La2O3/ZnO/TiO2光催化降解活性艳红K-2BP的研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了La2O3/ZnO/TiO2复合光催化剂,以紫外灯为光源,活性艳红K-2BP为模型降解物,研究了La2O3/ZnO/TiO2的光催化性能.结果表明:当锌和镧的掺杂量w(zno)=20%,w(La2O3)=0.5%,煅烧温度为500℃时,La2O3/ZnO/TiO2复合光催化剂的光催化活件最高;当催化荆投加量4 g/L,通气量800 mL/min,初始pH值3.12时,La2O3/ZnO/TiO2对活性艳红K-2BP的降解效果最好.实验证明.La2O3/ZnO/TiO2对活性艳红K-2BP的降解遵从Lang-muir-Hinshelwood动力学模型,测得其反应速率常数k=11.5 mg/(L·min);吸附常数K=2.88×10-2L/mg.     

负载型纳米复合半导体WO_3-TiO_2/AC光催化降解刚果红废水

采用溶胶-凝胶-浸渍-焙烧法制备了负载型纳米复合半导体WO3-TiO2/AC光催化剂,以偶氮染料刚果红为目标降解物,通过正交实验优化了刚果红废水的降解条件,并对其光催化动力学进行了探讨.结果表明,刚果红废水的最佳降解条件为:催化剂投加量10 g/L,pH=7,H2O2用量为3.5 mL/L.在最佳条件下,当刚果红废水起始浓度为40 mg/L时,反应120 min后,刚果红溶液的去除率可达95.21%,较相同条件下TiO2/AC对刚果红染料的降解率提高了19.57%.光催化剂对刚果红的光催化降解符合Langmuir-Hinshelwood(L-H)模型.     

涡流空化/Fenton协同降解溶液中活性艳红K-2BP

采用涡流空化(SC)/Fenton协同降解溶液中活性艳红K-2BP,探讨了H2O2、Fe2+、pH、涡流压力以及活性艳红K-2BP初始浓度对SC/Fenton降解效果的影响。结果表明,H2O2和Fe2+的浓度过高或过低都会降低活性艳红K-2BP的降解率,低pH环境有助于活性艳红K-2BP的降解,活性艳红K-2BP的降解率随涡流压力的增大而升高,随其初始浓度的增加而降低。当活性艳红K-2BP初始质量浓度为10mg/L,H2O2质量浓度为165mg/L,Fe2+摩尔浓度为1.5×10-4mol/L,pH为4.0,涡流压力为0.8MPa时,活性艳红K-2BP降解率可达91.81%。     

天然沸石负载La2O3-ZnO-TiO2光催化降解活性艳红K-2BP

利用80目天然斜发沸石作载体制备La2O3(0.5%)-ZnO(20%)-TiO2/沸石复合光催化剂,以20 W紫外灯为光源,在自制的光催化反应器中降解活性艳红K-2BP,考察了光照时问、空气通入量、催化剂用最、溶液初始浓度、H2O2与Fe3 投加量等对活性艳红K-2BP光催化降解率的影响.结果表明,当溶液初始浓度为60 mg/L,催化剂投加量为12 g/L,通气量为1 200 mL/min,光照2.5 h,活性艳红K-2BP的降解率可达99.2%;H2O2和Fe3投加量为4 mL/L和3 g/L时,光照1 h活性艳红K-2BP降解率分别为100%和97.2%.紫外-可见吸收光谱显示,LZTZ光催化剂町有效降解印染废水.     

高盐条件下硝基苯降解菌的分离及降解特性

在高盐条件下,从某制药厂曝气池的活性污泥中分离、筛选得到6株硝基苯高效降解菌,其中菌株N18在高盐条件下对硝基苯降解效率最高.经形态特征和生理生化特征分析,初步鉴定N18属于棒状杆菌属(Corynebacterium sp.).硝基苯降解试验表明,菌株最佳培养条件为30℃、培养基pH 7、摇床转速150 r/min.最佳培养条件下,当硝基苯初始质量浓度低于150 mg/L时,菌株培养72 h后硝基苯降解率达75％以上.当盐度为1％～3％时,盐度对硝基苯降解率的影响不明显,当盐度为10％时菌株生长微弱,因此N18属于中度耐盐细菌.     

