氨法烟气脱硫技术综述

简述了多种氨法烟气脱硫的原理和技术特点。主要介绍了湿式氨法烟气脱硫技术，为烟气脱硫技术的选择提供参考。     

焦作电厂袋式除尘器与脱硫系统应用分析

介绍了焦作电厂6台670t／h燃煤锅炉袋式（电）除尘器、脱硫、干除灰改造工程技术特点、运行情况及环保验收监测性能指标．重点对袋式除尘器与脱硫配套应用效果进行分析和探讨。     

油页岩发电项目2×210MW机组除尘器选型

广东粤电油页岩发电项目2×210MW机组CFB锅炉燃用茂名本地油页岩,除尘设备在可研和初步设计时均选用双室5电场高效静电除尘器,在烟气脱硫工程招标文件审查时发现脱硫装置入口烟尘浓度偏高,不能满足烟气脱硫装置要求,故重新对除尘器进行了调研、分析、选型。     

石灰石―石膏法与氨法脱硫技术比较

分别介绍了石灰石―石膏法烟气脱硫技术与氨法烟气脱硫技术的特点,并从技术、经济、环保等方面对这两种湿法脱硫技术进行了比较。指出在短期内石灰石―石膏法脱硫技术仍将占据脱硫行业的主导地位,但氨法烟气脱硫技术更适合我国国情,具有广阔的发展前景。     

半干法烟气脱硫袋式除尘器设计初探

介绍了半干法烟气脱硫工艺及脱硫后烟尘的特点,针对半干法脱硫后烟尘的特点,袋式除尘器设计时采取了一系列的技术措施,从而保证了脱硫系统的正常运行。     

氨法烟气脱硫技术及其进展

阐述了氨法烟气脱硫技术的原理和工艺特点.介绍了Walther氨法、AMASOX氨法、GE氨法、NADS氨-肥法、电子束氨法和流光放电氨法烟气脱硫工艺,重点介绍了新型流光放电氨法烟气脱硫技术的特点及其工程应用情况.展望了氨法烟气脱硫技术的应用前景.     

中日合作高硫煤脱硫技术试验

介绍了中日合作高硫煤脱硫技术－旋转喷雾法脱硫工艺的原理，工业试验的设备和系统，试验过程及结果，指出庐脱硫装备在我国具有良好的应用前景。     

应用工业固硫型煤技术控制燃煤工业锅炉SO2污染--燃煤工业锅炉SO2污染综合防治对策(一)

燃煤工业锅炉是我国SO2污染的第二大污染源，仅次于燃煤发电厂。控制燃煤工业锅炉SO2污染，对控制我国大气环境SO2具有极其重要的意义。应用传统的控制方法及技术，即旋风除尘器、水膜除尘器及烟气脱硫技术，很难控制燃煤工业锅炉的SO2污染，其经济效益、环境效益和社会效益也很差。研究表明，只有采用清洁燃料，淘汰小锅炉，采用工业固硫型煤、水煤浆、应用循环流化床洁净燃烧技术和烟气脱硫技术，才能经济有效地控制燃煤工业锅炉SO2污染。     

专利文摘

复合双级烟气脱硫除尘装置该实用新型专利涉及一种复合双级烟气脱硫除尘净化装置。该装置由一、二、三部分组成:第一部分为陶瓷多管除尘器或静电除尘器,对烟气进行一级除尘,除去烟气中90%-99%的粉尘;第二部分为文丘里干燥吸收塔,烟气中的二氧化硫与脱硫液反应被吸收,实现一级脱硫;第三部分为袋式脱硫除尘器,除去脱硫反应生成物和对烟气中的细小粒级进行二次除尘;烟气中未被除去的二氧化硫气体实现二级脱硫。该实用新型专利的优点是:工艺流程简单,设备最佳匹配组合,钙硫比低,脱硫除尘效率高,系统占地面积小,维护工作量少,运行费用低,引风机不带水粘灰,排烟温度高,没有蒸汽“白雾”现象。脱硫生成物为干粉剂,便于贮运和综合利用。/CN2633403,2004-08—18     

氨法烟气脱硫脱硝的技术特征

氨法烟气脱硫脱硝具有显著的技术优势：脱硫效率高。脱硫脱硝一举两得，不耗费热量不产生废渣，脱硫刺利用充分用量小，不损害设备有节能功效。     

Review of the kinetics of alkaline degradation of cellulose in view of its relevance for safety assessment of radioactive waste repositories

