臭氧氧化深度处理二级处理出水的研究

以某城市污水处理厂二级处理出水为原水,研究了臭氧氧化深度处理对水中残留有机物以及病原微生物的降解和去除效果.结果表明,臭氧投加量达到6mg/L时,DOC、UV254、色度的去除率分别为15.49%、36.36%、73.61%,环境激素类痕量有机物邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)和邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)的去除率分别为37.29%和14.6%,三维荧光光谱荧光峰的各区域有机物质平均去除率在80%以上,DBP出水浓度为2.64mg/L,DEHP出水浓度为1.4mg/L,满足《城市污水再生利用地下水回灌水质》(GB/T 19772-2005)的标准.臭氧投加量达到10mg/L时,出水中指示性微生物粪大肠菌群仍接近103CFU/L,5mg/L有效氯消毒后出水粪大肠菌群仍接近10CFU/L,6mg/L臭氧与5mg/L有效氯组合消毒出水的粪大肠菌群下降至3CFU/L,满足《城市污水再生利用景观环境用水水质》(GB/T 18921-2002)的标准.三卤甲烷(THMs)的生成量随着有效氯投加量的增加而增加,臭氧与氯组合消毒过程与氯单独消毒过程相比,THMs生成量减少了78.08%.     

臭氧-混凝交互作用对水体有机物的影响

研究臭氧在纯水和混凝剂[Al_2(SO_4)_3]溶液中残余浓度的变化;采用差异吸收分析(differential absorbance,DA)、三维荧光(three dimensional fluorescence excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy,3D-EEM)和气相色谱(gas chromatograph,GC)、总有机碳分析(total organic carbon analyser,TOC)等研究水体有机物(富里酸)光谱特征、有机物和消毒副产物(DBPs)生成量在预臭氧、预臭氧-混凝(POC)以及臭氧-混凝联用(OC)后的差异;研究臭氧和混凝联合作用对有机物氧化程度及其对DBPs生成的影响.结果表明POC与OC作用存在明显差别,臭氧与混凝剂Al_2(SO_4)_3存在交互作用.交互作用主要体现在:(1)臭氧-混凝联用时臭氧降解速率加快;且臭氧降解中自由基产量相对增加.当臭氧投量2 mg·L~(-1),Al3+含量为1 mg·L~(-1)、3 mg·L~(-1)时,自由基捕获量比单独臭氧分别高15.2%和23.9%.(2)联用和预臭氧-混凝对有机物反应的差异,体现在OC有机物去除率低于POC,二者对有机物的反应途径不同;进而导致有机物与消毒剂反应的差异以及DBPs生成的差异.联用对DOC的去除能力明显强于单独臭氧和单独混凝,但弱于预氧化-混凝.当O3浓度为1 mg·L~(-1)、Al3+1 mg·L~(-1)时POC处理后二氯乙酸生成势(DCAAFP)和三氯乙酸生成势(TCAAFP)分别为47μg·L~(-1)和20.5μg·L~(-1),三氯甲烷生成势(CFFP)为97.8μg·L~(-1),较原水分别降低51%、64.6%和41.5%;而相应臭氧-混凝处理后DCAAFP和TCAAFP分别为48.4μg·L~(-1)和21.4μg·L~(-1),CFFP为117.3μg·L~(-1);较原水分别降低49.6%、63%和29.5%.同等臭氧投量下,增加混凝剂的剂量,POC和OC处理效果的差异进一步扩大.为保证用水安全和处理效率,臭氧和混凝联用时对臭氧的浓度、投加位置、混凝剂的种类等都需要进一步的研究论证,慎重选择.     

高藻水臭氧预氧化过程有机物转化及消毒副产物生成势

研究了高藻水预氧化处理过程中,不同臭氧氧化程度及不同pH值条件下,藻类有机物释放与转化规律以及氯化消毒副产物(DBPs)的生成特性.结果表明,臭氧投加量为28.92 mg·L-1时藻去除率达36%.随着臭氧投加量的增加,藻的去除率进一步增加,类腐殖酸先增加后持续减少,溶解性微生物代谢产物、类富里酸和类芳香蛋白物质持续减少;低投加量的臭氧对二氯乙腈(DCAN)、三氯乙腈(TCAN)生成势有明显的控制作用,但会增加三氯硝基甲烷(TCNM)以及1,1,1-三氯丙酮(1,1,1-TCP)前体物,随臭氧投加量增大,DBPs生成势显著增大.酸性条件下臭氧对藻的去除效果最好,UV254以及总有机碳(DOC)均随pH的增大有所上升,但变化较小;臭氧氧化可降解溶解性微生物代谢产物,降解效果受pH影响较小,类腐殖酸有机物随pH值增大而减少;DCAN、TCAN生成势随pH增大有所降低,TCNM生成势在pH=10条件下最高,1,1,1-TCP生成势在pH=7条件下最高.     

