的盐度,适应性强.0.5 g·L~(-1)苯酚在24 h时的降解率可达93.6%,1.5 g·L~(-1)苯酚在48 h时的降解率在90%以上.研究表明,该菌株在处理工业含酚废水方面具有广阔的应用前景.     

一株苯酚降解菌的筛选鉴定及响应面法优化其降解

从某化工厂污水处理车间活性污泥中分离、筛选到一株能以苯酚为唯一碳源和能源生长的菌株YH8.基于形态特征、生理生化特性、BIOLOG细菌自动鉴定系统、16S rDNA和gyrB基因序列同源性分析鉴定菌株YH8,鉴定菌株YH8为Acinetobacter guillouiae.在苯酚浓度低于1200 mg·L-1,温度为26~34℃,pH为7.0~10.0时,菌株YH8培养60 h对苯酚的降解率达70%以上.运用单因素实验初步确定苯酚降解的最适外加碳源和氮源分别为山梨醇和NaNO3,最适温度为30℃,最适初始pH为9.0,最适接种量为5%.为了提高菌株YH8的降解率,首先利用Plackett-Burman实验设计评估并筛选出影响苯酚降解的3个关键因素为初始pH、苯酚浓度、山梨醇浓度.用最陡爬坡实验逼近以上3个因子的最大响应区域,采用Box-Behnken实验设计及响应面法分析,确定其最优降解条件为初始pH 9.26、苯酚浓度1163.63 mg·L-1、山梨醇浓度7.81%、接种量5%、NaNO_3浓度2%、温度30℃、培养时间96 h,在此条件下苯酚降解率可达98.95%.苯酚降解酶活性及酶定域实验表明,菌株YH8相关降解酶为胞内酶,且苯酚可诱导苯酚羟化酶(LmPH)和邻苯二酚1,2-双加氧酶(C_(12)O)的合成.通过降解酶特异性引物从菌株YH8扩增得到LmPH和C12O基因片段,经质粒检测和消除实验发现菌株YH8相关降解基因位于质粒上.此外,菌株YH8能耐受高浓度NaCl和多种重金属离子,对多种抗生素具有抗性.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.