氨氮废水的厌氧氨氧化生物脱氮研究

利用从厌氧污泥中筛选和驯化的厌氧氨氧化（Anammox）菌直接启动UASB反应器,通过缩短水力停留时间（HRT）提高系统运行负荷,探讨水力停留时间对模拟废水脱氮性能的影响。结果表明,（1）富含Anammox菌的颗粒污泥能够快速启动反应器（只需14d）。（2）连续91d的HRT测试期间,系统具有良好的脱氮性能,且随着HRT的缩短,系统的脱氮效率具有波动上升的特点。NH4＋-N、NO2--N和TN（总氮）的平均去除率超过70.0%。（3）系统总氮容积负荷（TNLR）和总氮去除负荷（TNRR）最大值（以N计）分别为2.04kg·m-3·d-1和1.56kg·m-3·d-1。（4）系统能够比较好的遵循Anammox生物脱氮的理论途径：NH4＋-N、NO2--N的去除速率与NO3--N的生成速率的比例为1？1.15？0.22,与其相应理论值（1？1.32？0.26）非常接近。     

系统评价EM菌液在生活污水处理中的应用效果

采用在生活污水中投加有效微生物群的方法,系统评价了ＥＭ对污水中三类常见污染物去除率的影响。结果表明（１）好氧条件下,ＥＭ显著提高污水ＣＯＤｃｒ去除的适宜加入量为５／１００００－１／１０００,增幅达达１０％;厌氧条件下,ＥＭ对污水ＣＯＤｃｒ的去除没有促进作用。（２）ＥＭ在好氧条件下能显著或极显著提高污水ＮＨ４＾＋－Ｎ的硝化程度,当ＥＭ加量为５／１０００时效效果最好,增幅达３７．６２％,厌氧条件下,当     

生物电化学脱氮技术研究进展北大核心CSCD

生物电化学系统（BES）因兼有污染物去除与能量回收等优点,近年来已成为环境污染治理领域的关注热点. 对生物电化学技术在脱氮方面的基本原理、含氮污染物的转化途径进行综述,主要的生物脱氮过程包括阴极反硝化、阳极氨氧化以及阴极同步硝化反硝化等,而非生物脱氮过程包括NH3/NH4^＋的跨膜转移、氨气逃逸等. 总结已报道的BES中主要脱氮微生物及其脱氮机制,BES中多数反硝化菌属于变形菌门（Proteobacteria）;硝化细菌主要是亚硝化菌属（Nitrosomonas）和硝化杆菌属（Nitrobacter）;在同步硝化反硝化过程中,电极上的硝化、反硝化菌有明显的分层现象. 最后阐述了生物电化学脱氮技术在生活污水、渗滤液、地下水处理等领域的最新应用研究,通过改变反应器构型以及运行模式等条件构建不同BES处理各类污水,以达到去除污染物同时回收电能或资源的目的. 基于目前BES的优势,认为减少脱氮中间产物（NO2^- -N、N2O）的积累及扩大BES规模对电能输出和污染物去除效果的影响将是未来的研究方向. （图3 表2 参66）     

厌氧消化过程中Fe,Co,Ni对NH4^＋—N的拮抗作用

论文以血清瓶为间歇反应器,以醋酸钙为基质,研究了厌氧消化过程中甲烷菌所需要的微量金属营养元素Ｆｅ、Ｃｏ、ＮＩ（１．０ｍｇ／（Ｌ．ｄ）,０．１ｍｇ／（Ｌ．ｄ）,０．２ｍｇ／（Ｌ．ｄ）对毒性物质ＮＨ４＾＋－Ｎ的拮抗作用,研究结果表明,Ｆｅ、Ｃｏ、Ｎｉ对毒性物质ＮＨ４＾＋－Ｎ有明显的拮抗作用,而且ＮＨ４＾＋－Ｎ浓度越高,Ｆｅ、Ｃｏ、Ｎｉ对其毒性的拮抗作用越明显。     

