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1.
以模拟低浊微污染水为原水,硫酸铝[Al2 (SO4)3]为混凝剂,考察了3种常见混凝机理(电性中和、吸附架桥和网捕卷扫)为主导条件下絮体的成长过程、二维边界分形维数(Dpf)和比表面积及其与混凝效果的相关性.结果表明:吸附架桥为主导机理下絮体最大增长速率S (0.951)最快,达到稳定后絮凝指数FI最大(3.7%),二维边界分形维数Dpf最大(1.587),絮体呈块状且絮体间出现孔状间隙,比表面积介于网捕卷扫和电性中和之间[网捕卷扫(83.646m2/g)>吸附架桥(98.808m2/g)>电性中和(116.046m2/g)];FI值、S及Dpf变化与浊度去除率相关性较好,其相关系数分别达0.979、0.982和0.963,同时比表面积大的絮体吸附容量大,有机物的去除率高. 相似文献
2.
以模拟低浊微污染水为原水,硫酸铝[Al2(SO4)3]为混凝剂,考察了3种常见混凝机理(电性中和、吸附架桥和网捕卷扫)为主导条件下絮体的成长过程、二维边界分形维数(Dpf)和比表面积及其与混凝效果的相关性.结果表明:吸附架桥为主导机理下絮体最大增长速率S(0.951)最快,达到稳定后絮凝指数FI最大(3.7%),二维边界分形维数Dpf最大(1.587),絮体呈块状且絮体间出现孔状间隙,比表面积介于网捕卷扫和电性中和之间[网捕卷扫(83.646m2/g)吸附架桥(98.808m2/g)电性中和(116.046m2/g)];FI值、S及Dpf变化与浊度去除率相关性较好,其相关系数分别达0.979、0.982和0.963,同时比表面积大的絮体吸附容量大,有机物的去除率高. 相似文献
3.
研究了工业废水中Cr(Ⅵ)在不同颗粒物浓度影响下对不同铝形态混凝剂的影响过程,通过考察浊度去除率以及出水余铝、余铬浓度甄别了混凝效率,并利用混凝过程中剩余p H值、Zeta电位以及絮体性质揭示水中Cr(Ⅵ)在不同浊度下的混凝机制.结果表明,在低浊度条件下,Cr(Ⅵ)对高聚合态Alb的混凝过程具有较大影响,而对低聚合态Ala无明显影响;在高浊度条件下,水中浊度较高时颗粒物会吸附部分Cr(Ⅵ)从而降低其与Alb之间的作用.Alb在混凝中主要发挥电中和作用,其对颗粒的脱稳和絮体的再生具有重要的作用,Ala水解形成的部分Alc在混凝中主要发挥架桥网捕作用,其对絮体的生产和强度因子具有重要作用.同时Cr(Ⅵ)的存在会增强Al13絮体的强度因子,但其消耗了部分正电荷会导致絮体恢复因子降低. 相似文献
4.
微纳塑料作为一种典型新污染物,广泛存在于水环境中,具有较强的生物毒性效应.混凝作为胶体和悬浮颗粒物去除的关键技术,主流铝铁絮凝剂对于微纳米塑料的去除效率相对较低,症结是对相关机制仍不明晰.为此,本研究通过预水解制备多种聚合铝铁絮凝剂,研究铁含量和预水解过程对微纳塑料去除效果的影响,解析微纳塑料絮体形成机制和混凝机理.结果表明,絮凝剂铁含量的增加对微米塑料的去除有促进作用,但对纳米塑料的去除有抑制作用.铝铁物质的量的比为9∶4的聚合絮凝剂对微纳塑料均具有较高的去除效率.微米塑料的去除以网捕卷扫为主,而纳米塑料的去除以电中和为主.预水解过程可以增强双金属絮凝剂对纳米塑料的吸附电中和能力,同时有效抑制铝残留.本研究从絮凝剂优化角度解析了微纳塑料的混凝去除机制,可为强化混凝高效去除微纳塑料同时控制铝残留提供参考. 相似文献
5.
低温条件下絮体破碎再絮凝去除水中颗粒的研究 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
为了了解低温条件下絮体的形成/破碎/再絮凝过程在适当条件下对絮凝去除水中颗粒物的强化效果,采用PDA2000透光率脉动检测仪对絮凝破碎再絮凝过程进行了在线监测.研究结果表明,当电中和机理占主导作用时(混凝剂投加量小于0.1 mmol·L-1),絮体破碎后能重新絮凝,絮体大小能恢复到破碎之前;而当网捕卷扫机理占主导作用时(混凝剂投加量大于0.2 mmol·L-1),絮体的恢复情况不如电中和条件,再絮凝能力降低.投加适量的腐殖酸会增加絮体破碎前后的分形维数,但过量的腐殖酸则会降低破碎前后絮体的分形维数.絮体破碎再絮凝后其分形维数比破碎前高.腐殖酸的投加量并不会明显影响絮凝和破碎后再絮凝的FI指数.电中和絮体破碎前初始絮凝时间越长破碎后沉后水浊度越低,破碎后其浊度会比破碎前显著减小.较低投量的铝盐就能使得沉后水浊度降到很低,因此可以降低混凝剂投量而达到更好的水处理效果. 相似文献
6.