污水厂二级出水中难凝聚有机物的臭氧化特性

以城市污水处理厂二级出水为原水,研究臭氧化处理对水中难凝聚有机物的去除效果.结果表明单独混凝对水中有机物的去除率较低,混凝过程中未被去除的有机物属于难凝聚有机物,加入臭氧进行氧化,随着臭氧投加量的增加,二级出水色度和UV254去除率逐渐增大,而DOC去除率变化较小.当臭氧投加量(以O3/DOC计)增加至1.5 mg·mg-1时,色度、UV254和DOC的去除率分别为45%、34%和20%,说明臭氧易于与不饱和结构有机物反应,而直接氧化的矿化能力较弱.为进一步明确二级出水有机物种类和含量的变化,测定了混凝和不同臭氧投加量下有机物的相对分子质量和三维荧光光谱.结果表明混凝对有机物含量的影响很小,而臭氧能够优先氧化分解难凝聚有机物中的大分子物质,明显减弱腐殖质类物质的荧光峰强度,但不改变荧光峰位置.同时采用光电子能谱分析有机物结构的变化规律,结果表明混凝能够去除含羧基类官能团有机物,而臭氧则易于与含苯环类难凝聚有机物反应,随着臭氧投加量的增大,脂肪类饱和有机物含量有所升高.     

臭氧氧化二级出水有机物可生化性研究

通过臭氧氧化北京3个典型城市污水处理厂二级出水,考察臭氧对二级出水有机物可生化性的提高作用.采用批量试验方法,通过调整臭氧投加时间控制臭氧投加浓度为2、4、6、8、10 mg/L.结果表明,UV254与比紫外消光度SUVA(UV254/DOC)随臭氧投加量而降低,臭氧投加量为6 mg/L时,UV254与SUVA分别降低54.4%与56.6%以上;BOD5/COD、BDOC与BDOC/DOC分别提高30%、360%与360%以上,表明适当的臭氧投加量可提高二级出水难降解有机物的可生化性;三维荧光指纹光谱分析臭氧氧化前后二级出水中有机物的变化规律,表明该污水处理厂二级出水的荧光有机物主要为芳香族蛋白类物质和腐殖质类物质,臭氧可显著去除该类有机物.     

臭氧预氧化对藻细胞及胞外分泌物消毒副产物生成势的影响

以处于对数生长期后期的悦目颤藻为研究对象,研究了藻细胞及胞外分泌物对氯化消毒副产物生成势(DBPFP)的贡献,以及臭氧预氧化对DBPFP的影响规律,即不同臭氧投量及预氧化时间对DBPFP的影响,并探讨臭氧预氧化控制消毒副产物生成势的原因.研究表明,藻细胞和胞外分泌物的三卤甲烷类副产物都主要是氯仿和一溴二氯甲烷,卤乙酸类副产物都主要是二氯乙酸和三氯乙酸.颤藻细胞和其EOM本身及经臭氧预氧化混凝后形成卤乙酸的能力基本都高于形成三卤甲烷的能力,在实际含藻水的处理中,应该更加重视对卤乙酸的控制.臭氧预氧化可以降低胞外分泌物形成氯化消毒副产物(DBP)的能力,且随着反应时间延长,DBPFP降低越多.在本试验条件下,0.975 mg/L臭氧预氧化10min后混凝,可比单纯混凝降低胞外分泌物DBPFP 31%,其中HAAFP降低52.6%,而THMFP却升高12.5%,可见臭氧预氧化控制胞外分泌物DBPFP主要原因是其可以很好地控制卤乙酸生成势.同时臭氧预氧化会使含藻细胞水样的DBPFP大幅度升高,且随着氧化时间延长,各种氯化消毒副产物生成势几乎呈线性增加.在实际水处理中,应在去除藻细胞之后再进行臭氧氧化以控制DBPFP.     