新型废水生物脱氮的微生物学研究进展

生物脱氮是含氮废水处理公认的最佳处理方式,随着对生物脱氮微生物学原理研究的不断深入,许多新的生物脱氮特殊菌株或菌群及微生物转化机制不断被发现.本文在传统生物脱氮过程机理上,结合最近国内外生物脱氮的新发现,就短程硝化反硝化、同时硝化反硝化、厌氧氨氧化的微生物学原理进行了阐述.图1表2参23     

二级SBR法处理高浓度氨氮化工废水研究

用直接活性污泥法完成了各反应器的污泥驯化启动。二级ＳＢＲ工艺主要由硝化ＳＢＲ和反硝化ＳＢＲ反应器构成,其中硝化ＳＢＲ反应器采用悬浮生长法和固定生物膜法两种工艺作对比试验。结果表明,后者较前者具有更大的ＮＨ３－Ｎ容积负荷,最大可达７６６．５４ｍｇＬ＾－１ｄ＾－１;而且能节省碱的消耗量１１．０％～３８．７％和反硝化所需碳源量为３０％～４０％。在ｔＨＲ为２４ｈ的条件下,二级ＳＢＲ法能处理ρＩｎ（ＮＨ３－     

废水生物脱氮中N2O和NOx的产生和作用

废水生物脱氮中N2O和NOx来源于硝化、反硝化、厌氧氨氧化和化学反硝化等过程．电子受体和供体浓度、pH、缓冲剂类型、有机负荷、微生物种类及其相互作用等都会影响这些气态中间产物的产生．NO2能够氧化氨和强化好氧和厌氧氨氧化，NO能够阻止C2H2对好氧氨氧化活性的抑制，两者对好氧氨氧化活性的恢复至关重要．所有这些表明，废水生物脱氮的气态中问产物N2O和NOx在氮的生物转化中具有重要的正面作用，甚至必不可少．基于NO2曝气技术和Brocadia anammoxidans与Nitrosomonas协同作用的废水生物脱氮新技术开发是今后一段时间的重要研究方向．图4参35     

OLAND生物脱氮系统运行及其硝化菌群的分子生物学检测

采用两阶段限氧自养硝化 -反硝化生物脱氮系统 (oxygen limitedautotrophicnitrificationanddenitrificationsystem ,以下简称OLAND)处理高氨氮、低COD的废水 .应用内浸式多聚醚砜中空膜 ,实现了污泥的完全截留 ,阻止了生物量的大量洗脱 ,并通过控制溶氧在 0 .1～ 0 .3mgL-1之间 ,实现了硝化阶段出水中氨氮与亚硝态氮浓度的比例达到最适值〔1 (1.2± 0 .2 )〕 ,从而为第二阶段的厌氧氨氧化提供理想的进水 ,进而获得较高的脱氮率 .同时应用荧光原位杂交技术对硝化阶段不同时期硝化菌群的变化进行分子生物学检测 ,揭示了随溶氧浓度的降低 ,氨氧化菌的数量基本保持恒定、亚硝酸氧化菌的数量略有减少的变化规律 ,并且发现 ,在两阶段限氧自养硝化 -反硝化生物脱氮系统中氨氮的氧化主要是由Nitrosomonassp .完成 ,亚硝酸的氧化主要由Nitrobactersp .完成 .图 4表 2参 2 2     

厌氧氨氧化电子受体的研究

研究发现,除已经证实的硝酸盐外,常规生物反硝化反应的两种中间产物亚硝酸和Ｎ２Ｏ也能用作氨厌氧氧化的电子受体;厌氧氨生物氧化的主要产物为Ｎ２．     

废水处理一体化生物反应器的发展

废水处理的一体化生物反应器由于具有投资少、占地小、管理运行方便等特点备受青睐.较早的有一体化氧化沟、SBR反应器、一体式膜生物反应器等.随着一体化反应器的发展,生物膜法被结合起来作为主体工艺,另外好氧工艺也与厌氧/缺氧工艺结合起来,出现了很多系统有机负荷更高、抗冲击能力更强、脱氮除磷效果更好的新式一体化反应器,如AmOn一体化生物反应器、五箱一体化反应池、一体化生物转筒反应器IBDR、A/O一体式曝气生物滤池等.一体化生物反应器的发展适应我国国情,具有广阔的应用和发展前景.参37     