The degradation of cellulose (a substantial component of low- and intermediate-level radioactive waste) under alkaline conditions occurs via two main processes: a peeling-off reaction and a basecatalyzed cleavage of glycosidic bonds (hydrolysis). Both processes show pseudo-first-order kinetics. At ambient temperature, the peeling-off process is the dominant degradation mechanism, resulting in the formation of mainly isosaccharinic acid. The degradation depends strongly on the degree of polymerization (DP) and on the number of reducing end groups present in cellulose. Beyond pH 12.5, the OH^- concentration has only a minor effect on the degradation rate. It was estimated that under repository conditions (alkaline environment, pH 13.3-12.5) about 10% of the cellulosic materials (average DP = 1000-2000) will degrade in the first stage (up to 10⁵ years) by the peeling-off reaction and will cause an ingrowth of isosaccharinic acid in the interstitial cement pore water. In the second stage (10⁵-10⁶ years), alkaline hydrolysis will control the further degradation of the cellulose. The potential role of microorganisms in the degradation of cellulose under alkaline conditions could not be evaluated. Proper assessment of the effect of cellulose degradation on the mobilization of radionuclides basically requires knowing the concentration of isosaccharinic acid in the pore water. This concentration, however, depends on several factors such as the stability of ISA under alkaline conditions, sorption of ISA on cement, formation of sparingly soluble ISA-salts, etc. A discussion of all the relevant processes involved, however, is far beyond the scope of the presented overview.     

Study of Aging Characteristics of Ternary Blends of Polyethylenes—II

Six film samples of low-density polypropylene (LDPE)/linear LDPE (LLDPE)/high-density polypropylene (HDPE) with varying ratios of LDPE (20–45 ... wt%) and LLDPE (25–50 wt%) having a fixed amount of HDPE at 30 wt% were prepared by blown film extrusion technique. The samples were aged at four different temperatures, 55°, 70°, 85°, and 100°C, for four different time periods in the interval of between 150 hours and up to 600 hours. The change in the structure of various constituents and the formation of various oxygenated (peroxy and hydroperoxy) and unsaturated groups during thermo-oxidative degradation was discussed by infrared spectroscopy. The visiosity-average molecular weight was found to have decreased slowly in the initial aging hours and temperatures, whereas it decreased by 10% with its previous value tensile strength that is, 100°C when aged for 600 hours. The tensile strength of the sample first increased by 67% at 55°C and 89% at 70°C up to 450 hours, whereas the values increased by 52.5% at 85°C and 33.9% at 100°C when aged for 150 hours and then decreased. The percentage elongation at break increased by 2.7% at 55°C and 10.7% at 70°C for 150 and 300 hours of aging, respectively, whereas the percentage decreased when aged at 85°C and 100°C for up to 600 hours of aging. The values of gel content (percent) increased and initial degradation temperature decreased with aging time and temperature.     

Determination of the Burning Characteristics of a Slick of Oil on Water

The burning rate of a slick of oil on a water bed is characterized by three distinct processes, ignition, flame spread and burning rate. Although all three processes are important, ignition and burning rate are critical. The former, because it defines the potential to burn and the latter because of the inherent possibility of boilover. Burning rate is calculated by a simple expression derived from a one-dimensional heat conduction equation. Heat feedback from the flame to the surface is assumed to be a constant fraction of the total energy released by the combustion reaction. The constant fraction (χ) is named the burning efficiency and represents an important tool in assessing the potential of in situ burning as a counter-measure to an oil spill. By matching the characteristic thermal penetration length scale for the fuel/water system and an equivalent single layer system, a combined thermal diffusivity can be calculated and used to obtain an analytical solution for the burning rate. Theoretical expressions were correlated with crude oil and heating oil, for a number of pool diameters and initial fuel layer thickness. Experiments were also conducted with emulsified and weathered crude oil. The simple analytical expression describes well the effects of pool diameter and initial fuel layer thickness permitting a better observation of the effects of weathering, emulsification and net heat feedback to the fuel surface. Experiments showed that only a small fraction of the heat released by the flame is retained by the fuel layer and water bed (of the order of 1%). Ignition has been studied to provide a tool that will serve to assess a fuels ease to ignite under conditions that are representative of oil spills. Two different techniques are used, piloted ignition when the fuel is exposed to a radiant heat flux and flash point as measured by the ASTM D56 Tag Closed Cup Test. Two different crude oils were used for these experiments, ANS and Cook Inlet. Crude oils were tested in their natural state and at different levels of weathering, showing that piloted ignition and flash point are strong functions of weathering level.     