《环境科学与技术》2017,(9)
为解决城市污水排放磷超标的问题,本研究制备出一种新型铝铁复合混凝剂。混凝剂以粉煤灰和铝土矿为原料,采用常压高温酸碱两段改性法制备,并研究了其除磷性能及机理。结果表明:(1)最佳制备条件为:碱改性过程使用4 mol/L Na OH溶液,温度100℃,时间2 h;酸改性过程使用2 mol/L盐酸,温度100℃,时间4 h;酸性上清液与碱性上清液比例为1∶16。(2)混凝剂对污水中TP去除率达97.73%,出水TP含量为0.132 0 mg/L,优于《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)一级A标准。(3)对新型混凝剂进行表征测试发现,混凝剂主要由Al Cl_3·6H_2O、Na Cl、KMg F_3、Na_3Al H_x、Sr Fe O_(2.5)构成,主要有效成分为Al_2O_3(13.343%)、Fe_2O_3(5.497%)及Si O_2(17.920%)等。混凝剂投入水中后,其中的铁离子和铝离子及其水解产物形成Fe_3(OH)_2~(7+)、Al_n(OH)_m~((3n-m)+)等不饱和多羟基络合离子,并从溶液中吸取羟基来补充其未饱和位,从而对水中聚磷酸盐等胶体颗粒产生强烈吸附作用。同时,由于混凝剂表面粗糙,孔隙发达,比表面积大,可进一步提高其除磷效果。 相似文献
7.
8.
为了降低纳米TiO2使用成本,采用不同混凝剂对纳米TiO2悬浊液进行固液分离.通过考察浊度去除率、出水pH值的变化情况,并结合X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)、固体核磁(NMR)、扫描电镜(SEM)及能谱分析(EDS)表征,探究了纳米TiO2回收过程中SO42-对不同混凝剂混凝过程的影响.结果表明,当使用AlCl3作混凝剂时(0.1mmol/L),SO42-浓度从0.0mmol/L增加到20.0mmol/L,浊度去除率降低了0.80%,絮体粒径从450μm下降到215 μm,而强度因子无明显变化.低聚合态的Ala不与SO42-结合,混凝过程中通过吸附架桥和网捕卷扫的作用形成大量无定形的Al (OH)3.当使用Al13作混凝剂时,再生长后絮体的粒径随着SO42-浓度的增加而下降,S-O峰的红移证明有新的含S聚合物产生,Al 2p的峰均向较高的结合能移动证明生成的絮体不是Al (OH)3. 相似文献
9.
10.
采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶柱层析法分离纯化聚合氯化铝(PAC)中的Al13形态,用透光率脉动检测技术并结合絮凝效能和Zeta电位测定结果,对纳米Al13形态以及PAC、AlCl3絮凝过程中絮集物形成和增长的变化差异作了对比性研究.结果表明,混凝剂的不同铝形态分布在混凝过程中起着十分重要的作用.Al13形态是在絮凝过程中起电中和作用的主要形态,可以大大增加颗粒间的有效碰撞率,其凝聚速度和所形成絮集物颗粒大小在实验条件下呈现最大值.而对于PAC,其Alc含量较高,可起到吸附架桥和网捕卷扫作用,所以在低投加量表现出较快的絮体增长速率. 相似文献
11.
Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity (both in gene richness and diversity index values) and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor (50 mg/kg) recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos (150 mg/kg) caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos (250 mg/kg) produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes (bands) responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals: four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera. 相似文献
12.
Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize (Zea mays L.) grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
XIA Yun-sheng CHEN Bao-dong CHRISTIE Peter SMITH F Andrew WANG You-shan LI Xiao-lin 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2007,19(10):1245-1251
The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility. 相似文献
13.
Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone (BP 1,6- quinone), trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene (BP 7,8-diol), 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (3-OHBP), were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that (1) the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; (2) the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; (3) the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% (w/v), concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites. 相似文献
14.
Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter. 相似文献
15.
Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato (Solanum tuberosum) and brinjal (Solanum melongena), for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation. 相似文献
16.
Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
RemovalofheavymetalsfromsewagesludgebylowcostingchemicalmethodandrecyclinginagricultureWuQitang,NyirandegePascasie,MoCehuiF... 相似文献
17.
A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several (halo)aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no (chloro)catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway. 相似文献
18.
The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury (Hg) on urease activity in 4 soils (meadow burozem and phaeozem) was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase (up to 13%-21%) in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship (P〈0.05) between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose (ED50) values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations. 相似文献
19.
Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the
Taihu Lake region, China 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
WANG Fang JIANG Xin BIAN Yong-rong YAO Fen-xi GAO Hong-jian YU Gui-fen Jean Charles MUNCH Reiner SCHROLL 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2007,19(5):584-590
A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field > tree land > fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT >1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes. 相似文献
20.
Alisa Wangsongsak Suwimol Utarnpongs Maleeya Kruatrachue MathurosePonglikitmongko Prayad Pokethitiyook Thitinun Sumranwanich 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2007,19(11):1341-1348
Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue. 相似文献