Sludge fermentation liquid addition attained advanced nitrogen removal in low C/N ratio municipal wastewater through short-cut nitrification-denitrification and partial anammox

• Sludge fermentation liquid addition resulted in a high NAR of 97.4%. • Extra NH₄⁺-N from SFL was removed by anammox in anoxic phase. • Nitrogen removal efficiency of 92.51% was achieved in municipal wastewater. • The novel system could efficiently treat low COD/N municipal wastewater. Biological nitrogen removal of wastewater with low COD/N ratio could be enhanced by the addition of wasted sludge fermentation liquid (SFL), but the performance is usually limited by the introducing ammonium. In this study, the process of using SFL was successfully improved by involving anammox process. Real municipal wastewater with a low C/N ratio of 2.8–3.4 was treated in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The SBR was operated under anaerobic-aerobic-anoxic (AOA) mode and excess SFL was added into the anoxic phase. Stable short-cut nitrification was achieved after 46d and then anammox sludge was inoculated. In the stable period, effluent total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) was less than 4.3 mg/L with removal efficiency of 92.3%. Further analysis suggests that anammox bacteria, mainly affiliated with Candidatus_Kuenenia, successfully reduced the external ammonia from the SFL and contributed approximately 28%–43% to TIN removal. Overall, this study suggests anammox could be combined with SFL addition, resulting in a stable enhanced nitrogen biological removal.     

Partial anammox achieved in full scale biofilm process for typical domestic wastewater treatment

• A full scale biofilm process was developed for typical domestic wastewater treatment. • The HRT was 8 h and secondary sedimentation tank was omitted. • Candidatus Brocadia were enriched in the HBR with an abundance of 2.89%. • Anammox enabled a stable ammonium removal of ~15% in the anoxic zone. The slow initiation of anammox for treating typical domestic wastewater and the relatively high footprint of wastewater treatment infrastructures are major concerns for practical wastewater treatment systems. Herein, a 300 m³/d hybrid biofilm reactor (HBR) process was developed and operated with a short hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 8 h. The analysis of the bacterial community demonstrated that anammox were enriched in the anoxic zone of the HBR process. The percentage abundance of Candidatus Brocadia in the total bacterial community of the anoxic zone increased from 0 at Day 1 to 0.33% at Day 130 and then to 2.89% at Day 213. Based upon the activity of anammox bacteria, the removal of ammonia nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N) in the anoxic zone was approximately 15%. This showed that the nitrogen transformation pathway was enhanced in the HBR system through partial anammox process in the anoxic zone. The final effluent contained 12 mg/L chemical oxygen demand (COD), 0.662 mg/L NH₄⁺-N, 7.2 mg/L total nitrogen (TN), and 6 mg/L SS, indicating the effectiveness of the HBR process for treating real domestic wastewater.     

Reutilize tire in microbial fuel cell for enhancing the nitrogen removal of the anammox process coupled with iron-carbon micro-electrolysis

• MFC promoted the nitrogen removal of anammox with Fe-C micro-electrolysis. • Reutilize pyrolysis waste tire as micro-electrolysis and electrode materials. • Total nitrogen removal efficiency of modified MFC increased to 85.00%. • Candidatus kuenenia and SM1A02 were major genera responsible for nitrogen removal. In this study, microbial fuel cells (MFCs) were explored to promote the nitrogen removal performance of combined anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) and Fe-C micro-electrolysis (CAE) systems. The average total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency of the modified MFC system was 85.00%, while that of the anammox system was 62.16%. Additionally, the effective operation time of this system increased from six (CAE system alone) to over 50 days, significantly promoting TN removal. The enhanced performance could be attributed to the electron transferred from the anode to the cathode, which aided in reducing nitrate/nitrite in denitrification. The H⁺ released through the proton exchange membrane caused a decrease in the pH, facilitating Fe corrosion. The pyrolyzed waste tire used as the cathode could immobilize microorganisms, enhance electron transport, and produce a natural Fe-C micro-electrolysis system. According to the microbial community analysis, Candidatus kuenenia was the major genus involved in the anammox process. Furthermore, the SM1A02 genus exhibited the highest abundance and was enriched the fastest, and could be a novel potential strain that aids the anammox process.     