Calculation of carbon balances for evaluation of the biodegradability of polymers

Establishing carbon balances has been proven to be an applicable and powerful tool in testing biodegradability of polymers. In controlled degradation tests at a 4-L scale with the model polymer poly(-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), it was shown that the degree of degradation could not be determined with satisfactory accuracy from CO₂ release alone. Instead, the course of degradation was characterized by means of establishing carbon balances for the degradation of PHB withAcidovorax facilis and a mixed culture derived from compost. Different analytical methods for determining the different carbon fractions were adapted to the particular test conditions and compared. Quantitative determination of biomass and residual polymer were the main problems in establishing carbon balances. Amounts of biomass derived from protein measurements depend strongly on assumptions of the protein content of the biomass. Selective oxidation of biomass with hypochlorite was used as alternative, but here problems arose from insoluble metabolic products. Determination of soluble components with the method of chemical oxygen demand (COD) also includes empirical assumptions but seems acceptable if the dissolved carbon fraction is in the range of some 10% total carbon. Results confirm both analytical assays and theoretical approaches, in ending up at values very close to 100%, within an acceptable standard deviation range under test conditions comparable to standard test practice.Paper presented at the Bio/Environmentally Degradable Polymer Society—Third National Meeting, June 6–8, 1994, Boston, Massachusetts.     

鼓泡式反应器高径比对氨法烟气脱碳性能的影响

以N2和CO2混合气模拟燃烧烟气,研究了鼓泡反应器的高径比以及反应条件对氨法烟气脱碳性能的影响。实验结果表明:在相同高径比的条件下,CO2吸收率随氨水质量分数的增加、反应温度的升高而逐渐增大,随进气CO2体积分数和模拟烟气流量的增加而逐渐减小;CO2吸收率随高径比的增加而增大,在高径比为3.98、氨水质量分数为28%、进气CO2体积分数为10%、模拟烟气流量为1.0L/min、反应温度为40℃的条件下,CO2吸收率最高可达100%。     

Model of technological alternatives of production of sodium chromate (VI) with the use of chromic wastes

This article presents a mathematical model which describes the sodium chromate (VI) production process with the use of chromic waste as a substitution of natural raw materials. This model is a function of selected process parameters common for all of the examined alternatives and based on equations of material balance. Optimization of the elaborated technological alternatives of the production process with use of recycling of chromic waste has been evaluated by determining the extreme value of the quality indicator WJ. This indicator defines the quantity of waste created in the process. Optimization results enabled the selection of the optimal technological solution from all of the alternatives possible for use in industrial practice. Negative values of the indicator prove that there is the possibility of introducing to the process a larger quantity of waste than the one obtained in the process and transported to the storage heaps.     

Structure-biodegradation relationships of polymeric materials. 1. Effect of degree of oxidation on biodegradability of carbohydrate polymers

The biodegradability of oxidized starch and inulin has been studied in relation to the degree of periodate oxidation to dialdehyde derivatives, by measuring oxygen consumption and mineralization to carbon dioxide. A higher degree of oxidation of dialdehyde starch and dialdchyde inulin results in a lower rate at which the polymers are biodegraded. It is demonstrated that the biodegradation rate of dialdehyde inulin derivatives decreases more than that of equivalent starch derivatives. The differences in biodegradation behavior between dialdehyde starch and dialdehyde inulin, resulting from comparable modifications, are discussed in terms of conformational structure.     

化学品生物降解性的评价与预测

介绍了有机化学物质生物降解性的测定方法及其预测方法研究概况，并讨论了生物降解性评价的发展前景。     

Mechanism of Microbial Degradation of Slow-Release Fertilizers

Methyleneureas are condensation products of urea and formaldehyde of different molecular mass and solubility; they are used in large amounts both as resins, binders, and insulating materials for industrial applications, as well as a slow-release nitrogen fertilizer for greens, lawns, or in bioremediation processes. In the present study, the microbial breakdown of these products was investigated. The nitrogen was released as ammonia and urea, and the formaldehyde released immediately oxidized via formiate to carbon dioxide. The enzymatic mechanism of metabolization of methyleneureas was studied in microorganisms isolated from soil, which were able to use these compounds as the sole source of nitrogen for growth. A strain of the Gram-negative bacterium Ralstonia paucula (formerly Alcaligenes sp. CDC group IVc-2) completely degraded methylenediurea and dimethylenetriurea to urea, ammonia, formaldehyde, and carbon dioxide. The enzyme initiating this degradation (methylenediurease) was purified and turned out to be different from the previously described enzyme from Ochrobactrum anthropi with regard to its regulation of expression and physicobiochemical properties. Fungal degradation of methyleneureas may occur via the formation of organic acids, thus leading to a nonenzymatic degradation of methyleneureas, which are unstable under acidic conditions.     

600 MW机组低压转子叶片裂纹分析

针对某台600 MW亚临界参数汽轮机低压转子的末三级叶片(2Cr12NiMo1W1V钢)出汽侧裂纹进行了宏观形貌观察、化学成分分析、金相组织分析、室温冲击韧性试验、硬度试验,并对断口进行了扫描电镜及能谱分析。结果表明：此次开裂的低压转子叶片,是由于其化学成分Mo元素含量低于标准要求,导致材料的KISCC降低,以及硬度偏低造成裂纹扩展所需的外界启动应力降低,进而在运行过程中拉应力和湿蒸汽的氧化腐蚀共同作用下,发生了应力腐蚀开裂。