臭氧预氧化强化混凝对二级出水中DON作用机制探讨

城市污水厂出水越来越多被中水回用或排入河流间接地作为下游水源水,其中所包含的溶解性有机氮(dissolved organic nitrogen,DON)被认为是含氮消毒副产物(nitrogenous disinfection by-products,N-DBPs)的前体物,受到国内外学者的高度关注.为探讨臭氧预氧化强化混凝对二级出水中DON作用机制,不仅分析了不同相对分子量和亲疏水性DON组分变化,而且还考察氯化消毒副产物(disinfection by-products,DBPs)生成潜势;最后结合三维荧光(3DEEM)分析技术,对强化混凝前后DON组成、化学结构特征进行研究.结果表明,臭氧预氧化可以显著提高混凝对DON、DOC和UV254去除效果,其中DON最大去除率提高到3.7倍;pH对臭氧预氧化强化混凝有着重要的影响.随着pH值的增加,DON、DOC和UV254去除率呈下降趋势;Ca~(2+)是臭氧预氧化提高混凝效果的关键因素.随着臭氧浓度增加到8 mg·L~(-1)时,ζ电位由-33 m V上升到-8 m V,Ca~(2+)浓度则从116 mg·L~(-1)下降到89 mg·L~(-1).ζ电位和溶解性Ca~(2+)浓度的线性关系(R~2=0.97)可以表明,只有当Ca~(2+)浓度较高时臭氧预氧化才能显著地提高混凝效果;臭氧预氧化强化混凝处理后,相对大分子量(20×103)和疏水性DON所占比例显著下降,相对小分子量(6×103)和亲水性DON所占比例增加.DBPs的生成潜势总和明显降低,由120.1μg·L~(-1)下降到65.2μg·L~(-1);最后,经3DEEM光谱分析可知,在臭氧预氧化强化混凝过程中DON浓度和DBPs生成潜势变化与3DEEM光谱中3个主要荧光峰有关,分别代表色氨酸类蛋白质、芳香族类蛋白质和富里酸类物质.     

珠江水体中有机物分布、组成及与消毒副产物生成的关系

以珠江水体为研究对象,利用XAD树脂分离溶解性有机物(DOC)中的腐殖质及其他有机组分.考察了珠江中DOC的质量浓度、组成分布、SUVA254和三卤甲烷生成势(THMFP),并分析有机物的组成与三卤甲烷生成势(THMFP)之间的关系.结果表明,珠江水域在广东省内的DOC质量浓度为0.7～33.0 mg.L-1,THMFP为30.39～1 091.52μg.L-1,两者呈正比例线性相关.在空间分布上,各支流的DOC质量浓度和THMFP均沿下游方向逐渐增加,而腐殖质在DOC中所占的质量分数却沿下游方向逐渐递减.在加氯实验中,腐殖质是珠江中最主要的消毒副产物前驱物(产生了珠江中64.6%的三卤甲烷),其三卤甲烷生成活性(STHMFP)是其他有机组分的2倍以上.另一方面,SUVA254和腐殖质的质量分数呈正比例线性相关,说明SUVA254对珠江水中消毒副产物前驱物也有一定的指示作用.     

次氯酸钠、臭氧及其组合再生水消毒技术研究

以某城市污水处理厂二级出水为原水,采用次氯酸钠、臭氧以及臭氧/次氯酸钠组合工艺,研究了不同消毒方式对总大肠菌群、粪大肠菌群和色度的去除规律,消毒副产物中三卤甲烷(THMs)生成量随有效氯投加量变化的规律。试验结果表明:在次氯酸钠消毒过程中,有效氯投加量为5 mg/L时,总大肠菌群和粪大肠菌群去除率分别为99.91%和99.99%,色度去除率为26.00%;臭氧消毒过程中,当臭氧剂量为2.6 mg/L时,总大肠菌群和粪大肠菌群去除率分别为99.70%和99.73%,色度去除率为71.65%;在组合工艺中,当臭氧剂量为2 mg/L、有效氯投加量为0.5 mg/L时,出水总大肠菌群和粪大肠菌群总数去除率分别为99.94%和99.87%,色度去除率为70.60%;在相同有效氯投加量条件下,组合工艺较单独次氯酸钠消毒出水的总大肠菌群和粪大肠菌群更低,三氯甲烷生成量降低36.67%,一氯二溴甲烷未检出。     

组合工艺控制有机物和消毒副产物的研究

利用MBBR预处理、常规处理及臭氧活性炭深度处理组合工艺I型和预臭氧氧化、常规处理及生物活性炭深度处理组合工艺II型,对郑州段黄河水进行有机物和消毒副产物去除效果的研究,结果表明:在臭氧投加量均为1mg/L的条件下,两种组合工艺对高锰酸盐指数、UV254和三卤甲烷生成势TFMP都有良好的去除效果,能提供安全的优质饮用水。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.