Start-up of PN-anammox system under low inoculation quantity and its restoration after low-loading rate shock

• PN-A was start-up under low inoculation amount and a higher NRR was achieved. • PN-anammox system was successfully restored by aggressive sludge discharge. • Increase in granular sludge was the important factor to rapid recovery. • Enrichment of AOB and AnAOB in granular sludge favors the stable operation. Partial nitritation (PN)-anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) is a promising pathway for the biological treatment of wastewater. However, the destruction of the system caused by excessive accumulation of nitrate in long-term operation remains a challenge. In this study, PN-anammox was initialized with low inoculation quantity in an air-lift reactor. The nitrogen removal rate of 0.71 kgN/(m³·d) was obtained, which was far higher than the seed sludge (0.3 kgN/(m³·d)). Thereafter, excess nitrate build-up was observed under low-loading conditions, and recovery strategies for the PN-anammox system were investigated. Experimental results suggest that increasing the nitrogen loading rate as well as the concentration of free ammonium failed to effectively suppress the nitrite oxidation bacteria (NOB) after the PN-anammox system was disrupted. Afterwards, effluent back-flow was added into the reactor to control the up-flow velocity. As a result, an aggressive discharge of sludge that promoted the synergetic growth of functional bacteria was achieved, leading to the successful restoration of the PN-anammox system. The partial nitritation and anammox activity were in balance, and an increase in nitrogen removal rate up to 1.07 kgN/(m³·d) was obtained with a nitrogen removal efficiency of 82.4% after recovery. Besides, the proportion of granular sludge (over 200 mm) increased from 33.67% to 82.82%. Ammonium oxidation bacteria (AOB) along with anammox bacteria were enriched in the granular sludge during the recovery period, which was crucial for the recovery and stable operation of the PN-anammox system.     

饮用原水中微量NH_3-N的生物膜脱除

针对NH3-N浓度为1mg.l-1的饮用原水,分别以硅锰砂石和聚胺脂海绵作为硝化生物膜载体,考察了自制固定床生物膜反应器的脱氨效果.30d的连续运行结果表明,砂石载体系统达到95%—100%的NH3-N去除率,出水NH3-N浓度接近0,出水NO2--N浓度在0—0.02mg.l-1之间;而海绵载体系统虽然挂膜快,但运行阶段NH3-N去除率仅为10%—35%,出水NH3-N不能达标,且具有生物可降解性,反硝化过程优先导致NO2--N的积累.进一步考察了硅锰砂石生物膜系统稳定运行的最优参数,得出试验条件下,水力停留时间为6min,气水比为1:1,反冲洗周期为6d.硅锰砂石因其良好的孔隙率、粒径分布和密度等物理特性,以及化学稳定性和生物安全性,是含低浓度NH3-N原水生物膜净化的良好载体选择.     

Performance of completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite process under different aeration modes and dissolved oxygen

In this study, three sequential batch biofilm reactors (SBBRs) were operated for 155 days to evaluate the performance of completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite (CANON) process under different aeration modes and dissolved oxygen (DO). Synthetic wastewater with 160-mg NH4 ⁺-N/L was fed into the reactors. In the continuously-aerated reactor, the efficiency of the ammonium nitrogen conversion and total nitrogen (TN) removal reached 80% and 70%, respectively, with DO between 0.8–1.0 mg/L. Whereas in the intermittently-aerated reactor, at the aeration/non-aeration ratio of 1.0, ammonium was always under the detection limit and 86% of TN was removed with DO between 2.0–2.5 mg/L during the aeration time. Results show that CANON could be achieved in both continuous and intermittent aeration pattern. However, to achieve the same nitrogen removal efficiency, the DO needed in the intermittently-aerated sequential batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) during the aeration period was higher than that in the continuously-aerated SBBR. In addition, the DO in the CANON system should be adjusted to the aeration mode, and low DO was not a prerequisite to CANON process.     