负载型纳米复合半导体WO3-TiO2/AC光催化降解刚果红废水

采用溶胶-凝胶-浸渍-焙烧法制备了负载型纳米复合半导体WO₃-TiO₂/AC光催化剂,以偶氮染料刚果红为目标降解物,通过正交实验优化了刚果红废水的降解条件,并对其光催化动力学进行了探讨。结果表明,刚果红废水的最佳降解条件为：催化剂投加量10 g/L,pH=7,H₂O₂用量为3.5 mL/L。在最佳条件下,当刚果红废水起始浓度为40 mg/L时,反应120 min后,刚果红溶液的去除率可达95.21%,较相同条件下TiO₂/AC对刚果红染料的降解率提高了19.57％。光催化剂对刚果红的光催化降解符合Langmuir-Hinshelwood（L-H）模型。     

盐单胞菌H17降解苯酚的响应面法优化及动力学

为获得盐单胞菌(Halomonas sp.)H17降解苯酚的最优条件,在单因素试验的基础上,通过Box-Behnken设计试验与响应面法,考察温度、pH、葡萄糖浓度对H17降解苯酚的影响,并通过动力学模型探究该菌株的生长和苯酚降解特性。结果表明,H17降解苯酚的最优条件为30℃、pH=8.0、葡萄糖质量浓度0.8g/L,在此条件下,苯酚降解率预测值为74.39%,实际值为73.92%,表明该模型可靠。该菌株降解苯酚动力学模型符合Haldane模型,其最大比降解速率、饱和常数和抑制常数分别为0.35h~(-1)、165.91mg/L和460.13mg/L。响应面法优化得到的生物降解条件准确,可为高盐含酚废水处理提供依据。     

酸性大红嗜盐菌群的富集及脱色效果

为了获得能够在高盐条件下使偶氮染料脱色的微生物菌群,采用驯化的方法,从江苏某印染厂的活性污泥中富集了一个能够在10%盐度下对酸性大红GR脱色的嗜盐菌群,并对其群落结构和脱色特性进行了研究。结果表明,该菌群主要由Halomonas、Salinicoccus、Alcaligenes和Pseudomonas等4个属组成。在10%的盐度下,该菌群在12 h内可以将100mg/L的酸性大红GR完全脱色。高浓度的Na Cl、Na2SO4和Na NO3抑制菌群的脱色效率,Na Cl的抑制作用最强。菌群脱色的适宜p H 5~7,温度范围为30~40℃,10%Na Cl。该菌群可以降解直接耐黑G和分散深蓝S-3BG等偶氮染料。     

一株耐盐N,N-二甲基甲酰胺降解菌的分离及其降解特性研究

以N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)作为唯一碳、氮源,从高盐环境中筛选耐盐DMF高效降解菌DMF-4,并对其降解DMF的特性进行研究。经鉴定,DMF-4为环太芽孢杆菌(Bacillus circulans),其在盐度为3%,温度为30℃的条件下培养48 h,对1 000 mg/L DMF的降解率可达47.7%。DMF-4降解DMF的适宜条件为初始pH 6.0～7.0,DMF初始质量浓度3 000～4 000 mg/L,温度30～40℃,盐度1%～3%;葡萄糖和醋酸钠可明显促进菌株DMF-4的生长和对DMF的降解效果。菌株DMF-4对高盐与高温皆有较好的耐受性,在工业污水处理领域具有广阔的应用空间。     

纳米TiO2/硅藻土光催化降解废水中二甲胺

通过凝胶-溶胶法制备纳米TiO2/硅藻土复合催化剂,对常见工业难降解有机污染物二甲胺(DMA)进行了降解实验.采用扫描电镜和X射线衍射技术对催化剂能进行了表征,考察了废水初始浓度、pH、催化剂用量、外加氧化剂对DMA光催化降解效果的影响,进行了降解动力学和降解机理的分析.结果表明,所制催化剂为锐钛矿和金红石混合晶型,均达纳米级,对中低浓度(≤400 mg/L)DMA废水具有良好的降解效果.常温常压、18W紫外汞灯下,3 g/L TiO2/硅藻土对DMA废水(400 mg/L)降解率可达70％以上;其降解反应符合Langmuir-Hinshelwood动力学模型;其可能的降解途径为:二甲胺(DMA)→甲胺(MA)→CO2/CO32-、H2O和NH4+.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.     