Performance of an ANAMMOX reactor treating wastewater generated by antibiotic and starch production processes

A pilot-scale anaerobic ammonia oxidation (ANAMMOX) reactor was used to treat mixed wastewater resulting from a chlortetracycline and starch production process. The results, collected over the course of 272 days, show that the ratio of influent ammonium to nitrite, pH, and temperature can all affect the efficiency of nitrogen removal. The ratio of influent ammonium to nitrite was maintained at about 1:1 at a concentration below 200 mg·L^-1 for both influent ammonium and nitrite. The total nitrogen (TN) loading rate was 0.15–0.30 kgN·m^-3·d^-1, pH remained at 7.8–8.5, and temperature was recorded at 33±1°C. The rate of removal of ammonia, nitrite, and TN were over 90%, 90%, and 80%, and the effluent ammonium, nitrite and TN concentrations were below 50, 30, and 100 mg·L^-1.     

The main anammox-based processes,the involved microbes and the novel process concept from the application perspective

• The PNA, denitratation/anammox, and DAMO/anammox process are reviewed together. • Denitratation/anammox-based process is promising in mainstream treatment. • DAMO and denitratation processes realize the higher nitrogen removal efficiency. • The utilization of metabolism diversity of functional microbe is worth exploring. • An effective waste treatment system concept is proposed. Anammox technology has been widely researched over the past 40-year from the laboratory-scale to full-scale. It is well-known that in actual applications, the solo application of anammox is not feasible. Since both ammonium and nitrite are prerequisites based on the reaction mechanism, the pre-treatment of wastewater is necessary. With the combination of anammox process and other pre-treatment processes to treat the actual wastewater, many types of anammox-based processes have been developed with distinct nitrogen removal performance. Thus, in order to heighten the awareness of researchers to the developments and accelerate the application of these processes to the treatment of actual wastewater, the main anammox-based processes are reviewed in this paper. It includes the partial nitritation/anammox process, the denitratation/anammox (PD/A) process, the denitrifying anaerobic methane oxidation/anammox (DAMO/A) process, and more complex deuterogenic processes. These processes have made the breakthroughs in the application of the anammox technology, such as the combination of nitrification and PD/A process can achieve stability and reliability of nitrogen removal in the treatment of mainstream wastewater, the PD/A process and the DAMO/A have brought about further improvements in the total nitrogen removal efficiency of wastewater. The diversity of functional microbe characteristics under the specific condition indicate the wide application potential of anammox-based processes, and further exploration is necessary. A whole waste treatment system concept is proposed through the effective allocation of above mentioned processes, with the maximum recovery of energy and resources, and minimal environmental impact.     

异养硝化细菌处理氨氮废水及影响因素研究

从生物陶粒反应器中筛选出6株异养硝化细菌,将异养硝化细菌扩大培养后,建立SBR反应器并进行了氨氮去除的试验研究。在SBR反应器进入稳定运行阶段时,可以观察到系统对于氨氮的去除率稳定在82．96％左右,表现出较好的氨氮去除效果;出水亚硝酸盐含量一直维持在较低的水平,其最大值不超过3．84mg·L-1;COD的平均去除率为54．72％,基本实现了同一反应器中的有机物和氨氮的共同去除。异养硝化SBR反应器温度为29℃时,反应器对氨氮和总氮的去除能力最大为82．28％和47．27％;在pH值为8．0时,氨氮去除率最高达到80．15％。C／N〈4．5时,随着C／N比的增加,氨氮和总氮的去除率快速增加;在C/N为6时,氨氮去除率最高达到87．62％。     

厌氧氨氧化反应器研究进展

厌氧氨氧化是废水生物脱氮研究的新领域,厌氧氨氧化反应器影响厌氧氨氧化菌的富集、厌氧氨氧化过程的启动、运行的稳定性和处理效果,是其中十分重要的研究内容.本文根据厌氧氨氧化反应的基本特征,分析了反应过程对反应器的主要要求;通过对固定床反应器、流化床反应器、气提式反应器、上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)等反应器的运行参数和运行结果的比较,分析了各种类型反应器的主要优缺点,并对反应器今后的发展方向提出了建议.表2参37