Phytoextraction of lead-contaminated soil using vetivergrass (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vetiveria zizanioides</Emphasis> L.), cogongrass (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Imperata cylindrica</Emphasis> L.) and carabaograss (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Paspalum conjugatum</Emphasis> L.)

Background, Aims and Scope The global problem concerning contamination of the environment as a consequence of human activities is increasing. Most of the environmental contaminants are chemical by-products and heavy metals such as lead (Pb). Lead released into the environment makes its way into the air, soil and water. Lead contributes to a variety of health effects such as decline in mental, cognitive and physical health of the individual. An alternative way of reducing Pb concentration from the soil is through phytoremediation. Phytoremediation is an alternative method that uses plants to clean up a contaminated area. The objectives of this study were: (1) to determine the survival rate and vegetative characteristics of three grass species such as vetivergrass, cogongrass and carabaograss grown in soils with different Pb levels; and (2) to determine and compare the ability of the three grass species as potential phytoremediators in terms of Pb accumulation by plants. Methods The three test plants: vetivergrass (Vetiveria zizanioides L.); cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica L.); and carabaograss (Paspalum conjugatum L.) were grown in individual plastic bags containing soils with 75 mg kg⁻¹ (37.5 kg ha⁻¹) and 150 mg kg⁻¹ (75 kg ha⁻¹) of Pb, respectively. The Pb contents of the test plants and the soil were analyzed before and after experimental treatments using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. This study was laid out following a 3 × 2 factorial experiment in a completely randomized design. Results On the vegetative characteristics of the test plants, vetivergrass registered the highest whole plant dry matter weight (33.85–39.39 Mg ha⁻¹). Carabaograss had the lowest herbage mass production of 4.12 Mg ha⁻¹ and 5.72 Mg ha⁻¹ from soils added with 75 and 150 mg Pb kg⁻¹, respectively. Vetivergrass also had the highest percent plant survival which meant it best tolerated the Pb contamination in soils. Vetivergrass registered the highest rate of Pb absorption (10.16 ± 2.81 mg kg⁻¹). This was followed by cogongrass (2.34 ± 0.52 mg kg⁻¹) and carabaograss with a mean Pb level of 0.49 ± 0.56 mg kg⁻¹. Levels of Pb among the three grasses (shoots + roots) did not vary significantly with the amount of Pb added (75 and 150 mg kg⁻¹) to the soil. Discussion Vetivergrass yielded the highest biomass; it also has the greatest amount of Pb absorbed (roots + shoots). This can be attributed to the highly extensive root system of vetivergrass with the presence of an enormous amount of root hairs. Extensive root system denotes more contact to nutrients in soils, therefore more likelihood of nutrient absorption and Pb uptake. The efficiency of plants as phytoremediators could be correlated with the plants’ total biomass. This implies that the higher the biomass, the greater the Pb uptake. Plants characteristically exhibit remarkable capacity to absorb what they need and exclude what they do not need. Some plants utilize exclusion mechanisms, where there is a reduced uptake by the roots or a restricted transport of the metals from root to shoots. Combination of high metal accumulation and high biomass production results in the most metal removal from the soil. Conclusions The present study indicated that vetivergrass possessed many beneficial characteristics to uptake Pb from contaminated soil. It was the most tolerant and could grow in soil contaminated with high Pb concentration. Cogongrass and carabaograss are also potential phytoremediators since they can absorb small amount of Pb in soils, although cogongrass is more tolerant to Pb-contaminated soil compared with carabaograss. The important implication of our findings is that vetivergrass can be used for phytoextraction on sites contaminated with high levels of heavy metals; particularly Pb. Recommendations and Perspectives High levels of Pb in localized areas are still a concern especially in urban areas with high levels of traffic, near Pb smelters, battery plants, or industrial facilities that burn fuel ending up in water and soils. The grasses used in the study, and particularly vetivergrass, can be used to phytoremediate urban soil with various contaminations by planting these grasses in lawns and public parks. ESS-Submission Editor: Dr. Willie Peijnenburg (wjgm.peijnenburg@rivm.nl)